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© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
5
High-Voltage Power
Electronic Substations
5.1
Converter Stations (HVDC)..............................................
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5.2
FACTS Controllers .............................................................
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5.3
Control and Protection System.......................................
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5.4
Losses and Cooling ..........................................................
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5.5
Civil Works .......................................................................
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5.6
Reliability and Availability ...............................................
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5.7
Future Trends....................................................................
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References ....................................................................................
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The preceding sections on gas-insulated substations (GIS), air-insulated substations (AIS), and high-
voltage switching equipment apply in principle also to the ac circuits in high-voltage power electronic
substations. This section focuses on the specifics of power electronics as applied in substations for power
transmission purposes.
The dramatic development of power electronics in the past decades has led to significant progress in
electric power transmission technology, resulting in special types of transmission systems, which require
special kinds of substations. The most important high-voltage power electronic substations are converter
stations, above all for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, and controllers for
flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS).
High-voltage power electronic substations consist essentially of the main power electronic equipment,
i.e., converter valves and FACTS controllers with their dedicated cooling systems. Furthermore, in addi-
tion to the familiar components of conventional substations covered in the preceding sections, there are
also converter transformers and reactive power compensation equipment, including har