NEB Dental Syllabus 27 Oct

Loading ...
FSc Online
Other
362
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 1 of 47 
 
 
 
 
Pakistan Medical Commission 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) 
Examinations 2021 
 
for 
 
Foreign Dental Students 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 2 of 47 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
S.No. 
 
Section 
Topic 
Page # 
1. 
Section I 
Preamble 
 
3 
2. 
Section II 
Format and structure of NEB Examination 2021 
 Eligiblity 
 Centres 
 Frequency 
 Number of attempts 
 Validity  
 Result 
 Structure 
 Passing criteria 
 Limitations  
 
4-8 
3. 
Section III 
Annexure I – Syllabus for NEB Examination – Basic (for 
Year 2021 only) 
 
9-19 
4. 
Section IV 
Annexure II - Syllabus for NEB Examination (Dental)  
(for transfer to BDS Year 3) 
 
20-30 
5. 
Section V 
Annexure III - Syllabus for NEB Examination (Dental) 
(for transfer to BDS Year 4) 
 
31-47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 3 of 47 
 
SECTION I: PREAMBLE 
 
 
Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) will be conducting the National Equivalence Board 
(NEB) for those Pakistani students who wish to migrate to a dental college in Pakistan. This 
examination is being held based on section 21 of the Pakistan Medical Commission Act No 
XXXIII of 2020. 
 
As per section 13 (e) of the PMC Act, the National Medical and Dental Academic Board has 
developed the structure and standards of the National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examinations 
2021. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 4 of 47 
 
SECTION II: FORMAT AND STRUCTURE OF NEB EXAMINATION 
2021 
 
 
Eligibility: 
 
Any student who has completed more than two years of a dental programme in any dental 
institution or college outside Pakistan shall be eligible to register for and attempt the respective 
NEB Examination to seek a transfer/migration to a PMC recognized dental college in Pakistan 
in the relevant year having completed the period of a foreign programme up to the subsequent 
year in the institution seeking a transfer from. A student shall be required to take the NEB 
Examination within twelve months of having left the programme of study outside Pakistan to be 
eligible for admission to a dental college in Pakistan. 
 
Please note that transfer/migration from the dental institution or college outside Pakistan will 
only be allowed if there is a vacant seat available in the Pakistani Dental College where 
transfer/migration is being sought. The student intending to transfer/migrate will not be 
accommodated over and above the seats approved/allocated for that particular Pakistani Dental 
College.  
 
For the Year 2021 only 
 
In 2021 only, the NEB Examination is also being offered to those foreign students who are 
currently studying in foreign dental colleges and wish to migrate to BDS Year 2 in a 
Pakistani Medical or Dental College recognised by PMC. This is subject to: 
i. Having more than 65% marks in their FSc or HSSC. 
ii. Qualifying the requisite NEB Examination for the 2nd Year transfer from a foreign college. 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 5 of 47 
 
Centres: 
 
NEB Examinations 2021 will be conducted at multiple centres across Pakistan to facilitate 
the candidates. It is envisaged that NEB Examination will be offered at certain international 
centres as well. 
 
Frequency: 
 
The NEB Examination will be held at least twice a year. 
 
Number of attempts: 
 
There shall be no restriction on the number of attempts by a student subject to: 
 (1) taking the NEB examination for the first time within twelve months of having left their 
program of study in a foreign institution' This condition may be held in abeyance for 2121-22 
examination as the first-year exemption to sit the exam in relative to the COVID-19 outbreak, 
which has been raging since end of 2019.  
(2) re-attempting the exam at any future scheduled NEB Examination window notified by PMC 
within 24 months of the previous NEB Examination attempt. 
 
Validity 
 
A student's NEB Examination result shall be valid for two years from the date of the 
examination. If a student retakes the NEB Examination during this period, the person may use 
the highest attained result to apply for transfer to a medical or dental college in Pakistan. 
 
Result 
 
The results of the NEB Examination as communicated and issued shall be final and shall be 
neither available for rechecking or any other objection from the student who has taken the 
examination. 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 6 of 47 
 
Structure 
 
The theory component of the NEB Examination shall be substantially based on computer-based 
multiple-choice questions (MCQs). The MCQs will target higher cognition and will check a 
candidate’s ability to apply knowledge. The theory component will have 200 MCQs in which 
there will be an emphasis on the application of knowledge. The duration of the theory component 
of the NEB Examination will be three hours.  
The first year BDS examination is only being offered for 2021, but actually the examination will 
be held in early 2022. 
For transfer to BDS Year 2: candidates will be required to appear in the theory component of the 
NEB Examination only.  
 
For transfer to BDS Year 3: candidates will be required to appear in the theory component of the 
NEB Examination only. 
 
   For transfer to BDS Year 4: candidates will be required to appear in the theory and the relevant 
clinical skills component of NEB Examination.  
 
There will be no negative marking in any component of the NEB Examination. 
 
NEB Examination – Basic (for Year 2021 only) 
 
Eligibility: Student must have passed BDS Year 1 from a foreign dental college and intends to 
migrate to BDS Year 2 of a dental college in Pakistan recognised by PMC. Please also refer to 
eligibility criteria above. This NEB Examination – Basic will be offered in 2021 only. 
 
Disciplines: General Anatomy, General Physiology, Biochemistry, Oral Biology and Tooth 
Morphology (see syllabus below) 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 7 of 47 
 
MCQ’s Weightage: General Anatomy 30%, General Physiology 30%, Biochemistry 10% Oral 
Biology and Tooth Morphology 30%  
 
   NEB Examination (Dental) Standard 3 (for transfer to BDS Year 3) 
Eligiblity: Student must have passed BDS Year 2 from a PMC recognised foreign Dental 
College and intends to migrate to BDS Year 3 in a PMC recognised Dental College in 
Pakistan.  
 
Disciplines: General Pathology, Pharmachology inclucing Dental Therapeutics, Science of 
Dental Materials, Oral Pathology (see syllabus below) 
 
MCQ’s Weightage: General Pathology 20%, Pharmachology inclucing Dental Therapeutics 
25%, Science of Dental Materials 30%, Oral Pathology 25% 
 
NEB Examination (Dental) Standard 4 (for transfer to BDS Year 4) 
 
Eligiblity: Student must have passed BDS Year 3 from a PMC recognised foreign Dental 
College and intends to migrate to BDS Year 4 in a PMC recognised Dental College in 
Pakistan.  
 
Disciplines: Oral Medicine Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology, General Medicine, General 
Surgery, Community & Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology (see syllabus below) 
 
MCQ’s Weightage: Oral Medicine Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology 25%, General Medicine 
15%, General Surgery 15%, Community & Preventive Dentistry 20%, Periodontology 25% 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 8 of 47 
 
Passing criteria 
 
For transfer in BDS Year 2: 70% or above in theory component of NEB Examination.  
 
For transfer in BDS Year 3: 70% or above in theory component of NEB Examination.  
 
For transfer in BDS Year 4: 70% or above separately in both the theory and clinical skills 
component of NEB Examination. Candidates will have to pass both the theory and the clinical 
skills component separately to be declared successful in NEB Examination.  
 
Candidates who pass the theory (MCQs) component but fail the clinical Skills component will 
have to re-appear in the clinical skills component only. Such candidates will re-register for the 
clinical skills component only.  
 
If a candidate fails in three consecutive attempts of the clinical skills component, they will 
have to appear in both the theory (MCQs) and clinical skills component on the fourth attempt. 
That is, after every three failed attempts at the clinical skills component, candidates will have 
to sit the entire NEB Examination. 
 
Limitations 
 
Please note that a foreign student will not be allowed to migrate in a particular BDS year of a 
Dental College in Pakistan if more than two months have passed since the start of the academic 
year. In cases where over two months have passed since the start of the academic year, the 
foreign student will be allowed migration in the preceding year.       
 
Successfully clearing NEB Examination does not guarantee admission to a Pakistani Dental 
College as it will depend on the availability of seats in the admitting medical college and its 
admissions policy.  
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 9 of 47 
 
 
ANNEXURE I 
Syllabus for NEB Examination – Basic (for the Year 2021 only)  
(For transfer to BDS Year 2) 
 
GENRAL ANATOMY 
 
Introduction to: 
 
 Radiological, clinical and applied anatomy 
 Terms and planes of Gross anatomy 
 Developmental anatomy/embryology 
 Anatomical positions 
 
Overview of the Skeletal system: 
 
 Axial and appendicular skeleton 
 Definition and Classification of bones 
 Functions of bones 
 Parts of a young and adult bone 
 Ossification of bones 
 Blood supply of bones 
 Applied Anatomy of Bones 
 Characteristics and classification of joints (Structural, Regional and Functional) 
 Characteristics features of a synovial joint 
 Classification of synovial joints 
 Movements at different joints 
 Anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation, sprain and inflammation) 
 
 Introduction to the Muscular system: 
 
 Classification of muscles 
 
 
 Structure of skeletal muscles 
 Parts of muscle 
 Neuromuscular Junction 
 Blood supply and nerve supply of muscles 
 Applied anatomy of muscle with reference to spasm, paralysis, atrophy and regeneration 
 
 
Introduction to the Nervous system 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 10 of 47 
 
 
 Introduction to the central nervous system 
 Different parts of CNS with their brief functions 
 Peripheral Nervous system 
 Auntonomic Nervous system (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System) 
 
Introduction to the Circulatory system 
 Types of circulation 
 Anastomoses 
Introduction to the Lymphatic system 
 Lymph node 
 Lymph capillary 
 Functions 
Skin and Fascia 
 
 Introduction to skin  
 Superficial and deep fascia 
 
GENERAL HISTOLOGY 
 
 Cell 
 Microscopy 
 Epithelial tissue 
 Connective tissue 
 Cartilage 
 Bone 
 Muscular tissue 
 Nervous tissue & Nervous system 
 Lymphoid organ 
 Circulatory system 
 Integument 
 
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY AND ASPECTS OF GENETICS 
 
 Male and Female Reproductive System 
 Cell division and structure of DNA 
 Terms used in embryology 
 Gametogenesis 
 Fertilization, cleavage and implantation of an embryo 
 Development in 2nd and 3rd week of intrauterine life 
 Fetal Period 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 11 of 47 
 
 Fetal Memberane 
 Embryonic period 
 Derivatives of germinal layers 
 Introduction to Genetics and Teratogenesis 
 
 
GROSS ANATOMY 
Head and Neck (in detail) 
Brain, limbs, thorax, abdomen, & pelvis (General Considerations) 
SPECIAL HISTOLOGY 
 The digestive system 
 The oral cavity 
 Tongue, Teeth, Gums, Pharynx, Hard and Soft palate and Lips 
 Esophagus 
 Salivary glands 
The respiratory system 
 Nasal Cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx and trachea 
 Bronchi and lungs 
 
      The endocrine system 
 Pituitary 
 Thyroid and parathyroid 
 Adrenal 
 Pineal body 
 
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY 
Development of Head & Neck 
 Tongue 
 Thyroid 
 Pituitary 
 Upper respiratory system 
 Development of face and palate 
 The digestive system 
 The respiratorty system 
 The cardiovascular system 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 12 of 47 
 
 The musculoskeletal system 
 Special senses and development of Nervous system 
 
 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 
 
Cell and General Physiology 
 
 Functional organization of the human body 
 Homeostasis 
 Control systems in the body 
 Cell membrane and its functions 
 Cell organelles 
 Transport through the cell membrane 
 Membrane transport including active transport, passive transport, simple and facilitated 
diffusion 
 Genetics 
 
Blood 
 
 Composition and functions 
 Plasma proteins: albumin, globulin fibrinogen, and their functions 
 Red blood cells (Erythropoiesis) 
 Haemoglobin and blood indices, iron metabolism, fate of haemoglobin. 
 White blood cells, Leucopoiesis, functions 
 Platelets 
 Haemostasis, clotting factors, anticoagulants 
 Blood groups, Blood transfusion and complications 
 Reticuloendothelial system – Spleen 
 
Clinical/Applied Concepts 
 
 Anaemia and its types 
 Blood indices in various disorders Thalassemia 
 Leucopaenia Leucocytosis 
 Thrombocytopenia 
 Clotting disorders (haemophilia etc.) 
 Blood grouping/cross matching and significance 
 
 
 
Nerve and muscle 
 
 The neuron-structure and functions 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 13 of 47 
 
 Properties of nerve fibres 
 Physiology of action potential including compound action potentials 
 Conduction of nerve impulse, nerve degeneration and regeneration  
 Synapses 
 Types of muscle, functions 
 Skeletal muscle contraction 
 Isometric and isotonic contraction 
 Smooth muscle contraction 
 Neuromuscular junction 
 Excitation-contraction coupling 
 Motor unit 
 Neuromuscular junction blockers 
 
Clinical/Applied Concepts 
 Nerve injury 
 Rigor mortis and contractures 
 Myasthenia gravis 
 
 
 
Cardiovascular system 
 
 Introduction to heart and circulation 
 Physiology of cardiac muscle 
 Action potential in atrial and ventricular  
 Muscle and pace-maker potential 
 Regulation of cardiac functions 
 Cardiac Cycle and various events 
 ECG-recording and interpretation 
 Arrhythmias- mechanism of development 
 Functional types of blood vessels 
 Haemodynamics of blood flow 
 Local control of blood flow 
 Systemic circulation - basic principles/characteristics and control 
 peripheral resistance and its regulation 
 Arterial pulse 
 Arterial Blood pressure(short/long term regulation) 
 Cardiac Output (regulations/measurements) 
 Heart sounds 
 Venous return and its regulation 
 Coronary circulation 
 Cardiovascular changes during exercise 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 14 of 47 
 
Clinical/Applied Concepts 
 
 Correlation of cardiac cycle with Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart sounds 
Echocardiogram 
 Radial/other pulses 
 Hypertension, types and effects 
 Jugular venous pulse 
 Cardiovascular changes during exercise 
 Types of  shock 
 
Respiratory system 
 
 Organization/functions of respiratory tract 
 Functions of lungs (respiratory and non-respiratory) 
 Mechanics of breathing, pulmonary pressure changes 
 Dead spaces 
 Diffusion of gases (gas laws, composition) 
 Transport of CO2 in blood 
 Regulation of respiration (nervous/chemical) 
 Abnormal breathing 
 Hypoxia-types and effects 
 Physiology of cyanosis 
 Physiology of high altitude, space, deep sea diving 
 Oxygen debt 
 Respiratory changes during exercise 
 
 
Clinical/Applied Concepts 
 
 Types of respiration (intrapleural pressure, pneumothorax, effusio 
 Lung function tests (Spirometry) 
 Obstructive / Restrictive lung disease (FEV1/FVC) 
 Abnormal Ventilation / Perfusion 
 Respiratory failure: Types I & II 
 Asphyxia 
 Hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea, hypo- and hypercapnoea 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 15 of 47 
 
BIOCHEMISTRY 
 
 Introduction of Biochemistry: 
 
   Biochemistry of the Cell 
 
 Introduction to cell (Biochemical point of view) 
 
 Scientific methods to study the cell Biochemistry 
 
 Biochemical composition of the cell 
 
 
  Biochemistry of the Cell and Body Fluids 
 
 Ionization of water & weak acids, Bases 
 Concept of Ph, and pH scale 
 Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the concept of pK values  
 Buffers, their mechanism of action 
 Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation (No derivation) 
 Importance of selectively permeable membranes,  
 Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, surface tension, viscocity & their importance related to 
body fluids 
 
 
      Carbohydrates 
 
 Definition, biochemical function and classification 
 Structure and functions of Monosaccharides and their derivatives 
 Disaccharides, their important examples 
 Oligosaccharides, their important combination with other macromolecules 
 Polysaccharides, their important examples and biochemical role 
 The biochemical importance of carbohydrates 
 
 
      Proteins 
 
 Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins based on 
• Physiochemical properties  
• Functional 
• Nutritional  
• Structural 
 
 Amino acids, their structure, properties and functions 
 Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids 
 
 Structure of proteins and their significance 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 16 of 47 
 
 Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electroresis, Chromatography, 
Centrifugation 
 Immunoglobulins and its biomedical significance 
 Plasma proteins & their clinical significance 
 
 Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid: 
 Chemistry and structure of nucleotides and their biochemical role 
 Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical role 
 Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions 
 
Lipids: 
 
 Definition, biomedical function 
 Classification of lipids 
 Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipds and their Biochemical signation 
 Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function 
 Essential fatty acids 
 Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in heallth and disease 
 Steroids, Sterol e.g Cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and clinical 
significance 
 Lipid peroxidation and its significance 
 
 
Biological Membrance 
 
 Biochemical composition 
 Biochemistry of cell membrane, chemical composition, mportance ofLipid and 
proteins in membranes, chemistry of signals and receptors 
 Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism, active transport 
 Passive transport, simple and facilitated diffusion 
 
Enzymes 
 
 Introduction, definition, mechanism of catalysis 
 Coenzyme s, co-factors 
 
lsoenzymes, their clinical importance 
 Factors affecting enzymes activity, ichaelis-Menten Equation (no derivation of 
equations) 
 Enzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical importance 
 Application of enzyme in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic  
 
Porhyrins & Hemoglobin 
 
 Chemistry and biosynthesis of porphyrins and its disorders (porphyrias) 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 17 of 47 
 
 Structure, functions and types of hemoglobin 
 Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin, factors affecting and regulating 
 
the oxygen binding capcity of hemoglobin 
 Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types, transport and 
excretion 
 Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and differentiation, 
 Jaundice and its types 
 Hemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalasemia etc) and their biochemical causes 
 
Vitamins: 
 
 Introduction, classification 
 Chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency manifestations, deily allowances 
and source of water soluble and fat-soluble vitamins 
 Hypervitaminosis 
 
Biochemistry of digestive tract:  
 
 Introduction of digestion and absorption 
            Introduction, composition, function, daily secretin, stimulants and depressants of: 
• Saliva 
• Gastric Juice & HCL 
• Pancreatic Juice 
• Bile Juice 
• Succus Entericus 
 Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid and lipids. 
 Lactose intolerance, cholelithiasis and related disorders. (introductions) 
 
Mineral & Trace Elements: 
           Classification and Biochemical role of: 
 Macro minerals (Na, K, Ca, Cl, PO4) 
 Micro minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Se, l, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn) 
 
 
        D: SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS 
 
        Properties for characterization of biomaterials  
 Mechanical properties 
 Physical and Chemical properties 
 Thermal properties 
 Rheological properties 
 Biocompatibility and Biomechanics 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 18 of 47 
 
Impression materials 
 Hydrocolloids  
 
 Agar 
 Alginate 
 Elastomers  
 Silicone Rubbers 
 
 Polysulphide 
 Polyether 
 Non-elastic impression materials 
 Impression Plaster 
 Impression Compound 
 Zinc-oxide eugenol impression paste 
 
 Gypsum products for Dental Casts 
 Dental Waxes  
 Casting 
• 
 
Investment and Refractory Dies 
• 
 
Steps of casting 
• 
 
Faults in castings 
 
Polymers 
 
 Classification of denture base materials 
 Properties of Acrylic Resin as a denture base material 
 Acrylic Resin composition, manipulation and processing  
 Alternative denture base materials 
 Artificial teeth 
 Tissue Conditioners 
 Separating media 
 Denture Lining materials (Hard and Soft liners) 
 Denture Repair and Rebasing 
 
Adhesion 
 
 Principles of Adhesion 
 Acid-etch systems for bonding to enamel 
 Applications of acid-etch technique 
 
 Dentin conditioning, priming and bonding  
 Smear Layer and Hybrid Layer 
 Dentin bonding systems 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 19 of 47 
 
Dental Composites 
 Classification 
 Composition and manipulation 
 Setting characteristics 
 Properties including polymerization shrinkage 
 
Dental Cements 
 Lining, Base and Luting materials 
 Cavity varnish 
 Properties, setting characteristics and uses of 
 Zinc Phosphate Cement 
 Zinc Oxide/Eugenol Cement 
 Ortho-ethoxy Benzoyic Acid Cement 
 Polycarboxylate Cement 
 Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) 
 Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) 
 Calcium Hydroxide Cement 
 
Dental Amalgam 
 Amalgamation process 
 Properties and uses of amalgam 
 Manipulation and handling 
 
Metal and Alloys in Dentistry 
 Base metal casting alloys 
 Wrought alloys (Steel and Stainless Steel) 
 Gold and alloys of Noble metals 
 Titanium 
 
Ceramics 
 Classification of dental porcelain 
 
 Porcelain veneers and Porcelain fused to metal(PFM) crowns 
 
 CAD-CAM restorations 
 Zirconia 
     Endodontic materials 
Irrigants and Intra-canal medicaments 
Obturation materials e.g., Gutta Purcha 
      Abrasion and polishing material 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 20 of 47 
 
ANNEXURE II 
Syllabus for NEB Examination (Dental)  
(For transfer to BDS Year 3) 
 
GENERAL PATHOLOGY 
 
Cell Injury 
 
 Terms necrosis, ischemia, hypoxia, infarction and gangrene. 
 Sequence of the ultrastructural and biochemical changes which occur in the cell in response to 
the following: 
 
 
Ischemia 
 
 
Immunological injury – eg. Asthma / SLE /Anaphylactic reaction 
 
 
Physical agents – eg. Radiation 
 
 
Genetic defects – eg. Thalassemia / hemophilia 
 
 
Nutritional deficiency 
 
 
Infectious agents 
 
 
Viruses – eg. Hepatitis / Aids / HIV infections 
 
 
Fungi – eg. Candida Albicans /Candidiasis 
 
 
Parasites – eg. Malaria 
 
 
Irreversible and reversible injury. 
 
 
Apoptosis and its significance. 
 
 
Necrosis and its types. 
 
 
Exogenous and endogenous pigment deposition 
 
 
Dystrophic and metastatic calcification along with clinical significance. 
 
 
 Metabolic disorders of Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrate 
 
INFLAMMATION AND MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION 
 
 Role of inflammation in the defense mechanisms of the body. 
 Vascular changes of acute inflammation and relate these to the morphological and tissue 
effects. 
 Process of chemotaxis opsonization and phagocytosis.  
 Role of cellular component in inflammatory exudate.  
 Differences between exudate and transudate. 
 List of important chemical mediators of inflammation. 
 Pathway of Arachidonic Acid metabolism. 
 Role of products of Arachidonic Acid metabolism in inflammation. 
 Mechanism for development of fever, with reference to exogenous and endogenous 
pyrogens. 
 Chronic inflammation including granulomas. 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 21 of 47 
 
 Granuloma, its type and causes. 
 Systemic effects of acute and chronic inflammation and their possible outcomes. 
 Signification of ESR. 
 Examples of induced hypothermia in medicine. 
 Pathogenesis, clinical features and lab Diagnosis of Gout. 
 Management of acute and chronic Gout. 
 
WOUND HEALING 
 
 Differences between repair and regeneration. 
 Wound healing by first and second intention. 
 Factors that influence the inflammatory reparative response. 
 Comparison of wound contraction with cicatrization. 
 Formation of granulation tissue. 
 Complications of wound healing. 
 
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION 
 
THROMBO-EMBOLIC DISORDERS AND THEIR MODALITIES: 
 
 Pathogenesis of thrombosis. 
 Consequences of thrombosis. 
 
DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATION AND SHOCK 
 
 Definition of Edema, ascites, hydrothorax and anasarca. 
 Pathophysiology of edema with special emphasis on CHF. 
 Pathogenesis of four major types of shock (Hypovolemic, cardiogenic,    vasovagal and 
septic) and list their causes. 
 Compensatory mechanisms involved in shock. 
 
 
 
MICROBIOLOGY 
 
 Defense mechanisms of the body. 
 Microbial mechanisms of invasion and virulence. 
 Differences between sterilization and disinfection. 
 Methods of disinfection and sterilization. 
 Principles of aseptic techniques. 
 Universal precautions for infection control. 
 General principles of the following serological tests: 
         • ELISA - Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), Rubella, CMV and HIV 
         • Haemagglutination - TPHA 
         • Western blot - HIV 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 22 of 47 
 
         •  ICT – Malaria 
 
 Interpretation of Culture reports, Serological reports and Microscopic reports of gram stain 
and AFB stain 
 Principles of proper collection and submission of specimens for laboratory investigations 
with due precautions. 
 General characteristics and taxonomy of Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi. 
 Definition of communicable endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases, carriers, pathogens, 
opportunists, commensals and colonizers. 
 List of microorganisms responsible for infection of the body with especial reference to oral 
cavity. 
 Pathogenesis, treatment, epidemiology, prevention and control of the following organisms. 
        • Bacteria 
        • Viruses 
        • Fungus 
        • Protozoa 
        • Helminths 
 Principles of anti-microbial action. 
 
GENETICS 
 
 Agenesis, Dysgenesis, Aplasia, Hypoplasia, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia, 
Neoplasia, Anaplasia, Atrophy and Hypertrophy. 
 Cell cycle and list cell types (stable, labile, permanent). 
 Mechanisms controlling cell growth. 
 Classification systems of tumors. 
 Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. 
 Grading and staging system of tumors. 
 Biology of tumor growth. 
 Process of carcinogenesis. 
 Host defense against tumors. 
 Mechanism of local and distant spread. 
 Local and systemic effects of tumors. 
 Tumor markers used in the diagnosis and management of cancer. 
 Chemical, Physical agents and Viruses related to human cancers. 
 Epidemiology of common cancers in Pakistan. 
 
 
IMMUNOLOGY 
 
 Antigen, antibody, epitope, hapten and adhesion molecules 
 Innate and acquired immunity. · 
 Type-I, type-II, type-III and type-IV hypersensitivity reactions. 
 Classification of the immunodeficiency disorders. 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 23 of 47 
 
 Autoimmunity 
 
 
THE ORAL CAVITY 
 
 Leukoplakia. 
 Predisposing factors (pipe smoking, ill-fitting denture, alcohol abuse, irritant foods) of 
leukoplakia. 
 Risk factors of oral cancer. 
 Clinical and morphological features of oral cancer. 
 Benign and malignant tumors of salivary glands. 
 Clinical and morphological features of pleomorphic adenoma. 
 
 PHARMACOLOGY 
 
General Pharmacology: 
 
 Definition of drug and drug nomenclature. 
 Branches / Divisions of Pharmacology 
 Sources of drugs 
 Active principles of drug and Pharmacology 
 Active principles of drug and PharmacologyDosage forms and doses of drugs. 
 Drug administration. . . 
 Absorption of drugs and processes involved in drug absorption 
 Factors modifying absorption of drugs. 
 Transport of drugs across cell-membrane. 
 Bioavailability, its clinical significance and factors affecting bioavailitability 
 Drugs reservoirs, distribution and redistribution of drugs, plasma protein binding. 
 Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition and entero-
hepatic circulation 
 Plasma half-life of drugs, steady state concentration, its clinical importance and factors 
affecting it. 
 Excretion of drugs. 
 Mechanism of drug action. 
 Dose response curves, structure-activity relationship. 
 Factors modifying action and doses of drugss. 
 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and Receptors 
 
Locally Acting Drugs 
 
• Demulcents, Emollients, Irritants, Counter irritants, Astringents, antiseborrheics, locally acting 
enzymes. 
• Antiseptics and Disinfectants 
• Ectoparasiticides 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 24 of 47 
 
Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract 
 
• Anti Emetics 
 
 
Cardiovascular Drugs 
 
• Antiarrythmic Drugs 
• lonotropic Drugs 
• Antianginal Drugs 
• Thrombolytics 
• Antihyperlipidemic Drugs 
 
Diuretics 
 
Autocoids 
 
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous system 
 
Cholinergic Drugs 
 
• Choline Esters 
• Anticholine-esterases 
• Cholinomimetic Alkaloids 
 
Anti- Cholinergic Drugs 
 
• Anti Muscarinic 
• Non catecholamine 
 
Sympatholytics / Antiadrenergics 
 
• Alpha Adrenergic Blockers 
• Beta Adrenergic receptor Blockers 
 
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers 
Autonomic Ganglionic Blockers 
 
 
 
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants 
 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - D-tubocurarine, Suxamethanin 
 Central Muscle Relaxants, Meprobromate, Mephenesim, Diazepam etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 25 of 47 
 
Central Nervous System 
 
 Sedative-Hypnotics 
 Antiepileptics 
 General Anaesthetics 
 Local Anesthetics 
 Drugs for movement Disorder/Muscle Relaxant 
 Alcohol 
 Drugs for Migraine 
 Stimulants of the Central Nervous System: 
      • Caffeine, Theophyline, Theobromine 
      • Brain stem stimulants: Picrotoxin, Nikethamide, Ethamivan, Doxapram 
 
Psychopharmacology 
 
 Anti-psychotics 
 Anxiolytics 
 Anti-Depressant / Anti mania 
 
Drugs acting on Endocrine System 
 
 Drugs-Hypothalamic Drugs 
 Adrenocorticoids 
 Sex Hormones 
 Thyroid / Parathyroid Drugs 
 Pancreatic Hormones and Oral hypoplyglcemic Agents 
 
ANTIBIOTICS 
 
Parameters: 
 
•   Provisional Diagnosis, Investigation, Empirical Therapy, prescribing after culture and 
sensitivity. 
 
 
VITAMINS 
 
Parameters: 
 
 Drugs-Hypothalamic Drugs 
 Groups of vitamins prescribed 
 Vitamins prescribed on basis of therapeutic indication or empirical 
 Single I multiple vitamins prescribing 
 Rational with use of vitamins. 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 26 of 47 
 
ANALGESICS 
 
Parameters:  
 
 Various groups of analgesics prescribed 
 Single / multiple adverse drug prescription. 
 Non specific indications of analgesic prescribed 
 
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS 
 Anti-microbials, cytotoxic drugs, steroids etc. 
 
ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY 
 
EMBRYOLOGY 
 
 General human development 
 The brachial apparatus 
 Development of face/tongue/thyroid gland 
 Development of nasomaxillary complex 
 Development of palate 
 Development of mandible and temporo mandibular joint 
 Development of para-nasal sinuses 
 Development of salivary glands 
 Tooth development and its associated structures 
 Development of cartilages and bones of facial skeleton 
 Introduction of clinical anomalies related with all the above topics 
 Introduction to Post natal facial growth. 
 Development of base of skull 
 
Developmental Histology (structure) and Function of: 
 
 Bone/cartilage (specially jaws) 
 Alveolar bone 
 Periodontal ligament 
 Cementum 
 Tooth eruption and shedding 
 Oral mucous membrane 
 Dentine 
 Pulp 
 Enamel 
 Temporo-mandibular joint clinical consideration 
 Endogenous implants/changes during tooth movement/wound healing 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 27 of 47 
 
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY: 
 
 Immunology 
 Calcium metabolism and bone 
 The healing of bone fractures 
 Repair and regeneration of dental tissues 
 Histology and function of 
 Saliva and salivary glands 
 Taste and taste organs 
 Pain and pain pathway 
 
TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND OCCLUSION 
 
 Introduction and nomenclature 
 Anatomic and physiologic consideration of form and function of orodento-facial 
structures 
 Brief study of comparative Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology 
 
The Deciduous Dentition: 
 Detail description of each primary tooth 
 The pulp cavities 
 The difference between deciduous and permanent teeth 
 
Occlusion: 
 
 Temporo-mandibular joint 
 Muscles of mastication and facial expression 
 Mastication and Swallowing 
 Occlusion at primary/mixed/adult dentition stages 
 Innervation and arterial supply of orofacial structures 
 
 
 
       
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 28 of 47 
 
COMMUNITY AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY 
 
Introduction to Community Dentistry and Dental Public Health:  
 
Concepts of health; disease and illness and factors affecting these states; activities carried out in 
the field of community dentistry. 
 
 
Oral Epidemiology:  
 
 Definition 
 Uses and principles of epidemiology 
 Research designs 
 Dental surveys 
 Clinical trials 
 Screening 
 Oral health assessment indices 
 Concepts of aetiology, epidemiology of oral diseases and conditions having public health 
implications;  
 Assessment of disease risk and predictive tests 
 
Prevention of oral and dental diseases:  
 
 Levels of prevention 
 Health promotion 
 Specific protection 
 Dental plaque and its role in the etiology of dental diseases 
 Diet; nutrition and dental health 
 Water fluoridation 
 Fluoride supplements 
 Professionally and self-applied topical fluorides 
 Fissure sealing 
 Atraumatic Restorations 
 Methods of plaque control 
 Principles and strategies of dental health education and promotion 
 Cross infection control 
 Protection from radiation and mercury hazards in dental practice. 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 29 of 47 
 
Dental health care delivery system:  
 
 The structure of dental care 
 Role of dentists, dental auxiliaries and general health workers in oral health  care 
 Dental care of people with special  needs  including  the elderly, the handicapped, 
patients with infectious and communicable diseases 
 Principles and elements of primary health care 
 Ethical issues in dental care 
 
Behavioral sciences:  
 
 Health behaviour and its determinates 
 Attitudes, beliefs and values about health and illness 
 Theories of health behaviour 
 Dentist – patient communication 
 Informed Consent, Breaking Bad News 
 Management of stress, fear and  anxiety  in dentistry,  child  psychology  and  behavior 
management  and modification techniques 
 Counselling, motivation and compliance. 
 
Introduction to bio - statistics:  
 
 Types of variables 
 frequency distribution 
 Measures of central tendency and variability in  data 
 Methods   of   sampling 
 Sampling   error 
 Probability 
 Normal interval 
 Tests of statistical significance 
 
 Chairside preventive dental procedures 
 High fluoride gel application 
 Fissure sealing 
 Dietry counseling 
 Plaque disclosing 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 30 of 47 
 
Instructions about Oral Hygiene measures 
 Tooth brushing demonstration 
 Inter-dental cleaning 
 Chemical control of dental plaque 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 31 of 47 
 
ANNEXURE III 
Syllabus for NEB Examination (Dental)  
(For transfer to BDS Year 4) 
 
GENERAL MEDICINE 
 
 History taking in general, 
 General Physical Examination Pallor, Cyanosis, Jaundice, Clubbing and Koilonychia. 
 Thyroid, Lymph nodes, Dehydration, Nutrition, Decubitus, Edema. 
 Pulse. 
 Examination of Blood Pressure and JVP. 
 History taking in GIT - Vomiting, Diarrhea, Pain Ab, Constipation. 
 Hematemesis, Melena, Dyspepsia, Distension. 
 Examination of GIT- Inspection, Palpation. 
 Percussion, Auscultation. 
 Any deficient program. 
 Chest pain, wheezing. 
 Inspection, Palpation, Percussion Auscultation front of chest. 
 Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation back of chest. 
 Any deficient program. 
 History taking in CVS. . 
 General Physical Examintion in CVS - Clubbing, Koilonychia, Osier's nodes, Splinter 
Hemorrhages, Cyanosis. 
 Pulse, JVP, Blood pressure 
 Inspection, Palpation of pericardium 
 Percussion, Auscultation of pericardium - Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic. 
 Pulrnonary areas. 
 Any deficient program. 
 History taking in CNS 
 Higher Mental Functions of consciousness, Behavior, Speech Memory 
 Examination of cranial nerves I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII 
 Examination of Motor systerm 
 Examination of sensory system crude touch, pain, temperature. Fine touch, pressure, 
vibration Joint position 
 Cortical sensation 
 TWO point localization and discrimination 
 Reflexes. 
 Examination of Cerebellar system. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 32 of 47 
 
Knowledge of Systems and the Diseases 
 
 Genetic factors in disease. 
 Immunological factors in disease. 
 Climate and environmental factors in disease  
 Diseases due to infection. 
 Diseases of the cardiovascular system. 
 Diseases of the respiratory system. 
 Diseases of the alimentary tract and pancreas. 
 Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 
 Nutritional factors in disease. 
 Disturbances in water, electrolyte and acid base balances. 
 Diseases of the kidney and genito-urinary system. 
 Endocrine and metabolic Diseases. 
 Diseases of the blood. 
 Oncology. 
 Diseases of connective tissues joint and bones. 
 Diseases of the skin. 
 Psychiatry 
 Diseases of the nervous system. 
 Principles of geriatric medicine. 
 Acute poisoning. 
 
 
 GENERAL SURGERY 
 
 Physiological response to Surgical Trauma and homeostasis 
 Wound and its Repair.  
 Pathophysiology and Management of Shock including fluid and electrolyte imbalance. c 
 Investigation and treatment of Infections and parasitic infestations of surgical imprtance 
 Hemorrhage Blood Transfusion and their implications 
 Management of acutely injured & critically ill patients including aspiration pneumonia and 
embolic phenomena  
 Principles in the Management of common Skin and Soft tissue problems: Ulcers, Abscesses, 
Sinus & Fistulae swellings, embedded foreign bodies and minor injuries. 
 Principles of Anaesthesia. 
 Nutrition of surgical patients. 
 Cardiac Arrest 
 Polytrauma with airway difficulty and circulatory instability 
 Uncontrolled External Hemorrhage. 
 Sudden upper Repiratory Tract Obstruction 
 Hypovolumic or Septicemic Shock 
 Tension Pneumothorax. 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 33 of 47 
 
 Cardiac Temponade. 
 Unconscious due to Head Injury 
 Gas Gangrene and Tatenus. 
 Burns 
 
Knowledge of Systems and the Diseases: 
 
Head, Face and Neck: 
 
 Development abnormalities of face, palate, lip. 
 Principles of management of Head Injuries and its complications 
 Oral region including tongue. 
 Diseases of Salivary glands (Inflammation, Calculus, Tumors) 
 Neck lumps including Lymphatics Thyroid, Parathyroid. 
 
Chest Wall & Thora 
 
 Blunt & Penetrating Injuries and their Complications. 
 Lung abscess and Emiyema thoracics 
 Growth of cysts in the lungs. 
 
      Gastro Intestinal Tract: 
 
 Diseases causing Oesophageal Obstruction 
 Peptic ulcer and its complications 
 Tumors of Stomach. 
 Conditions causing Acute Abdomen 
 Conditions causing Chronic Abdomen including malignant lesions of small and large bowel 
 
 
Abdominal Pelvic and Genital Traumas and Hernias  
 
 Principles in management of abdominal trauma 
 Epigastric Hernia 
 
lncisional Hernia 
 
Liver 
 
 Obstructive Jaundice 
 Trauma 
 Liver Abscess 
 Hydrated Cyst 
 Malignancy (Hepatoma & Secondaries) 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 34 of 47 
 
Gall Bladder 
 
 Acute and duoruc Cholecystitis 
 Cholelithiasis and its Complications 
 Malignancies 
 
Pancreas 
 
 Acute, Relapsing and Chronic pancreatitis  
 Panaeatic masses induding (benign, malignant) neoplasia 
 
Skin & Soft Tissues 
 
 Common benign and malignant skin lesions 
 Wounds / Ulcers I abscesses /Sinuses / Fistulae 
 Soft Tissue Lumps 
 
Orthopedics and Trauma 
 
 Common Congenital Malformatios of Locomotive System. 
 Bone Fracture & their Complications. 
 Sports injuries and afflictions of Tendons and Bursae. 
 Bone and joint Infections. 
 Arthritis. 
 Bone and Cartilage Tumours 
 
       Vascular and Nerve Disorders 
 
 Vascular afflictions. 
 Varicosities. 
 Deep venous thrombosis. 
 Peripheral nerve Injuries. 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 35 of 47 
 
  ORAL PATHOLOGY 
 
 Developmental disturbances of Teeth 
 Pre malignant, Benign and Malignant lesions 
 Salivary gland tumors and diseases 
 Odontogenic & non -Odontogenic tumours 
 Tooth wear 
 Caries 
 Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues 
 Spread of Infections 
 Wound Healing 
 Diseases of bones and joints 
 Cysts of Jaws and Oral Cavity 
 Immunology 
 
 
 PERIODONTOLOGY 
 
Normal Periodontium 
 
 Periodontium and its structures 
 Gingiva 
 Periodontal Ligaments 
 Alveolar bone 
 Cementum 
 
 Periodontal anatomy in relation to periodontal and implant surgical procedures 
 
Classification of Gingival and Periodontal Diseases 
 
 Gingivitis: Dental biofilm induced 
 Gingivitis: Non - Dental biofilm induced 
 Periodontitis (chronic and aggressive periodontitis according to 1999 classification) 
 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases 
 Necrotizing periodontal diseases 
 Other conditions affecting periodontium 
 Systemic diseases/condition affecting periodontal supporting tissues 
 Periodontal abscesses and Perio-Endo lesions 
 Mucogingival deformities and conditions 
 Occlusal trauma 
 Prosthesis and tooth related factors 
 Peri-Implant diseases and conditions 
 
    Etiology of Gingival and Periodontal Diseases 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 36 of 47 
 
 
 Plaque Microbiology 
 Plaque retentive factors 
 Calculus 
 Improper restorations 
 Improper crown margins 
 Orthodontic appliances 
 Risk factors of periodontal disease 
 
    Gingival and Periodontal Diseases 
 
 Pathogenesis 
 Host response 
 Clinical features 
 Histological features 
 Radiographic features 
 
Periodontal examination, investigations and documentation 
 
 Extra oral and intraoral examination 
 Basic Periodontal Examination 
 General dental charting 
 Detailed periodontal charting  
 Indices and classification of gingival/ periodontal parameters 
• 
 
Gingival inflammation 
• 
 
Periodontal disease 
• 
 
Gingival recession 
• 
 
Furcation  
• 
 
Mobility 
 Sensibility tests 
 Referral to physician and/or dental specialists 
 
 
Diagnosis & Treatment plan of periodontal disease 
 
 Periodontal diagnosis according to 2017 classification 
 Radiographic interpretations 
 Prognosis of individual teeth 
 Phases of treatment plan 
 Patient education and motivation regarding proposed treatment plan 
 Evidence based sequence of treatment planning 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 37 of 47 
 
Plaque control 
 
 Plaque indices 
 Plaque disclosing agents 
 Oral hygiene tools 
 Oral hygiene instructions 
 Chemical plaque control methods 
 Dentifrices 
 Dietary counseling 
 
Non-surgical Periodontal therapy 
 
 Goal of non-surgical therapy 
 Instruments 
 Scaling and prophylaxis 
 Scaling and root surface debridement 
 Healing response end outcomes expected from periodontal non-surgical therapy 
 
 
Surgical Principles and Procedures 
 
 Goal of surgical therapy 
 Principles of periodontal surgical therapy 
 Basic principles of wound healing 
 Periodontal surgical procedures for pocket depth reduction 
 Gingivectomy 
 Principles of Osseointegration 
 Basic surgical principles of implant surgery 
 Surgical assessment of implant cases 
 Basic surgical procedure of implant surgery 
 Instruments for perio and implant surgical procedures 
 
 
Interdisciplinary Periodontics 
 
 Perio-Restorative interrelationship 
 Endo-Perio Continuum 
 Perio-Ortho interrelationship 
 Perio-Medicine  
• Perio- Diabetes 
• Perio – CVD 
• Perio – pregnancy 
• Bleeding/clotting disorders and blood thinners 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 38 of 47 
 
Periodontal and Implant maintenance 
 
 Importance 
 Compliance of Perio and Implant patients 
 Choice of instruments for implant maintenance  
 Periodontal risk assessment 
 
  
Clincial skills 
 
 Educate patients concerning the aetiology of periodontal disease and encourage them to 
assume responsibility for their oral health. 
 Perform periodontal charting and instrumentation techniques for plaque, calculus and 
stains removal using manual and powered instruments. 
 Instruct the patients on when and how to use chemical plaque control agents in 
periodontal disease management. 
 Provide symptomatic relief to patients presenting with painful conditions such as 
necrotizing ulcerative conditions, periodontal abscess, food impactions, dentine 
hypersensitivity  
 Use plaque disclosing agents 
 Perform instrument sharpening techniques and identify worn down periodontal 
instruments 
 
 
 
     ORAL MEDICINE 
 
       The Oral Mucosa 
 
Normal Oral Mucosa 
 Structure 
 Function 
 Age changes 
 
Abnormal oral mucosa 
 Oral mucosa in generalized disease 
 Periodontium in generalized disease 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 39 of 47 
 
Principles of oral medicine: assessment and investigation of patients 
 
 Patient assessment 
 History taking  
 Examination 
 Investigations 
• Blood examination 
• Blood chemistry 
• Endocrine function 
• Urinalysis 
• Biopsy 
 
 Microbiological investigations 
 Imaging techniques 
 
Infections of gingivae and oral mucosa 
 
Bacterial infections 
 
 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Disease  
 Non-specific 
      Fungal infections 
Primary Candidiasis 
 Acute (Pseudomembranous and Erythematous) 
 Chronic (Pseudomembranous, Erythematous and CHC) 
 Candida associated lesions 
 Denture Induced Stomatitis 
 Angular Cheilitis 
 Median Rhomboid Glossitis  
 Secondary Candidiasis 
 Secondary Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis syndrome 
 
Viral infections 
 
 Herpes simplex virus infections  
 Varicella zoster virus infections 
 Epstein-Barr virus infections 
 Human papillomavirus infections 
 Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 40 of 47 
 
Oral Ulceration 
 Traumatic ulceration  
• Aetiology 
• Clinical features 
• Management 
 
 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) 
• Clinical features 
• Aetiology 
• Histopathology and immunopathogenesis 
• Systemic conditions and RAS like lesions 
 
      Diseases of the lips and tongue and disturbances of taste and halitosis 
      Diseases of the lips 
 Swelling of the lips 
 Angular cheilitis (angular stomatitis, chelosis, perleche) 
 Lip fissures 
 Allergic cheilitis 
 Actinic cheilitis (solar keratosis) 
 Exfoliative cheilitis 
 Perioral dermatitis 
 Lip Lickers eczema 
 Cheilocandidosis 
 
   Diseases of tongue 
 Developmental abnormalities and Morphological variations 
 Tongue fissures 
 Coated tongue 
 Hairy tongue 
 Atrophy of the lingual epithelium 
 Traumatic irritation of the tongue 
 Enlargement of the foliate papillae 
 Geographic tongue (Erythema Migrans, Benign Migratory Glossitis),  
 Median Rhomboid Glossitis 
 Disturbances of taste and halitosis 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 41 of 47 
 
Swellings of the face and neck 
 
Facial swellings 
 
 Differential diagnosis swellings in the neck 
 Cervical lymphadenopathy 
• Differential diagnosis 
• Examination of the lymph nodes  
• 
Inflammatory causes of lymph node enlargement 
• Neoplastic causes of lymph node enlargement 
 
Salivary glands and saliva 
 
 Saliva and salivary glands 
 Saliva 
 Salivary glands 
 
Assessment of the salivary glands 
 Measurement of the salivary flow 
 
Salivary gland diseases 
 
 Sialadenitis 
 Sialosis 
 Necrotizing sialometaplasia 
 HIV-associated salivary gland disease 
 Salivary gland tumours 
Inflammatory overgrowths, developmental and benign lesions, and pigmentation of the 
oral mucosa 
Inflammatory overgrowths 
 Epulides 
 Fibroepithelial polyp 
 Denture granuloma 
 Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck’s disease) 
 Developmental white lesions 
 Benign neoplasms 
 Squamous cell papilloma 
 Miscellaneous benign conditions 
 Traumatic keratosis 
 Nicotinic Stomatitis (pipe smokers’ palate) 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 42 of 47 
 
 Leukoedema 
 Amalgam tattoos 
 Melanotic pigmentation Oral melanoma 
 
Precancerous Lesions and Conditions 
 
 Precancerous lesions 
• 
 
Leukoplakia 
• 
 
Erythroleukoplakia 
• 
 
Speckled leukoplakia 
• 
 
Candidal leukoplakia (chronic hyperplastic candidosis) 
 Malignant transformation of precancerous lesions 
 Management of precancerous lesions 
 
 Precancerous conditions 
• 
 
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) 
• 
 
Lichen Planus 
 Oral carcinoma and carcinogenesis 
 Aetiological factors for oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
 Clinical features and diagnosis of oral carcinoma 
 Staging systems for oral carcinoma 
 The management of oral carcinoma 
 Prevention of oral carcinoma  
 Oral carcinoma as a genetic disease 
 
      Gastrointestinal disease 
 Coeliac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy) 
 Oral manifestation of Celiac disease 
 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 
 Ulcerative colitis 
 Stomatosis and Inflammatory bowel disease 
 Gastro Esophageal reflux disorder (GERD) 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 43 of 47 
 
Blood and nutrition, endocrine disturbances, and renal disease 
 
Disorders of the blood 
 
 Anaemias 
 Oral signs and symptoms in anaemia 
 Management of patients with anaemias and haematinic deficiencies 
 Leukaemia 
 Leukopenia 
 Platelet abnormalities 
 The selection of patients for haematological examination 
 
Disorders of nutrition 
 
 Nutritional deficiencies 
 Scurvy 
 Endocrine disturbances 
• Normal endocrine changes 
• Adrenocortical diseases 
• Thyroid disease 
• Diabetic mellitus 
 
Renal disease 
 
 Chronic renal failure 
 Renal patients undergoing dialysis Renal transplant patients 
 
Immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and oral reactions to drug 
therapy 
 
 Immunodeficiency 
 Hypersensitivity 
 Angioedema 
 Autoimmunity 
 Oral reactions to drug therapy 
 Spectrum of adverse reactions 
• Oral reactions of antibiotics 
• Oral reactions to steroids 
• Drug therapy and periodontal tissues 
• Fixed drug eruptions 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 44 of 47 
 
       Facial Pain and neurological disturbances 
 Facial pain: an overview 
 The nerve supply of the face 
 The evaluation of facial pain 
 Neuropathic pain 
• 
 
Trigeminal neuralgia 
• 
 
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 
• 
 
Postherpetic neuralgia 
• 
 
Neuropathic pain secondary to other conditions 
  
Migraine 
  
Cluster headaches (periodic migrainous neuralgia/ migrainous neuralgia) 
  
Tension type headache 
 Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis/cranial arteritis) 
 Neurological disturbances 
 Facial nerve deficits 
 Anaesthesia and paraesthesia 
 Bell’s palsy 
 Multiple sclerosis 
             
 
           Temporomandibular disorders 
 Investigation of the stomatognathic system 
 History 
 Examination 
 Imaging 
 Temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) 
 Management 
 Internal derangement 
 Disc displacement with reduction 
 Disc displacement without reduction 
 Rheumatoid arthritis 
 Osteoarthrosis (osteoarthritis) 
 Masseteric Hypertrophy 
 Tumours 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 45 of 47 
 
Chronic and Psychogenic orofacial problems 
 
 Chronic orofacial pain 
 Atypical facial pain 
 Atypical odontalgia 
 Oral dysaesthesia (Burning mouth syndrome) 
 Management of chronic orofacial pain 
 
        
    Medical emergencies in dentistry 
 The prevention of medical emergencies 
 Administration of drugs 
 Routes of administration of drugs 
 Emergency drugs and equipment 
 
    Management of emergencies 
 
 Fainting 
 Hypoglycaemia / Hyperglycaemias 
 Epileptic seizures 
 Asthma 
 Chest pain 
 Hyperventilation 
 Respiratory obstruction/foreign body aspiration 
 Anaphylaxis 
 Cerebrovascular accidents 
 Local anaesthesia toxicity/ overdose 
 Adrenal shock/ Addison’s crisis 
 Respiratory arrest 
 Cardiac arrest 
            Radiology 
 Radiation biology, hazards of radiation and radiation protection  
 General patient consideration including control of infection  
 Intraoral Periapical Radiographs  
 Intraoral Bitewing Radiographs  
 Intraoral Occlusal Radiographs  
 Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 46 of 47 
 
 Panoramic Radiographs 
 Posterior view Skull 
 Imaging of Paranasal Sinuses 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Equivalence Board (NEB) Examination 2021 for Foreign Dental Students 
Page 47 of 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Copyright © September 2021 
Pakistan Medical Commission 
Mauve Area, G-10/4, , Islamabad 
Tel: (051) 910 617 
info@pmc.gov.pk