Economic Value of the Legal Sector

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An estimated 370,000 people are employed in legal services in the UK. 63% of these are solicitors or employed by solicitor firms.
The total value of legal services to the economy is £25.7 billion* and in 2014-15 the sector grew by £1.9 billion. This is a phenomenal success story which we should celebrate. The legal sector has grown by 3.3% per year over the last 10 years, compared to real growth in the UK economy as a whole of 1.2% per year over the same period.
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LEGAL service SECTOR LEGAL service SECTOR Input output DEMAND ECONOMIC
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An estimated 370,000 people are employed in legal services in the UK. 63% of these are solicitors or employed by solicitor firms.
About Techcelerate Ventures

Tech Investment and Growth Advisory for Series A in the UK, operating in £150k to £5m investment market, working with #SaaS #FinTech #HealthTech #MarketPlaces and #PropTech companies.
LEGAL service SECTOR LEGAL service SECTOR Input output DEMAND ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC VALUE OF  
THE LEGAL SERVICES SECTOR
www.lawsociety.org.uk
MARCH 2016
THE LAW SOCIETY OF ENGLAND AND WALES
2
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
3
www.lawsociety.org.uk
March 2016
FOREWORD
A HEALTHY LEGAL SECTOR SUPPORTS A HEALTHY ECONOMY
Growth in legal services 
significantly contributes to 
the wider economy, boosting 
investment and jobs. Solicitors 
advise individuals and businesses 
in the UK and internationally. They 
work in law firms from small local 
businesses to global practices, they 
also work in alternative business 
models and in-house. 
An estimated 370,000 people are employed in legal 
services in the UK. 63% of these are solicitors or 
employed by solicitor firms. 
The total value of legal services to the economy is 
25.7 billion* and in 2014-15 the sector grew by  
1.9 billion. This is a phenomenal success story which 
we should celebrate. The legal sector has grown by 
3.3% per year over the last 10 years, compared to 
real growth in the UK economy as a whole of 1.2% 
per year over the same period. 
By 2014 net exports of the sector had increased by 
73.2% in real terms since 2004. This is equivalent 
to 5.6% real growth per year on average. The legal 
services sector is a net exporter, helping to offset the 
UK's overall balance of payments deficit. The legal 
services sector net exports more than five times as 
much as accounting, auditing, book-keeping and 
tax consulting. English and Welsh law is the choice 
of law internationally and England and Wales is the 
jurisdiction of choice. 
Our research shows that 8,000 new jobs are created 
and 379 million is added to the economy when the 
UK legal services sector grows by 1%. This is the first 
time the wider economic contribution of the legal 
services sector has been measured. As the sector grew 
by 8% in 2014-15, this is good news for the economy.
Each 1 of extra turnover in the legal sector 
stimulates 1.39 in the rest of the economy, according 
to an independent analysis undertaken for the Law 
Society by Cambridge Econometrics. This model, 
which estimates the income generated plus the value 
of goods and services purchased by the legal sector, 
also shows that every 100 extra jobs in legal services 
supports a further 67 jobs in the wider economy. 
The provision of expert legal services is fundamental 
to the success of business and commerce and 
underpins the very fabric of our society. 
The legal profession is proud to make an important 
and measurable contribution to the wider UK 
economy. That contribution is even greater when 
the very important benefits solicitors provide are 
taken into account such as completing business 
and commercial transactions, resolving disputes, 
facilitating investment and innovation and advising 
people every day on issues which affect their lives.
However, like many sectors, legal services operate 
in a complex and fragile ecosystem. It is important 
that any changes to the regulatory and legislative 
environment for the legal services sector are fully 
considered to avoid any unintended consequences of 
change, which could put our position as the jurisdiction 
of choice at risk and so jeopardise future success. We 
will continue to represent the interests of the public, 
buyers of legal services and solicitors to support a 
vibrant legal profession which delivers for its clients 
and contributes to growth in the wider economy.
* Office of National Statistics 2015.
Catherine Dixon  
Law Society chief executive 
4
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
1. INTRODUCTION 
5
2. DIRECT ECONOMIC  
7 
 CONTRIBUTION OF LEGAL  
 SERVICES
3. WIDER ECONOMIC VALUE 
9
4. CONTRIBUTORS TO MARKET  
16 
 VALUE  SUPPLY CHAIN AND  
 DEMAND
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 
21
6. APPENDICES AND REFERENCES 23
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Concepts of value of legal services,  
6 
including potential overlaps and  
indicative scale of value
Figure 2 Direct economic impact of the Legal  
7 
services sector
Figure 3 Total UK output of legal services,  
8 
2010 (2010 prices)
Figure 4 Breakdown of wider spending  
10 
supported by an increase in demand  
for legal services
Figure 5 Sector output multipliers 
11
Figure 6 Breakdown of wider jobs supported  
12 
by an increase in demand for legal  
services
Figure 7 Changes in UK GVA and employment  14 
following a 1% shock to legal services 
output from 2015, over forecast values
Figure 8 Top purchases used in the supply of  
16 
legal services ( millions)
Figure 9 Broad components of demand for  
18 
legal services ( billions)
Figure 10 Top sources of business demand for  
19 
legal services by value ( millions)
Figure 11 Changes in the market shares of  
20 
purchases from, and services sold to,  
other business sectors, 1997-2013.  
Sectors shown were the five largest 
suppliers and sources of business  
demand for the legal services sector  
in 2013
Figure 12 Concepts of value of legal services,  
22 
including potential overlaps and  
indicative scale of value
The report is based on analysis 
undertaken by Cambridge 
Econometrics, Oxford Economics and 
the Law Society's Research Unit.
For any queries or comments on the  
report please contact Steve King  
(steve.king@lawsociety.org.uk)  
or Keith Blakemore  
(keith.blakemore@lawsociety.org.uk).
5
www.lawsociety.org.uk
March 2016
1. INTRODUCTION
This report provides fresh 
perspectives on the value of  
legal services at a time of 
significant change for the UK  
legal services market.
The direct contribution that legal businesses make to 
the UK economy, estimated by the Office for National 
Statistics (ONS), was 25.7 billion in 2015, or 1.6% 
of total value added, and in 2013 legal businesses 
provided 314,000 jobs. Including solicitors, barristers 
and others working in non-legal businesses 
(commerce and industry, government and the not-for-
profit sector), the figure is estimated by the Society's 
Research Unit to be approximately 370,0002.
The wider economic contribution of the sector, 
however, has not previously been estimated. This 
report addresses that gap, in part, by providing the 
findings from two different approaches quantifying 
value. For these purposes value has been defined as 
the amount of activity that legal services supports in 
the economy. The data underpinning these analyses 
are from the 2010 ONS Input-Output Analytical 
Tables (IOATs), which are published every five years 
with a substantial lag  the next iteration, due in 
2019, will relate to 2015.
The advantage provided by what might otherwise be 
a limitation of the data, is that the analysis provides 
a baseline of evidence about value before radical 
changes were introduced to the legal services market 
by the Legal Services Act 2007 and the Legal Aid,  
Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 
(LASPOA). Similar analysis of the next set of ONS 
IOATs will enable assessment of change between 
2010 and 2015. 
Since 2010, as a result of the Legal Services Act 
almost 500 Alternative Business Structures (ABSs) 
have been licensed, and 465 firms are, at the time 
of writing, operating as ABSs, according to the latest 
Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) register. LASPOA 
brought about significant reductions to the scope and 
funding of legal aid provision. Furthermore, in 2015, 
the SRA signalled a substantive change in approach 
to regulating education and training for solicitors. 
The combined approaches taken in the report provide 
a unique evidence base about the value of the UK 
Legal services sector and, by inference, the role that 
solicitors, as the largest group of providers within the 
sector, and other lawyers play in supporting wider 
economic activities in the UK. 
The following section (Section Two) summarises 
available ONS figures and new analysis that describes 
the size and nature of the Legal services sector's 
direct contribution to the UK economy. The findings 
of the new analysis commissioned and undertaken 
by the the UK economy are detailed in Section Three. 
Section Four provides further insight into the  
make-up of the sector's contribution to the UK 
economy through its supply chain and main areas  
of demand.
2 This figure is based on figures obtained for the number of solicitors and barristers working in organisations outside of legal business.  
This is then pro-rated up based on an estimate of the ratio of solicitors/barristers to other staff given by a question asked in a previous  
Law Society Firms Survey. 
6
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Data availability has restricted analysis to a narrow 
definition of value which cannot account for all 
benefits generated by legal services.
The estimates provided for direct contribution 
through Gross Value Added (GVA) and wider value 
supported through jobs and market value created in 
other economic sectors are only a portion of the true 
social and economic value generated by the Legal 
services sector. Figure 1 suggests how these concepts 
of value overlap the direct and wider measures that 
are the subject of this report, in terms of consumers 
and businesses to which benefits accrue, and 
indicates an order or magnitude for the various 
sources of value.3
International comparisons between legal sectors, 
to put the estimates in context, were not possible 
because most countries likely to be relevant for the 
purposes of comparison do not collect economic data 
specifically at the level of the Legal sector.
3 The size of the circles are not empirically based  they simply represent a preliminary suggestion by the authors regarding the comparative scale 
of various sources of value.
Figure 1: Concepts of value of legal services, including potential overlaps and indicative 
scale of value
Non-private 
practice
Economic 
welfare
(value not 
solely based 
on price)
Social value
External benefits 
and public goods 
derived from purchasers 
and non purchasers
Direct economic value based on sales and costs 
(ONS annual GVA data)
Wider economic value
(uses ONS data published every 5 years)
Contribution 
to other 
economies
7
www.lawsociety.org.uk
March 2016
Private practice solicitors
Other solicitor firm employees
Private practice barristers
Other barrister firm employees
All others in legal sector firms
Annual % change 
in GVA at 2012 
prices  left hand 
scale
Level of GVA at 
2012 prices 
( billions)  
right hand scale
Percentage  billions0
5%
10%
-10%
-5%
15%
20%
10
15
20
25
UK legal sector GVA
Employment in the UK's legal sector firms 2013
96,416
110,584
12.1bn
13,914
6,086
87,000
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
16.6bn
22.9bn
20.0bn
25.7bn
2. DIRECT ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF LEGAL SERVICES
Gross Value Added from legal 
businesses was 25.7 billion in 
2015, with total employment of 
314,000 (in 2013).
The direct contribution of the Legal sector to the 
economy is captured by the ONS through estimates 
of its GVA, which is, roughly, total turnover less non-
labour inputs or costs. The latest ONS estimate of 
GVA of the Legal services sector was 25.7 billion 
for 2015 (in constant 2012 prices). This estimate 
includes all types of activity in legal businesses, but 
excludes in-house activity of solicitors not in private 
practice. A glossary of terms used by the ONS relating 
to these figures is provided in Appendix A.
The GVA measure is broadly consistent with Gross 
Domestic Product (GDP) data reported for the 
UK, and represents returns to the production of 
legal services in terms of income earned by labour 
(employee compensation) and capital ('gross 
operating surplus', sometimes taken as a broad 
measure of profits). Alternative approaches include 
counting total sales of legal services or employment 
of legally qualified professionals and others working 
in the sector.
Figure 2 summarises information on the direct 
economic contribution of legal businesses, showing 
GVA over time, and a breakdown of the latest 
employment data (2013). Those employed in legal 
businesses include practising solicitors and barristers 
along with large numbers of support staff. Legal 
businesses also make a positive contribution to the 
UK's balance of payments. Net exports (exports 
minus imports) of legal services were 3.4 billion in 
2013, more than double since 2000 in real terms.
Source: ONS, Law Society Group, 
Bar Standards Board
Figure 2: Direct economic impact of the legal services sector
8
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Figure 3: Total UK output of legal services, 2010 (2010 prices)
The majority of legal services' 
market value is derived from the 
labour of its staff and profits, 
rather than inputs from suppliers.
The breakdown of total UK output of legal services 
between GVA and other inputs used by legal service 
providers is depicted in Figure 3. The percentages 
shown in the figure are derived from the 2010 Input-
Output Table data consistent with the market value, 
employment multipliers and further supply chain and 
demand analysis detailed in the following sections. 
In theory, the 2010 input-output data relates to the 
Legal sector as a whole and not just legal businesses. 
Figure 3 shows that the majority (70%) of total UK 
output of the Legal services sector is generated as 
GVA within the sector itself, in the form of wages and 
gross operating surplus  a broad measure of profits. 
The proportion of total market value represented by 
profits (38%) contains the profits received by equity 
partners within law firms that in other sectors would 
normally be paid as wages (employee compensation). 
The traditional partnership structure within law 
firms thus partly explains a profits proportion that is 
relatively high compared with other sectors.
Section Four provides further detail on the non-labour 
inputs shown in the figure along with the sources of 
demand that collectively account for the total UK 
market value of legal services.
Source: ONS 2010 Input-Output Table. The ONS terminology in the Figure is explained in Appendix A
+
Non-labour 
inputs
30% of legal 
services output
Gross Value 
Added
70% of legal 
services output
Total UK 
market value of 
legal services
32% 38%
Employee compensation 
(before notional salaries)
Gross Operating Surplus
9
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March 2016
3. WIDER ECONOMIC VALUE
Two approaches were used to provide a starting estimate for wider 
economic value (as opposed to direct contribution).
 Standard use of ONS IOATs for 2010, 
applied by other sectors, to demonstrate 
the support of a sector to other economic 
activity. 
 These data capture the value of certain 
products, including legal services, used to 
produce others (for 127 product groups) 
along with labour inputs. The data enables 
analysis of the supply chain, and demand 
for legal services, and the extent to which 
the sector supports activity in other 
economic sectors. Labour market statistics 
are used to estimate the effects arising from 
income changes of those employed in the 
sector, and the full potential impact on jobs.
 The analysis is static in that it provides 
quantification for a point in time (latest 
data relate to 2010). It is not intended to 
illustrate long-term effects from a change 
in the size of the sector, or competition for 
resources with other sectors.
Static input-output analysis assisted  
by Cambridge Econometrics
Dynamic modelling undertaken  
by Oxford Economics
 Dynamic modelling, as well as forecasting 
a future trend, accounts for changes in 
relationships between sectors over time as 
a result of a particular sector's expansion or 
contraction and constraints on resources.
 Oxford Economics' proprietary Global 
Economic Model was augmented with a 
purpose-built extension to factor in the 
Legal sector, in order to analyse the scale 
of the long run versus short run effects of a 
change in the size of the Legal sector on the 
economy as a whole.
 The starting point is a hypothetical 'shock' 
the effect of which, on the wider economy, 
can be modelled over time.
 The extended model was also used by the 
Society's Research Unit to test the economic 
implications of potential withdrawal from 
the EU, published at http://www.lawsociety.
org.uk/news/stories/the-uk-legal-services-
sector-and-the-eu/
10
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Every 1 increase in final demand 
for legal services in 2010 would 
have supported 2.39 in spending 
across the entire UK economy.
Separate from the direct economic contribution, the 
standard, static input-output analysis shows that a 
1 increase in final demand for legal services in 2010 
would have supported 2.39 in spending across the 
entire UK economy, including the extra 1 spent 
on legal services. The figure of 2.39 is known as the 
output multiplier.
The value generated outside of the Legal services 
sector would have included 0.41 due to the activity 
of suppliers providing extra resources for legal 
services providers to meet additional demand, and 
0.98 from increased household expenditure due 
to increases in the incomes of people employed in 
suppliers and people employed in the Legal services 
sector. This wider value supported complements the 
direct economic contribution from legal services 
which in 2010 was 18.8 billion measured in current 
prices or 1.4% of UK GVA (see Section Two for further 
detail).
A number of caveats that apply to the multipliers 
are explained in full in Appendix B. Critically, the 
static nature of the analysis ignores the possibility 
of limited availability of workers and supplies, price 
responses, and purchasers altering their buying 
behaviour.
Source: ONS and Cambridge Econometrics
Figure 4: Breakdown of wider spending supported by an increase in demand for legal services
In 2010: 
1 increase 
in final 
demand for 
Legal 
services
Supported 
2.39 total 
additional spend 
across the UK 
economy
(including extra 
spend on legal 
services)
Direct eect: 
1 is from the 
increase in legal 
services to meet 
the extra demand
Indirect eect: 
0.41 due to the 
purchase of inputs 
from suppliers to 
provide services
Induced eect: 
0.98 due to demand 
from consequent 
household 
expenditure
11
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March 2016
The output multipliers for the 
Legal services sector are similar to 
other professional services sectors, 
but generally lower than those for 
non-service sectors.
The increases in spending following a notional 1 
rise in demand for legal services due to activity 
at suppliers, and wider household expenditure, 
are known as the indirect and induced effects 
respectively in the standard input-output analysis.
Figure 5 compares the multipliers for legal services 
with those for other economic sectors, based on 
indirect effects only, and both indirect and induced 
effects. The multipliers for legal services are similar to 
some other professional services sectors.
The Legal services sector has been relatively self 
sufficient in that it is labour intensive and does 
not rely heavily on resources purchased from other 
sectors in order to produce its activity. Sectors with 
short supply chains of this nature tend to have lower 
multipliers than those with longer supply chains, such 
as Construction and Manufacturing sectors, which 
rely on a host of primary industries to supply inputs 
to the production process. 
However, it is important to emphasise the fact that 
input-output analysis only provides a starting point 
for considering the full value of the Legal sector 
because it quantifies the impact due to purchases 
from other sectors but does not address the full 
range of perspectives on value outlined in the 
introduction. Legal services are unique because of the 
fundamental role they play in society, democracy and 
the economy through delivery of the rule of law. 
Source: ONS and Cambridge Econometrics
Figure 5: Sector output multipliers
Multipliers including indirect eects
Multipliers including indirect and induced eects
Accounting, bookkeeping, 
auditing, tax services
Other professional services
Whole economy average
Manufacturing
Construction
Advertising and market 
research services
Education services
Legal services
Financial services
1.19
1.31
1.41
1.49
1.61
1.61
1.71
1.72
1.83
2.81
2.61
2.85
2.68
2.81
2.43
2.43
3.08
2.39
12
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
For every 100 extra jobs created 
in the sector by an increase in final 
demand in 2010, 167 jobs across 
the entire UK economy would 
have been supported.
Analogous results for employment show that an 
increase in final demand for legal services in 2010 
producing 100 extra jobs in the sector would have 
supported 167 jobs across the entire UK economy. 
Of this number, the wider value comprises 30 jobs 
supported in suppliers to the Legal services sector 
and a further 37 jobs supported by related household 
expenditure.
Section Two provides full details of the total number 
of jobs directly involved in the provision of legal 
services in the UK.
The sum of all jobs in the Legal services sector 
depends on the definition of workers (qualified legal 
professionals are counted along with other support 
staff) but counting all staff the total was 335,000 in 
2010.
The ratio of total jobs supported (167) to the initial 
boost (100 jobs) is the employment multiplier of 
1.67. This multiplier relies on productivity measures 
that were particularly variable over the period 2005 
to 2010. As a result, the employment multiplier 
should be treated with some caution.
Source: ONS and Cambridge Econometrics
Figure 6: Breakdown of wider jobs supported by an increase in demand for legal services
In 2010: 
100 extra 
jobs in the 
Legal 
services 
sector
Supported 167 
additional jobs 
across the UK 
economy
(including extra 
jobs in legal 
services)
Direct eect: 
100 legal services 
jobs to meet the 
increase in demand
Indirect eect:
37 jobs at the 
suppliers from 
whom extra inputs 
are purchased
Induced eect: 
30 jobs stemming 
from additional 
household 
expenditure
13
www.lawsociety.org.uk
March 2016
The boost to UK GVA as a result 
of a 1% positive shock to legal 
services market value would 
extend to the medium term, but 
would be maximised at 379 
million, and 8,000 extra jobs, one 
year later.
The starting point for dynamic analysis is a 
hypothetical 'shock', the effect of which can be 
modelled over time. Unlike static analysis, dynamic 
modelling accounts for the likelihood that any shock 
will have a diminishing impact over the long term, 
partly reflecting the different constraints on resources 
that apply in an economy as one sector expands at 
the expense of others. Further information about 
dynamic modelling is set out in Appendix C.
The initial change in legal services GVA (similar 
to GDP) was arbitrarily set as a 1% increase and 
decrease on the total GVA of the sector in 2015, and 
on forecast GVA in future years up to and including 
2022.
In 2015, 1% amounted to a 242 million increase 
in the GVA of the Legal services sector. We do not 
explicitly specify where the hypothetical shock may 
come from, although to put the shock into context 
the average annual growth rate of the sector was 
4.0% over the period 1990-2014. Moreover, the 
242 million step change in 2015 is approximately 
equivalent to annual GVA generated by the sixth 
largest solicitor firm in the UK based on turnover, 
or the annual savings in the legal aid budget that 
government targeted in 2013. This suggests that 
the 1% change modelled is plausible and possibly 
conservative.
Separate charts on Figure 7 show the impacts on UK 
output and employment from an annual 1% increase 
and a 1% decrease respectively in legal services GVA 
(described on page 13).
14
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Source: Oxford Economics and Law Society Research Unit
Figure 7: Changes in UK GVA and employment following a 1% shock to legal services output 
from 2015, over forecast values 
379m
149m
-72m
-307m
GVA  millions500
400
300
200
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
100
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
0
Baseline forecast
(a) Following a 1% expansion of legal services from 2015
GVA  millions
Employment, workforce jobs
GVA  millionsEmployment, workforce jobsEmployment, workforce jobs-400
-300
-200
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
-100
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
-8,000
0
Baseline forecast
(b) Following a 1% contraction in legal services from 2015
15
www.lawsociety.org.uk
March 2016
The reduction in UK output 
resulting from 1% loss of legal 
sector value (analogous to 
withdrawal of public funding 
for legal aid) would be 307 
million, and a loss of 5,500 jobs, 
in the year after the shock and 
moderating thereafter.
The total additional boost to total UK GVA as a 
result of the hypothetical 1% increase to legal 
services output from 2015 would be maximised at 
379 million, and 8,000 additional jobs in 2016. The 
medium-term stream of additional UK GVA is shown 
in Figure 7(a). 
In the early years after the legal services shock, 
resulting changes in total UK GVA and employment 
exceed the heightened levels in the Legal services 
sector due to multiplier effects similar to those 
outlined in the previous static analysis. The impact 
on total UK GVA and employment relative to the 
forecast values remains positive throughout the 
period. However, the scale of the impact diminishes 
after the early years as the Legal sector has to 
compete over time for extra resources to sustain 
higher output.
Similar to the hypothetical positive shock to the 
Legal sector's GVA analysed above, we can look at 
the effects of hypothetical negative shock of the 
same size but in the opposite direction (a 1% shock 
decrease in the sector's GVA), equivalent to a 242 
million reduction in GVA in the initial year. While it 
can be harder to imagine a shock that would detract 
forecast value from the sector in any one year, 
examples of interventions that reduce sector GVA are 
already in evidence. 
Other interventions with similar impacts might 
include any measures which remove lawyers from 
the processes of seeking redress for legal wrongs 
or pursuing legal certainty. Such interventions may 
include the current proposal to raise the limit for 
small claims (for which lawyers are not used) from 
1,000 to 5,000.
The legal aid changes provide a timely example to 
bring the modelling of a 1% negative shock to sector 
GVA to life. The reduction in spending implied by 
civil legal aid reforms following LASPOA in 2013, 
and criminal legal aid fee cuts in 2014, is broadly 
consistent with the modelled 1% negative GVA shock. 
In addition, the changes in expenditure within the 
sector due to these legal aid reforms will prevail in 
future years (as is the case with the 1% negative 
shock).
The reduction in the scope and amounts of public 
funding for legal aid since 2013 therefore suggests a 
reduction in overall UK GVA in the early years greater 
than the amount saved on the public finances, and 
loss of jobs both within and outside the sector. 
While the size of the effect peaks one year later, the 
negative impact on forecast UK GVA continues over 
the medium term.
16
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Intra-sector trade is an important 
and relatively unique feature of 
the Legal sector  20% of non-
labour purchases within the sector 
are from other legal services 
providers.
Consistent with the 2010 Input-Output Table data 
underpinning Figure 3, Figure 8 shows that one-
fifth of purchases undertaken in order to supply 
legal services were by legal services providers  
indicating a relatively self-sufficient sector. That 
sector self-sufficiency is likely to reflect two things: 
the historic distinctions in remit between solicitors 
and barristers and referrals of work between the 
two; and the nature and extent of specialisation 
within legal businesses and in-house teams. These 
features mean that many legal services providers do 
not have all the legal expertise required internally to 
operate their own businesses and therefore purchase 
expertise that they lack. Education services are a 
major resource in the supply chain due to some firms 
funding Legal Practice Courses for their prospective 
trainees, and continuing professional development 
training purchased for qualified staff in order to meet 
regulatory requirements. While the CPD framework 
changed in 2015, shifting away from a mandatory 
number of hours of CPD per year for each individual, 
a need for education services to meet lifelong 
learning and professional development requirements 
is likely to remain.
IT and Telecommunications purchases made up 12% 
of products purchased in 2010. Assuming further 
adoption of technology and computerisation by 
the sector, that proportion should increase. Long 
term, further adoption of technology could see a 
reduced role for postal services in the provision of 
legal services (for example if more contracts and 
settlements can be formalised electronically).
4. CONTRIBUTORS TO MARKET VALUE  SUPPLY CHAIN AND DEMAND
Source: ONS 2010 Input-Output Table
Figure 8: Top purchases used in the supply of legal services ( millions)
Financial services, insurance, pensions
IT services
Telecomms
Postal services
Next 10 largest purchases combined
Other products purchased
Employment services
Construction
Architectural and engineering
Education services
Legal services
Accounting, tax, auditing
1,428m (20% of purchases)
630m (9%)
558m (8%)
549m (8%)
479m (7%)
351m (5%)
343m (5%)
342m (5%)
1,257m (17%)
721m (10%)
274m
(4%)
263m
(4%)
Total
non-labour 
inputs
7.9bn
17
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March 2016
Business customers account for 
over 60% of total UK sales of legal 
businesses.
Turning to demand, the ONS input-output data 
depicted in Figure 9 on the following page show that 
the majority of sales are to business clients, with the 
majority of other domestic demand arising from the 
Public sector and Investment activity. 
The proportion of demand shown in the chart for 
Households undervalues the true level of demand 
from households because much of what might 
typically be considered as household use of legal 
services is accounted for by ONS in Public sector 
and Investment purchases, and some is captured 
within Business purchases. Bearing in mind these 
definitional caveats, the input-output data indicates 
that business customers account for 63% of total UK 
sales of legal services. An estimate that 69% of Legal 
sector turnover was generated by work for businesses, 
based on the 2010 ONS Services Turnover Survey, 
corroborates this finding within normal margins of 
error (See Legal Services Part 3  Key Markets, Law 
Society, 2013).
Public sector purchases totalling 3.5 billion 
include legal aid fees paid to legal businesses for 
their provision of services to legally aided clients. 
Government accounts for a comparable period show 
that funding for legal aid in the financial year 2010-
11 (not including overheads) totalled 2.3 billion, 
although this includes some payments made to the 
not-for-profit sector (approximately 2% of the total).
Almost all other public sector work was on health 
related legal matters  with a total of 1.3 billion 
spent on legal services in order to facilitate what 
the ONS categorise as 'Non-market Human Health 
Services'. This category broadly corresponds to NHS 
spending on legal services in the UK, and almost 70% 
of the 1.3 billion total was compensation and legal 
fees paid in clinical negligence cases against the NHS 
in England (the remaining 30% will include clinical 
negligence cases from the rest of the UK). The NHS 
England compensation in fact accounted for around 
half of the total legal services expenditure from 
health, based on NHS Litigation Authority Accounts 
for 2010/11, with legal fees for England (claimant, 
defence, and other related costs) making up just under 
20% of the total. The compensation payments should 
not in fact be classified as spending on legal services, 
since they represent payment of compensation to 
those who have suffered clinical negligence (transfers 
in economic terms). The classification is only accurate 
to the extent that it reflects that the compensation is 
related to legal claims.
Investment demand under ONS' classification 
includes conveyancing activities, which are the 
most common legal service purchased by private 
individuals. Household demand accounted for in 
Business sector purchases would include situations 
where businesses pay for legal services that might 
otherwise be borne by private individuals, for 
example, in personal injury litigation where claimant 
costs are paid by losing defendants through insurers. 
18
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
The provision of legal services to facilitate publicly funded services 
represents only 13% of total sales by the sector.
Source: ONS 2010 Input-Output Table, NHS Litigation Authority Report and Accounts 2011-12
* Expenditure on Legal Services in the ONS Human Health Services Non-market category includes both legal fees and compensation paid in clinical 
negligence cases  estimates of which have been made using NHS Litigation Authority financial results for 2010/11.
A small amount of other public sector demand is not shown on the chart (0.05bn or 0.2% of total demand).
Figure 9: Broad components of demand for legal services ( billions)
Business demand 
not including public 
sector/non-market 
work 16.8bn (63%)
Public sector 
non-market 
3.5bn (13%)
Other Health
0.4bn (1.6%)
Public Administration 
and Defence; Compulsory 
Social Security 
(legal aid funding) 
2.1bn (8%)
Compensation 
0.7bn (2.4%)
Legal fees 
0.3bn (1%)
Investment including property 
related work 2.6bn (10%)
Inventory provision 0.2bn (0.7%)
Households (direct spending) 
0.1bn (0.3%)
Exports 3.5bn (13%)
Clinical negligence
(England only)
Human Health Services*
Total UK sales of legal services: 26.7 billion
19
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March 2016
Financial, insurance and pension 
services are the biggest purchasers 
of legal services, accounting for 
17% of total business demand.
The types of business sector demand for legal 
services are reasonably varied compared with the 
range of sectors supplying products and services to 
the legal sector. To a large extent the sources and 
distribution of demand reflect the relative size of 
those business sectors in the UK economy.
The single largest source of business demand for 
legal services is the Financial services sector, including 
insurance and pensions activity. Discounting internal 
demand from within the legal services sector itself, 
the share of demand from Financial services (17%) 
is more than three times that of the next largest 
external source (Construction at 919 million or 5% 
of total business demand).
The next ten largest sources of demand outside 
of those named in Figure 10, and other sources of 
demand, feature a broad mix of Business services, 
Retail and Manufacturing sectors.
The range of demand for legal services reflects 
the role that the rule of law and legal services 
providers play in facilitating most types of economic 
activity. This is unquantified value generated by 
rules, systems and the activities of providers which 
reduce transaction costs and risks, thereby creating 
incentives for investment, market exchange and 
innovation.
Source: ONS 2010 Input-Output Table
Figure 10: Top sources of business demand for legal services by value ( millions)
Financial services, insurance, pensions
IT services
Wholesale trade
Rental and leasing services
Next 10 largest sources of demand combined
Other sources of demand
Advertising and market research services 
Construction
Architectural and engineering
Management consulting, head oce services 
Legal services
Oil & gas
Total 
business 
demand
16.8bn
2,804m (17% of demand)
1,428m (8%)
3,598m (21%)
3,328m (20%)
919m (5%)
885m
(5%)
791m
(5%)
731m
(4%)
611m
(4%)
606m (4%)
584m (3%)
555m (3%)
20
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Source: ONS 2010 Input-Output Table
Figure 11: Changes in the market shares of purchases from, and services sold to, other business 
sectors, 1997-2013. Sectors shown were the five largest suppliers and sources of business demand for 
the legal services sector in 2013.
Education and IT services have 
played an increasingly important 
role in delivering legal services, 
while Financial services have 
grown as a source of demand 
relative to other business sectors.
Along with the 2010 product level Input-Output 
Table used to derive multipliers and provide other 
consistent data thus far, more recent sector level data 
is available to assess changes in patterns of supply 
to, and business demand from, the Legal services 
sector as a whole (excluding public sector work).
The changes shown in Figure 11 highlight the 
expanded role that Education services and IT 
services are playing within law firms relative to other 
resources. Of the sectors shown  representing the 
five largest suppliers to the Legal services sector 
in 2013  only Financial services supplies a lower 
share of total inputs compared with 1997. Purchases 
from the Financial services sector were still higher 
in 2013 than 1997 in absolute terms, but had not 
expanded as sharply as IT and Education purchases 
(which grew at average annual rates of 20% and 13% 
respectively). The gain for IT reflects the increasing 
adoption of technology by legal services firms. The 
introduction of the Legal Practice Course provided 
by private colleges from the mid-1990s, and growth 
in provision of CPD training, both likely contributed 
to a greater proportion of law firms' purchases on 
education.
In contrast to its reduced role as a supplier to the 
legal services sector, the Financial services sector 
expanded moderately as a customer of legal services 
relative to other sectors. Law firms, like businesses in 
general, would use a wide variety of financial services 
including commercial banking, insurance against lost 
cases, pension provision and professional indemnity 
insurance.
Percentage 0
-2%
2%
4%
6%
Changes in shares of largest purchases, 1997-2013
Legal services
Education services
Accounting, tax, auditing
Total financial services
IT services
+1.1%
+3.9%
+2.5%
+5.1%
-1.3%
Percentage 0
-2%
-1%
1%
Changes in shares of largest business sales, 1997-2013
Total financial services
Legal activities
Construction
Architectural and 
Engineering
Wholesale Trade
+0.9%
+0.1%
+0.0%
-1.2%
+0.0%
21
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March 2016
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The evidence shows that legal 
services are an important 
contributor to economic value, 
both directly and through the 
sector's supply chain, despite 
the narrow definition used for 
analytical purposes.
This report has shown the extent to which UK legal 
services and solicitors, as the largest group of legal 
services providers, support other economic activity 
through the supply chain. The static input-output 
analysis provides evidence that, holding all other 
things equal, extra spending on legal services has the 
potential to generate significant additional spending 
and jobs across the economy.  The additional 
economic activity would be on a similar scale to the 
benefits that would result from higher spending in 
industries such as Financial services and Accounting. 
This wider value is in addition to a direct economic 
contribution that has grown in real terms over the 
long term (by 2015, the direct contribution had risen 
to 25.7 billion from 12.1 billion in 1999 counted in 
2012 prices). 
The 2010 ONS input-output data used to estimate 
economic multipliers for legal services (and other 
products and services) provide a snapshot of the 
Legal services sector at a pivotal point in time,  
before the implementation of major market reforms 
and as the UK began to emerge from the global 
financial crisis.
This unique analysis illustrates the self-sufficiency of 
the sector, in terms of its relatively unique reliance on 
the skills of its workforce and relatively low reliance 
on inputs outside of the sector to produce market 
value. Also noteworthy is the relative importance 
of Education, Financial services and IT in delivering 
services and value.
Moreover, data available on a sector basis up to 
2013 evidenced growing adoption of IT by law firms, 
and further growth in the relative importance of 
Education and training in firms' business models. On 
the demand side, UK businesses form the largest 
customer base for legal businesses (accounting for 
almost two-thirds of all spending on legal services) 
and 2013 data show that the Financial services 
sector has grown in relative importance as a buyer of 
legal services. This trend is expected to persist as the 
Financial sector continues to recover steam following 
the financial crisis.
Given the government's austerity programme, and 
proposals to remove qualified lawyers from some 
justice processes, the share of demand borne by the 
Business sector is likely to increase over time.
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The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
A wide range of benefits were 
outside the scope of analysis, so 
estimates provided in this report 
are merely a starting point for 
thinking about the true value of 
legal services.
The direct and wider contribution of legal services 
to the economy highlighted in this report are on a 
par with Financial and other professional services. 
However, it is important to recognise that the figures 
represented do not account for the value that is 
created beyond supply and demand relationships in 
the market for legal services. The limitations of the 
data available mean that quantifying the following 
types of value has been outside of the scope of 
analysis:
 The pro bono and corporate social responsibility 
contribution of legal businesses;
 Economic welfare (or surplus), which captures 
value experienced by suppliers and purchasers 
over and above prices paid;
 The contribution made by UK legal firms and 
English and Welsh law to other economies;
 The economic output of legal services delivered 
outside of private practice in the UK (for example 
by in-house teams in companies); and 
 Social value, defined as the value from all 
external benefits and public goods derived by 
non-purchasers as well as purchasers of legal 
services through delivering the rule of law. This 
value includes the deterrence value of law, and the 
effects of law and legal services which encourage 
investment, market exchange and innovation.
Figure 12: Concepts of value of legal services, including potential overlaps and indicative 
scale of value
Non-private 
practice
Economic 
welfare
(value not 
solely based 
on price)
Social value
Direct economic value based on sales and costs 
(ONS annual GVA data)
Wider economic value
(uses ONS data published every 5 years)
Contribution 
to other 
economies
23
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March 2016
6. APPENDICES AND REFERENCES
Glossary of ONS and other 
technical terms to describe the 
value generated by legal services.
Economic and national accounting terms used 
throughout this report to describe the structure and 
value generated by legal services and other areas of 
the UK economy. For readers not familiar with the 
economic and national accounting language, and 
because many of the terms are used inconsistently 
in the media, the glossary below is to ensure 
maximum understanding of the structure and value 
of legal services analysed in this report. Terms are 
grouped according to whether they relate to total 
value, creation (supply), or demand for products and 
services, and separately with reference to the ONS 
input-output data.
Total value terms
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): A measure of 
economic activity which captures the total monetary 
value of goods and services that the UK produces 
during a given period. Approaches to measure 
GDP are to look at production (outputs less inputs 
produced by firms or individuals), income (individuals' 
wages and firms' profits), and expenditure (total 
expenditure on finished goods and services).
Gross Value Added (GVA): The contribution to 
the economy of each individual producer, industry 
or sector in the United Kingdom  for example the 
Legal services sector. In the production or income 
approaches to GDP the contribution to the economy 
of each industry or sector is measured using GVA. 
GVA (at current basic prices; available by industry 
only) plus taxes on products (available at whole 
economy level only) less subsidies on products 
(available at whole economy level only) equals GDP 
(at current market prices; available at whole economy 
level only).
Jobs: Often used to represent value to demonstrate 
the size of a particular sector. Workforce jobs is the 
measure used in our analysis of the size of the Legal 
services sector. Workforce jobs captures all private 
and public sector jobs, both full and part time. 
Workforce jobs generally reflects the location of jobs 
rather than the residence of jobholders. 
Market value/sales/turnover: The monetary value 
of all goods or services sold by a particular firm or by 
firms and individuals that make up a sector. Turnover 
represents a gross measure of value compared 
with the net GDP or GVA indicator which captures 
additional value generated by firms and individuals.
Multiplier: A ratio of a wide measure of economic 
output supported by a sector (typically including 
direct and wider value supported through the supply 
chain), to the direct output produced by the same 
sector.
Total output: A term which can be used to describe 
either total sales or the GDP or GVA measures of 
economic value. In this report output should read 
as market value or turnover. The total output of an 
industry is the aggregate value of the goods and 
services together with the work-in-progress produced 
by the industry.
APPENDIX A
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The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Creation (supply) of legal services 
and other products
Supply: For the purposes of this report the terms 
supply and supply side refer to the process and 
resources used to produce legal services for all types 
of clients, public and private.
Labour inputs: In the context of legal services labour 
inputs are the people resources (measured in full time 
equivalent jobs or hours worked) involved directly in 
the creation of those services; including solicitors, 
barristers, para-legal and support staff working for 
legal services firms.
Non-labour inputs: Non-labour inputs to produce 
legal services are products ranging from IT 
equipment to Business services, and include legal 
services themselves involved where there is intra-
industry trade (for example solicitors' services 
provided to barristers' chambers). More generally 
non-labour inputs are products for which there is 
intermediate demand by firms to produce finished 
goods and services.
Employee compensation: The salaries paid to 
employees directly involved in the creation of 
different types of products  in the case of legal 
services to lawyers and other support staff at legal 
services firms. Employee compensation does not 
cover sums paid to partners of law firms as profits on 
account of an equity share.
Gross operating surplus (GOS): The excess money 
generated by operating activities after paying for 
labour costs. GOS can be viewed as an approximate 
measure of profits although differs from profits 
shown in company accounts in subtracting only 
a subset of costs from gross output, and ignoring 
depreciation of capital.
Demand for legal services and other 
products
Business (intermediate) demand: Demand for legal 
services by firms and non-market sectors in order 
to produce other products for use by households, 
government, and other businesses. Within the 
ONS national accounting framework the majority 
of demand for legal services is accounted for as 
business (intermediate) demand including by non-
market sectors such as Public Administration (legal 
aid provision), Education and Health. All government 
and much of household demand for legal services is 
then captured through government and households' 
purchases from the market and non-market sectors 
that have already utilised legal services.
Household demand: Within the national accounting 
framework much of what would commonly be 
considered as 'household' use of legal services 
is accounted for in Public Administration and 
Defence (legal aid provision), Investment (including 
conveyancing work) and other business sectors (for 
example personal injury litigation costs paid by 
defendant businesses). According to the 2010 ONS 
Services Survey, 69% of Legal sector turnover was 
generated by work for businesses and 31% work for 
individuals. 
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March 2016
Input-Output Analytical Tables and 
Supply and Use Tables
The final ONS Input-Output Table, contained in the 
set of ONS IOATs, includes legal services defined on 
a product basis, in contrast to a Legal services sector 
definition in other data published by ONS on a more 
frequent basis. For instance the sector definition is 
used for latest GVA and other data in the Supply and 
Use Tables and other, more timely, GVA releases. The 
difference between the two definitions is due to some 
legal services provided from outside of the sector 
(for example by in-house legal teams and in ABS 
structures) and the Legal services sector generating 
some products that are not strictly legal services 
(such as commercial advice given by City law firms). 
However, the levels of GVA and output recorded 
for legal services in the UK are similar irrespective 
of whether these data are counted on a product or 
sector basis.
The Input-Output Table contains the value of non-
labour inputs to the sector separated by domestic 
inputs, imported goods and services, and taxes on 
products. The 'Non-labour inputs' definition used for 
Figure 3 comprises all three of these components. 
Gross Value Added in the Input-Output Table includes 
Employee Compensation, Gross Operating Surplus 
and separately taxes on production. The split of Gross 
Value Added underpinning Figure 3 excludes taxes on 
production (2% of GVA).
26
The Law Society of England and Wales
Economic value of the legal services sector
Input-Output analysis 
methodology and limitations.
Static input-output analysis is a useful tool 
to demonstrate the role that a sector plays in 
supporting other economic activity (measured as 
spending, GVA or jobs) at a point in time. However, 
the input-output methodology has several limitations 
that should be recognised when interpreting the 
resulting multiplier figures.
Methodology
The multipliers for output and employment for the 
legal services and other sectors are derived from 
what is known as the Input-Output Table, which 
shows the combinations of goods and services that 
are used to produce other types of products (with 
data plotted on a square product by product grid). 
The Input-Output Table is itself estimated by ONS 
from annually published Supply and Use Tables, 
which provide data on a sector basis (how much each 
sector purchases and sells to other sectors).
The multiplier figures are derived from the final Input-
Output Table using matrix operations which take 
into account the indirect relationships within the 
economy.
APPENDIX B
For economic output and jobs these multipliers are 
labelled as:
 Direct: This is the immediate effect caused directly 
by the change in final demand (for the direct 
multiplier the example given in the report is a 1 
increase in output of legal services)
 Indirect: This is the subsequent effect caused by 
the consequent changes in intermediate demand 
(purchases from suppliers to the Legal services 
sector)
 Induced: The effect attributable to the ensuing 
change in compensation of employees (at 
suppliers and the original sector receiving extra 
demand) and other incomes, which may cause 
further spending and hence further changes in 
final demand.
The direct effect is the smallest measure and 
enlarged by indirect and induced effects in that order 
respectively.
Limitations
Timeliness of the Input-Output Table is one 
limitation that should be recognised when 
considering multipliers that are derived from 
the table for a particular year. For example, the 
multipliers shown in this report are based on 2010 
data, which is currently the latest available data for 
the UK.
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March 2016
The multipliers based on the published Input-Output 
Table are also restricted to product groups, for 
which some data relies on certain assumptions. In 
the case of legal services this means that multipliers 
reflect the activities of private practice firms and 
services in other types of organisations, but with 
the scale of activity in non-private practice settings 
estimated with simplifying assumptions. Interested 
readers should refer to the most recent ONS IOAT 
guide.
From a theoretical perspective input-output 
multipliers can legitimately be used to demonstrate 
the output and employment supported by a 
particular sector such as Legal services. However, 
it should be noted that the use of multipliers to 
signal economic impacts from supposed or actual 
expansion of a sector over time is limited due to the 
following features:
1 Lack of supply-side constraints  multipliers 
assume that extra output can be produced 
in one area of activity without taking away 
resources from other activities. That is they ignore 
opportunity costs.
2 Absence of budget constraints  so that changes 
in household or government consumption occur 
without reducing demand elsewhere. 
3 Fixed prices  so that effects of relative price 
changes play no role in the allocation of scarce 
resources between activities. 
4 No allowance for households purchasers' marginal 
responses to change  so that real budget shares 
remain unchanged with changes in household 
income and relative prices.
Crucially, limitations 1 and 2 reflect a lack of 
acknowledgement in input-output multipliers of the 
opportunity costs associated with an increase in final 
demand from a particular sector.
If multipliers were applied across a number of 
sectors, total output across the economy would be 
overestimated because effects would be double 
counted.
The limitations 1 and 2 are addressed by undertaking 
a dynamic analysis as outlined in the report, 
although this does require access to a large macro-
econometric model of the economy as we used.
These issues do not detract from the fact that 
multipliers derived from the Input-Output Table 
provide valuable information about the structure of 
economies not otherwise available. The Input-Output 
Table also forms the basis of the more sophisticated 
models designed to examine the dynamic effects of 
increases in final demand from a sector.
28
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Economic value of the legal services sector
APPENDIX C
Dynamic modelling to consider 
the scale of effects of Legal sector 
expansion relative to a baseline 
forecast over the medium term.
Dynamic modelling provides an additional, and 
totally different, approach to thinking about value in 
the context of the supply chain for the Legal services 
sector and demand for legal services. Therefore the 
results are not comparable to static input-output 
analysis findings reported earlier. 
The static analysis provides multipliers which 
measure the output (or number of jobs) supported 
in the rest of the economy by a marginal increase 
in spending in a sector at a particular point in time 
and for a particular level of total spending or GVA. 
Dynamic modelling, on the other hand, looks at the 
scale of the effects of a particular increase in the 
output of a sector on the rest of the economy, and 
how these effects come through over time given 
resource constraints and competition for resources 
from other sectors. The starting point for dynamic 
analysis is a hypothetical expansion or 'shock' 
(alternatively a contraction), the effect of which on 
the wider economy can then be modelled over time. 
Oxford Economics was commissioned to develop its 
proprietary Global Economic Model (GEM) by building 
an extension covering the Legal services sector. The 
enhanced GEM was first used to estimate baseline 
forecasts for GVA and employment over a fifteen 
year period, for the UK as a whole and for the Legal 
services sector. The knock-on effects of a change in 
the size of the sector were then assessed relative to 
those baseline forecasts.
The choice regarding the size of the hypothetical 
expansion or 'shock' to be applied initially in the 
model is somewhat arbitrary. However, the amount of 
additional legal services growth that constituted the 
shock had to be of sufficient scale to allow the Oxford 
model to operate effectively (the GEM is designed 
to capture the effects of step changes rather than 
fluctuations of a handful of s), while representing a 
plausible change.
The matter of how such an arbitrary jump in output 
of legal services might come about is not addressed 
explicitly here. All that is important to appreciate 
when considering results of the analysis is that 
dynamic modelling enables a 'shock' to be applied to 
a model representing the interconnections between 
different sectors in the economy and to explore the 
scale of effects of that shock over time. The analysis 
provides an alternative representation of the value 
of a sector which is relative to a baseline projection 
based on 'normal' circumstances.
The dynamic results provided in the report illustrate 
the scale of the difference between short and long 
term wider economic effects that would follow a short 
term boost to the Legal services sector. Dynamic 
modelling accounts for the likelihood that any shock 
will have a diminishing impact over the long term, 
partly reflecting the different constraints on resources 
that apply in an economy as one sector expands at 
the expense of another or others. These are features 
which a snapshot, static estimate cannot factor in.
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March 2016
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practising-barrister-statistics/
The Law Society (2015), Annual Statistics Report 
2014, http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/policy-
campaigns/research-trends/annual-statistical-
reports/
The Law Society (2013) , Legal Services Market 
Assessment reports: Part 3  Key Markets,  
http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/policy-campaigns/
research-trends/market-assessment-2012-13/
The National Health Service Litigation Authority 
(2012), Report and Accounts 2011-12,  
http://www.nhsla.com/AboutUs/Documents/
NHS%20LA%20Annual%20Report%20and%20
Accounts%202011-12.pdf
Office for National Statistics (2015), Input-Output 
Supply and Use Tables, 2015 Edition,  
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/input-output/input-
output-supply-and-use-tables/index.html
Office for National Statistics (2015), Input-Output 
Supply and Use Tables, Commentary on Supply and 
Use balanced estimates of annual GDP, 1997 to 
2013, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/input-output/
input-output-supply-and-use-tables/commentary-
on-supply-and-use-balanced-estimates-of-annual-
gdp--1997-2013/index.html
Office for National Statistics (2015), Gross Domestic 
Product: Preliminary Estimate, Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 
2015, GDP(O) Low Level Aggregates - Month 1,  
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-
reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-355745
Office for National Statistics (2015), Annual Business 
Survey: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, 2013 
Revised Results, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/abs/
annual-business-survey/2013-revised-results/index.
html
Office for National Statistics (2014), Input-Output 
Analytical Tables, 2010, http://www.ons.gov.uk/
ons/rel/input-output/input-output-analytical-
tables/2010/index.html
Office for National Statistics (2011), Input-Output 
Analytical Tables, 2005 Edition, http://www.ons.gov.
uk/ons/rel/input-output/input-output-analytical-
tables/2005/index.html
Oxford Economics (2015), The Oxford Economics 
Global Economic Model, https://www.
oxfordeconomics.com/Media/Default/landing-
pages/presentations/Oxford_model.pdf
Scottish Government (2011), Input-Output 
Methodology Guide, http://www.gov.scot/resource/
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UK Government (2013), Transforming Legal Aid: 
Delivering a more credible and efficient system,  
https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-
communications/transforming-legal-aid
www.lawsociety.org.uk
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