The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk Excel 2010 Advanced TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................... 3  INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 7  How To Use This Guide .................................................................................................... 7  Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7  Instructions .................................................................................................................... 7  Appendices..................................................................................................................... 7  SECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS .................................... 9  CONDITIONAL & LOGICAL FUNCTIONS................................................................................. 10  If Statements ............................................................................................................... 10  Logical Test .................................................................................................................. 11  Value If True / False ...................................................................................................... 11  Nested If...................................................................................................................... 12  COUNTING AND TOTALLING CELLS CONDITIONALLY ............................................................. 13  Statistical If Statements................................................................................................. 13  Sumif .......................................................................................................................... 15  Countif......................................................................................................................... 16  Averageif ..................................................................................................................... 18  Averageifs .................................................................................................................... 19  Sumifs ......................................................................................................................... 21  Countifs ....................................................................................................................... 23  AND, OR, NOT................................................................................................................... 25  And ............................................................................................................................. 25  Or ............................................................................................................................... 26  Not.............................................................................................................................. 26  Iserror ......................................................................................................................... 27  Iferror ......................................................................................................................... 28  LOOKUP FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................... 29  Lookup ........................................................................................................................ 29  Vector Lookup .............................................................................................................. 29  Hlookup ....................................................................................................................... 32  Vlookup ....................................................................................................................... 33  Nested Lookups ............................................................................................................ 35  SECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER ............................37  GOAL SEEKING AND SOLVING ............................................................................................ 38  Goal Seek .................................................................................................................... 38  Solver.......................................................................................................................... 39  Constraints................................................................................................................... 40  ADVANCED SOLVER FEATURES ........................................................................................... 42  Save Or Load A Problem Model ....................................................................................... 42  Solving Methods Used By Solver ..................................................................................... 42  Solver Options .............................................................................................................. 42  Solver And Scenario Manager ......................................................................................... 43  Saving Solver Solutions ................................................................................................. 43  Solver Reports .............................................................................................................. 44  SCENARIOS ...................................................................................................................... 45  Create A Scenario Manually ............................................................................................ 45  Open The Scenario Manager ........................................................................................... 45  Showing A Scenario....................................................................................................... 46  Editing A Scenario ......................................................................................................... 47  Deleting A Scenario ....................................................................................................... 49  Scenario Summary ........................................................................................................ 49  VIEWS ............................................................................................................................. 50  Custom Views............................................................................................................... 50  Typical Custom View Model ............................................................................................ 50  Defining Views .............................................................................................................. 51  Showing A View ............................................................................................................ 52  SECTION 3 USING EXCEL TO MANAGE LISTS ..........................................53  EXCEL LISTS, LIST TERMINOLOGY....................................................................................... 54  Row And Column Content............................................................................................... 54  Column Labels .............................................................................................................. 54  List Size And Location .................................................................................................... 54  Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................... 54  SORTING DATA ................................................................................................................. 55  Quick Sort .................................................................................................................... 55  Multi Level Sort............................................................................................................. 56  Custom Sorting Options ................................................................................................. 57  Creating A Custom Sort Order ........................................................................................ 58  SUBTOTALS...................................................................................................................... 59  Organising The List For Subtotals .................................................................................... 59  Create Subtotals ........................................................................................................... 59  Summarising A Subtotalled List....................................................................................... 60  Show And Hide By Level................................................................................................. 62  Remove Subtotals ......................................................................................................... 63  FILTERING A LIST ............................................................................................................. 64  Autofilters .................................................................................................................... 64  Search Criteria.............................................................................................................. 65  Custom Criteria And - Or................................................................................................ 67  Wildcards ..................................................................................................................... 68  Turning Off Autofilter ..................................................................................................... 69  ADVANCED FILTERING....................................................................................................... 69  Set Criteria In Advanced Filter ........................................................................................ 69  CRITERIA TIPS.................................................................................................................. 71  MULTIPLE CRITERIA .......................................................................................................... 72  Using Multiple Rows In The Criteria Range........................................................................ 72  CALCULATED CRITERIA...................................................................................................... 73  Basic Calculation ........................................................................................................... 73  Calculated Criteria Using Functions.................................................................................. 74  Copying Filtered Data .................................................................................................... 75  Unique Records............................................................................................................. 75  Database Functions ....................................................................................................... 76  DATA CONSOLIDATION...................................................................................................... 79  PIVOTTABLES ................................................................................................................... 81  Important Information ................................................................................................... 81  Create A PivotTable ....................................................................................................... 83  Select A Data Source ..................................................................................................... 83  Set A Location .............................................................................................................. 85  Create A PivotChart From The PivotTable ......................................................................... 85  Make PivotChart Static................................................................................................... 86  Create A Static Chart From The Data In A PivotTable Report............................................... 86  Delete A PivotTable Or PivotChart Report ......................................................................... 87  Create Layout For PivotTables......................................................................................... 88  MODIFYING A PIVOTTABLE................................................................................................. 89  Sort A PivotTable .......................................................................................................... 90  Filter A PivotTable ......................................................................................................... 91  Value And Label Filters................................................................................................... 91  MANAGING PIVOTTABLES................................................................................................... 92  Refresh A PivotTable With Internal Data........................................................................... 92  External Data Refresh.................................................................................................... 92  Grouping PivotTable Items ............................................................................................. 93  FORMATTING A PIVOTTABLE............................................................................................... 96  Styles .......................................................................................................................... 96  Banding ....................................................................................................................... 97  SLICERS........................................................................................................................... 99  Slicer Options ..............................................................................................................100  Make A Slicer Available For Use In Another PivotTable ......................................................100  Share A Slicer By Connecting To Another PivotTable .........................................................101  Format A Slicer ............................................................................................................102  Standalone Slicer .........................................................................................................103  SECTION 4 CHARTS ..............................................................................105  INTRODUCTION TO CHARTING...........................................................................................106  Terminology ................................................................................................................106  CREATING CHARTS...........................................................................................................107  Embedded Charts.........................................................................................................107  Separate Chart Pages ...................................................................................................107  Three Methods To Create Charts ....................................................................................108  Moving And Resizing Embedded Charts ...........................................................................109  Data Layout.................................................................................................................109  Shortcut Menu (Right Click)...........................................................................................111  Chart Types.................................................................................................................111  Default Chart Type .......................................................................................................114  FORMATTING CHARTS ......................................................................................................115  Design Ribbon .............................................................................................................115  Data Source ................................................................................................................115  Series And Categories...................................................................................................116  Switch Rows And Columns.............................................................................................117  Add A Series Manually ..................................................................................................117  The Series Function ......................................................................................................119  Charting With Blocks Of Data.........................................................................................119  CHANGING THE CHART LAYOUT .........................................................................................120  Chart Styles ................................................................................................................120  Moving Chart Location ..................................................................................................120  Layout Ribbon..............................................................................................................121  Formatting Chart Elements............................................................................................121  Resetting Custom Formats ............................................................................................122  Adding, Removing And Formatting Labels........................................................................122  Axes...........................................................................................................................123  Gridlines .....................................................................................................................126  Unattached Text...........................................................................................................126  Format Dialog..............................................................................................................126  SPARKLINES ....................................................................................................................129  What are Sparklines?....................................................................................................129  Create Sparklines.........................................................................................................130  Customize Sparklines....................................................................................................131  Axis options.................................................................................................................131  SECTION 5 TEMPLATES.........................................................................134  INTRODUCTION TO TEMPLATES .........................................................................................135  Template Types ...........................................................................................................135  Normal Template .........................................................................................................135  Sample Templates........................................................................................................136  Create Custom Templates .............................................................................................137  To Use Custom Templates .............................................................................................138  Opening And Editing Templates......................................................................................138  Template Properties .....................................................................................................139  Autotemplates .............................................................................................................140  SECTION 6 DRAWING AND FORMATTING .............................................141  INSERTING, FORMATTING AND DELETING OBJECTS .............................................................142  Inserting A Drawing Object............................................................................................142  SmartArt.....................................................................................................................143  SmartArt Formatting.....................................................................................................145  QuickStyles .................................................................................................................145  2D And 3D ..................................................................................................................145  The Design Ribbon .......................................................................................................146  WordArt ......................................................................................................................147  Formatting Shapes .......................................................................................................148  Manual Formatting .......................................................................................................149  MORE FORMATTING..........................................................................................................150  Themes.......................................................................................................................150  Customising A Theme ...................................................................................................151  Cell Styles ...................................................................................................................153  Conditional Formatting..................................................................................................156  SECTION 7 EXCEL TOOLS......................................................................162  REVIEWING .....................................................................................................................163  Comments...................................................................................................................163  Protecting ...................................................................................................................164  Tracking......................................................................................................................166  Use A Shared Workbook To Collaborate ..........................................................................167  Share A Workbook .......................................................................................................168  Links ..........................................................................................................................169  Working With A Shared Workbook ..................................................................................170  Conflicts......................................................................................................................171  Stop Sharing ...............................................................................................................172  AUDITING .......................................................................................................................173  Tool Information ..........................................................................................................173  Go To Special ..............................................................................................................173  Error Checking.............................................................................................................174  Correct An Error Value Manually.....................................................................................174  Watch Window.............................................................................................................175  Dependants And Precedents ..........................................................................................176  PROOFING TOOLS ............................................................................................................177  Spelling And Grammar..................................................................................................177  Thesaurus ...................................................................................................................178  Translation ..................................................................................................................178  Show Or Hide Screentips...............................................................................................180  EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 7 INTRODUCTION Excel 2010 is a powerful spreadsheet application that allows users to produce tables containing calculations and graphs. These can range from simple formulae through to complex functions and mathematical models. How To Use This Guide This manual should be used as a point of reference after following attendance of the advanced level Excel 2010 training course. It covers all the topics taught and aims to act as a support aid for any tasks carried out by the user after the course. The manual is divided into sections, each section covering an aspect of the advanced course. The table of contents lists the page numbers of each section and the table of figures indicates the pages containing tables and diagrams. Objectives Sections begin with a list of objectives each with its own check box so that you can mark off those topics that you are familiar with following the training. Instructions Those who have already used a spreadsheet before may not need to read explanations on what each command does, but would rather skip straight to the instructions to find out how to do it. Look out for the arrow icon which precedes a list of instructions. Appendices The Appendices list the Ribbons mentioned within the manual with a breakdown of their functions and tables of shortcut keys. Keyboard Keys are referred to throughout the manual in the following way: [ENTER] – Denotes the return or enter key, [DELETE] – denotes the Delete key and so on. Where a command requires two keys to be pressed, the manual displays this as follows: [CTRL] + [P] – this means press the letter “p” while holding down the Control key. Commands When a command is referred to in the manual, the following distinctions have been made: When Ribbon commands are referred to, the manual will refer you to the Ribbon – E.g. “Choose HOME from the Ribbons the group name – FONT group and then B for bold”. When dialog box options are referred to, the following style has been used for the text – “In the PAGE RANGE section of the PRINT dialog, click the CURRENT PAGE option” Dialog box buttons are shaded and boxed – “Click OK to close the PRINT dialog and launch the print.” 0BINTRODUCTION http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 8 Notes Within each section, any items that need further explanation or extra attention devoted to them are denoted by shading. For example: “Excel will not let you close a file that you have not already saved changes to without prompting you to save.” Tips At the end of each section there is a page for you to make notes on and a “Useful Information” heading where you will find tips and tricks relating to the topics described within the section. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 9 SECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS By the end of this section you will be able to: Understand and use conditional formulae Set up LOOKUP tables and use LOOKUP functions Use the GOAL SEEK Use the SOLVER 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 10 CONDITIONAL & LOGICAL FUNCTIONS Excel has a number of logical functions which allow you to set various "conditions" and have data respond to them. For example, you may only want a certain calculation performed or piece of text displayed if certain conditions are met. The functions used to produce this type of analysis are found in the Insert, Function menu, under the heading LOGICAL. If Statements The IF function is used to analyse data, test whether or not it meets certain conditions and then act upon its decision. The formula can be entered either by typing it or by using the Function Library on the formula’s ribbon, the section that deals with logical functions Typically, the IF statement is accompanied by three arguments enclosed in one set of parentheses; the condition to be met (logical_test); the action to be performed if that condition is true (value_if_true); the action to be performed if false (value_if_false). Each of these is separated by a comma, as shown; =IF ( logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false) ¾ To view IF function syntax: Mouse i. Click the drop down arrow next to the LOGICAL button in the FUNCTION LIBARY group on the FORMULAS Ribbon; ii. A dialog box will appear iii. The three arguments can be seen within the box EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 11 Logical Test This part of the IF statement is the "condition", or test. You may want to test to see if a cell is a certain value, or to compare two cells. In these cases, symbols called LOGICAL OPERATORS are useful; > Greater than < Less than > = Greater than or equal to < = Less than or equal to = Equal to < > Not equal to Therefore, a typical logical test might be B1 > B2, testing whether or not the value contained in cell B1 of the spreadsheet is greater than the value in cell B2. Names can also be included in the logical test, so if cells B1 and B2 were respectively named SALES and TARGET, the logical test would read SALES > TARGET. Another type of logical test could include text strings. If you want to check a cell to see if it contains text, that text string must be included in quotation marks. For example, cell C5 could be tested for the word YES as follows; C5="YES". It should be noted that Excel's logic is, at times, brutally precise. In the above example, the logical test is that sales should be greater than target. If sales are equal to target, the IF statement will return the false value. To make the logical test more flexible, it would be advisable to use the operator > = to indicate "meeting or exceeding". Value If True / False Provided that you remember that TRUE value always precedes FALSE value, these two values can be almost anything. If desired, a simple number could be returned, a calculation performed, or even a piece of text entered. Also, the type of data entered can vary depending on whether it is a true or false result. You may want a calculation if the logical test is true, but a message displayed if false. (Remember that text to be included in functions should be enclosed in quotes). Taking the same logical test mentioned above, if the sales figure meets or exceeds the target, a BONUS is calculated (e.g. 2% of sales). If not, no bonus is calculated so a value of zero is returned. The IF statement in column D of the example reads as follows; =IF(B2>=C2,B2*2%,0) 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 12 You may, alternatively, want to see a message saying "NO BONUS". In this case, the true value will remain the same and the false value will be the text string "NO BONUS"; =IF(B2>=C2,B2*2%,"NO BONUS") A particularly common use of IF statements is to produce "ratings" or "comments" on figures in a spreadsheet. For this, both the true and false values are text strings. For example, if a sales figure exceeds a certain amount, a rating of "GOOD" is returned, otherwise the rating is "POOR"; =IF(B2>1000,"GOOD","POOR") Nested If When you need to have more than one condition and more than two possible outcomes, a NESTED IF is required. This is based on the same principle as a normal IF statement, but involves "nesting" a secondary formula inside the main one. The secondary IF forms the FALSE part of the main statement, as follows; =IF(1st logic test , 1st true value , IF(2nd logic test , 2nd true value , false value)) Only if both logic tests are found to be false will the false value be returned. Notice that there are two sets of parentheses, as there are two separate IF statements. This process can be enlarged to include more conditions and more eventualities - up to seven IF's can be nested within the main statement. However, care must be taken to ensure that the correct number of parentheses are added. In the example, sales staff could now receive one of three possible ratings; =IF(B2>1000,"GOOD",IF(B2<600,"POOR","AVERAGE")) To make the above IF statement more flexible, the logical tests could be amended to measure sales against cell references instead of figures. In the example, column E has been used to hold the upper and lower sales thresholds. =IF(B2>$E$2,"GOOD",IF(B2<$E$3,"POOR","AVERAGE")) EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 13 (If the IF statement is to be copied later, this cell reference should be absolute). N.B. The depth of nested IF functions has been increased to 64 as previous versions of excel only nested 7 deep COUNTING AND TOTALLING CELLS CONDITIONALLY Occasionally you may need to create a total that only includes certain cells, or count only certain cells in a column or row. The example above shows a list of orders. There are two headings in bold at the bottom where you need to generate a) the total amount of money spent by Viking Supplies and b) the total number of orders placed by Bloggs & Co. The only way you could do this is by using functions that have conditions built into them. A condition is simply a test that you can ask Excel to carry out the result of which will determine the result of the function. Statistical If Statements A very useful technique is to display text or perform calculations only if a cell is the maximum or minimum of a range. In this case the logical test will contain a nested statistical function (such as MAX or MIN). If, for example, a person's sales cell is the maximum in the sales column, a message stating "Top Performer" could appear next to his or her name. If the logical test is false, a blank message could appear by simply including an empty set of quotation marks. When typing the logical test, it should be understood that there are two types of cell referencing going on. The first is a reference to one person's figure, and is therefore relative. The second reference represents the RANGE of everyone's figures, and should therefore be absolute. 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 14 =IF(relative cell = MAX(absolute range) , "Top Performer" , "") In this example the IF statement for cell B2 will read; =IF(C2=MAX($C$2:$C$4),"Top Performer","") When this is filled down through cells B3 and B4, the first reference to the individual's sales figure changes, but the reference to all three sales figures ($C$2:$C$4) should remain constant. By doing this, you ensure that the IF statement is always checking to see if the individual's figure is the biggest out of the three. A further possibility is to nest another IF statement to display a message if a value is the minimum of a range. Beware of syntax here - the formula could become quite unwieldy! EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 15 Sumif You can use this function to say to Excel, “Only total the numbers in the Total column where the entry in the Customer column is Viking Supplies”. The syntax of the SUMIF() function is detailed below: =SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range) RANGE is the range of cells you want to test. CRITERIA. It is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples". SUM RANGE. These are the actual cells to sum. The cells in sum range are summed only if their corresponding cells in range match the criteria. If sum range is omitted, the cells in range are summed. =SUMIF(B2:B11, “Viking Supplies”, F2:F11) With the example above, the SUMIF function that you would use to generate the Viking Supplies Total would look as above. Using the INSERT FUNCTION tool the dialog would look like this and show any errors in entering the values or ranges 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 16 Countif COUNTIF counts the number of cells in a range based on agiven criteria. COUNTIF(range,criteria) RANGE is one or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored. CRITERIA is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that defines which cells will be counted. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4. ¾ To use COUNTIF function Mouse i. Click on the MORE FUNCTIONS button in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon ii. Click on STATISTICAL. iii. Select COUNTIF from the displayed functions. A dialog will be displayed iv. Click in RANGE text box v. Select the range of cells you wish to check. vi. Click in the CRITERIA box, either, type criteria directly in the box or select a cell that contains the value you wish to count. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 17 vii. Click OK 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 18 viii. Averageif A very common request is for a single function to conditionally average a range of numbers – a complement to SUMIF and COUNTIF. AVERAGEIF, allows users to easily average a range based on a specific criteria. AVERAGEIF(Range, Criteria, [Average Range]) RANGE is one or more cells to average, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. CRITERIA is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that defines which cells are averaged. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4. AVERAGE_range is the actual set of cells to average. If omitted, RANGE is used. Here is an example that returns the average of B2:B5 where the corresponding value in column A is greater than 250,000: =AVERAGEIF(A2:A5, “>250000”, B2:B5) ¾ To use AVERAGEIF function Mouse i. Click on the MORE FUNCTIONS button in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon and Click on STATISTICAL. ii. Select AVERAGEIF from the displayed functions. A dialog will be displayed iii. Click in RANGE text box iv. Select the range of cells containing the .values you wish checked against the criteria. v. Click in the CRITERIA box, either, type criteria directly in the box or select a cell that contains the value you wish to check the range against vi. Click in the AVERAGE_RANGE text box and select the range you wish to average.. vii. Click OK EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 19 Averageifs Average ifs is a new function to excel and does much the same as the AVERAGEIF function but it will average a range using multiple criteria. ¾ To use AVERAGEIFS function Mouse i. Click on the MORE FUNCTIONS button in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon and Click on STATISTICAL. ii. Select AVERAGEIFS from the displayed functions. A dialog will be displayed iii. Click in AVERAGE_RANGE text box iv. Select the range of cells containing the .values you wish checked against the criteria. v. Click in the CRITERIA_RANGE1 box select a range of cells that contains the values you wish to check the criteria against vi. Click in the CRITERIA1 text box and type in the criteria to measure against your CRITERIA_RANGE1. vii. Repeat steps 5 and 6 to enter multiple criteria, range2, range3 etc, use the scroll bar on the right to scroll down and locate more range and criteria text boxes. Click OK when all ranges and criterias have been entered. 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 20 Some important points about AVERAGEIFS function If AVERAGE_RANGE is a blank or text value, AVERAGEIFS returns the #DIV0! error value. If a cell in a criteria range is empty, AVERAGEIFS treats it as a 0 value. Cells in range that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; cells in range that contain FALSE evaluate as 0 (zero). Each cell in AVERAGE_RANGE is used in the average calculation only if all of the corresponding criteria specified are true for that cell. Unlike the range and criteria arguments in the AVERAGEIF function, in AVERAGEIFS each CRITERIA_RANGE must be the same size and shape as sum_range. If cells in AVERAGE_RANGE cannot be translated into numbers, AVERAGEIFS returns the #DIV0! error value. If there are no cells that meet all the criteria, AVERAGEIFS returns the #DIV/0! error value. You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) before the character. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 21 Sumifs This function adds all the cells in a range that meets multiple criteria. The order of arguments is different between SUMIFS and SUMIF. In particular, the SUM_RANGE argument is the first argument in SUMIFS, but it is the third argument in SUMIF. If you are copying and editing these similar functions, make sure you put the arguments in the correct order. SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…) SUM_RANGE is one or more cells to sum, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored. CRITERIA_RANGE1, CRITERIA_RANGE2, are 1 to 127 ranges in which to evaluate the associated criteria. CRITERIA1, CRITERIA2, …are 1 to 127 criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that define which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4. Some important points about SUMIFS Each cell in SUM_RANGE is summed only if all of the corresponding criteria specified are true for that cell. Cells in SUM_RANGE that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; cells in SUM_RANGE that contain FALSE evaluate as 0 (zero). Unlike the range and criteria arguments in the SUMIF function, in SUMIFS each CRITERIA_RANGE must be the same size and shape as SUM_RANGE. You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) before the character. ¾ To use SUMIFS function Mouse i. Click on the MATH & TRIG BUTTON in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon. ii. Select SUMIFS from the displayed functions. A dialog will be displayed 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 22 iii. Click in SUM_RANGE text box iv. Select the range of cells containing the .values you wish to sum up v. Click in the CRITERIA_RANGE1 box select a range of cells that contains the values you wish to check the criteria against vi. Click in the CRITERIA1 text box and type in the criteria to measure against your CRITERIA_RANGE1. vii. Repeat steps 5 and 6 to enter multiple criteria, range2, range3 etc, as you use each CRITERIA_RANGE and criteria more text boxes will appear for you to use. Click OK when all ranges and criterias have been entered. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 23 Countifs The COUNTIFS function, counts a range based on multiple criteria. COUNTIFS(range1, criteria1,range2, criteria2…) RANGE1, RANGE2, … are 1 to 127 ranges in which to evaluate the associated criteria. Cells in each range must be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored. CRITERIA1, CRITERIA2, …are 1 to 127 criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that define which cells will be counted. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4. ¾ To use COUNTIFS function Mouse i. Click on the MORE FUNCTIONS button in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon and click on STATISTICAL. ii. Select COUNTIFS from the displayed functions. A dialog will be displayed iii. Click in the CRITERIA_RANGE1 box select the range of cells that you wish to count. iv. Click in the CRITERIA1 text box and type in the criteria to measure against your CRITERIA_RANGE1. v. Repeat step 4 to enter multiple criteria, criteria_range2, range3 etc, as you use each criteria_range and criteria more text boxes will appear for you to use. Click OK when all ranges and criterias have been entered. Each cell in a range is counted only if all of the corresponding criteria specified are true for that cell. If criteria is an empty cell, COUNTIFS treats it as a 0 value. You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) before the 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 24 character. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 25 AND, OR, NOT Rather than create large and unwieldy formulae involving multiple IF statements, the AND, OR and NOT functions can be used to group logical tests or "conditions" together. These three functions can be used on their own, but in that case they will only return the values "TRUE" or "FALSE". As these two values are not particularly meaningful on a spreadsheet, it is much more useful to combine the AND, OR and NOT functions within an IF statement. This way, you can ask for calculations to be performed or other text messages to appear as a result. And This function is a logical test to see if all conditions are true. If this is the case, the value "TRUE" is returned. If any of the arguments in the AND statement are found to be false, the whole statement produces the value "FALSE". This function is particularly useful as a check to make sure that all conditions you set are met. Arguments are entered in the AND statement in parentheses, separated by commas, and there is a maximum of 30 arguments to one AND statement. The following example checks that two cells, B1 and B2, are both greater than 100. =AND(B1>100,B2>100) If either one of these two cells contains a value less than a hundred, the result of the AND statement is "FALSE.” This can now be wrapped inside an IF function to produce a more meaningful result. You may want to add the two figures together if they are over 100, or display a message indicating that they are not high enough. =IF(AND(B1>100,B2>100),B1+B2,"Figures not high enough") Another application of AND'S is to check that a number is between certain limits. The following example checks that a number is between 50 and 100. If it is, the value is entered. If not, a message is displayed; =IF(AND(B1>50,B1<100),B1,"Number is out of range") 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 26 Or This function is a logical test to see if one or more conditions are true. If this is the case, the value "TRUE" is returned. If just one of the arguments in the OR statement is found to be true, the whole statement produces the value "TRUE". Only when all arguments are false will the value "FALSE" be returned. This function is particularly useful as a check to make sure that at least one of the conditions you set is met. =IF(OR(B1>100,B2>100),"at least one is OK","Figures not high enough") In the above formula, only one of the numbers in cells B1 and B2 has to be over 100 in order for them to be added together. The message only appears if neither figure is high enough. Not NOT checks to see if the argument is false. If so, the value "TRUE" is returned. It is best to use NOT as a "provided this is not the case" function. In other words, so long as the argument is false, the overall statement is true. In the example, the cell contents of B1 are returned unless the number 13 is encountered. If B1 is found to contain 13, the message "UNLUCKY!" is displayed; =IF(NOT(B1=13),B1,"Unlucky!") The NOT function can only contain one argument. If it is necessary to check that more than one argument is false, the OR function should be used and the true and false values of the IF statement reversed. Suppose, for example, a check is done against the numbers 13 and 666; =IF(OR(B1=13,B1=666),"Unlucky!",B1) EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 27 Iserror ISERROR is a very useful function that tells you if the formula you look at with it gives any error value. Iserror(Value) Value refers to any error value (#N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?, or #NULL!) ¾ To use ISERROR function In the example below the average functions in the column G is trying to divide empty cells and giving the error message #DIV/0! The error function checking that cell gives the value true there is an error this could be nested in an IF function with an AVERAGE function so that the error message does not show in column G Mouse i. Click on MORE FUNCTIONS in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon ii. Select ISERROR function iii. The dialog box above will appear iv. Select cell you wish to check, the cell reference will appear in the VALUE box. v. Click OK For more advanced users try nesting the ISERROR function and the function giving an error message in an IF function. 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 28 Iferror IFERROR(Value, value_if_error) A common request in the area of functions is something to simplify error checking. E.G. If a user wants to catch errors in a VLOOKUP and use their own error text opposed to Excel’s error, they have to do something like this using the IF and ISERROR functions: =IF(ISERROR(VLOOKUP("Dave", SalesTable, 3, FALSE)), " Value not found", VLOOKUP("Dave", SalesTable, 3, FALSE)) As you can see, users need to repeat the VLOOKUP formula twice. This has a number of problems. FIRST, it is hard to read and hard to maintain – if you want to change a formula, you have to do it twice. SECOND, it can affect performance, because formulas are quite often run twice. The IFERROR function solves these problems, enabling customers to easily trap and handle formula errors. Here is an example of how a user could use it in the same situation: =IFERROR(VLOOKUP(“Bob”, SalesTable, 3, false), “Value not found”) ¾ To use IFERROR function Mouse i. Click on LOGICAL in the FORMULAS group on the FORMULAS ribbon ii. Select IFERROR function iii. The dialog box above will appear iv. Click in the VALUE text box. v. Select cell you wish to check, the cell reference will appear in the VALUE box. vi. Type in the VALUE_IF_ERROR text box what value you wish to display if an error is found vii. Click OK EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 29 viii. LOOKUP FUNCTIONS As already mentioned, Excel can produce varying results in a cell, depending on conditions set by you. For example, if numbers are above or below certain limits, different calculations will be performed and text messages displayed. The usual method for constructing this sort of analysis is using the IF function. However, as already demonstrated, this can become large and unwieldy when you want multiple conditions and many possible outcomes. To begin with, Excel can only nest seven IF clauses in a main IF statement, whereas you may want more than eight logical tests or "scenarios.” To achieve this, Excel provides some LOOKUP functions. These functions allow you to create formulae which examine large amounts of data and find information which matches or approximates to certain conditions. They are simpler to construct than nested IF’s and can produce many more varied results. Lookup Before you actually start to use the various LOOKUP functions, it is worth learning the terms that you will come across, what they mean and the syntax of the function arguments. Vector Lookup A vector is a series of data that only occupies one row or column. LOOKUP will look through this row or column to find a specific value. When the value is found, a corresponding "result" in the adjacent row or column is returned. For example, column D of a spreadsheet may contain figures, and the adjacent column E contains corresponding text. LOOKUP will search for the requested figure in column D and return the corresponding text from column E. The syntax for LOOKUP is as follows; =LOOKUP( lookup_value , lookup_vector , result_vector ) The LOOKUP_VALUE represents the number or text entry to look for; the LOOKUP_VECTOR is the area in which to search for the LOOKUP_VALUE; the RESULT_VECTOR is the adjacent row or column where the corresponding value or text is to be found. It is essential that data in the lookup vector is placed in ascending order, i.e. numbers from lowest to highest, text from A to Z. If this is not done, the LOOKUP function may return the wrong result. 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 30 In the diagram, column D contains varying salaries, against which there is a company car in column E which corresponds to each salary. For example, a £20,030 salary gets a GOLF, a £35,000 salary gets a SCORPIO. A LOOKUP formula can be used to return whatever car is appropriate to a salary figure that is entered. In this case, the LOOKUP_VALUE is the cell where the salary is entered (B13), the LOOKUP_VECTOR is the salary column (D3:D11), and the RESULT_VECTOR is the car column (E3:E11). Hence the formula; =LOOKUP(B13,D3:D11,E3:E11) Typing £40,000 in cell B13 will set the LOOKUP_VALUE. LOOKUP will search through the LOOKUP_VECTOR to find the matching salary, and return the appropriate car from the RESULT_VECTOR, which in this case is MERCEDES. Alternatively, the formula could be simplified and cell references avoided by using Formula, Define Name to give appropriate range names. Call B13 Salary, D3:D11 Salaries and E3:E11 Cars. The LOOKUP formula could then be simplified to; =LOOKUP(Salary,Salaries,Cars) One of the advantages of the LOOKUP function is that if the exact LOOKUP_VALUE is not found, it will approximate to the nearest figure below the requested value. For instance, if a user enters a Salary of 23000, there is no figure in the Salaries range which matches this. However, the nearest salary below 23000 is 20030, so the corresponding car is returned, which is a GOLF. This technique is very useful when the LOOKUP_VECTOR indicates grades or "bands.” In this case, anyone in the salary "band" between 20030 and 25000 gets a GOLF. Only when their salary meets or exceeds 25000 do they get a SIERRA. There may be occasions where the LOOKUP_VALUE is below the lowest value in the vector. In this case the #N/A message is displayed. Location of all REFERENCE and LOOKUP functions Typical layout of a sheet needing a LOOKUP function EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 31 ¾ To insert a lookup function: Mouse i. Click the drop down arrow next to the LOOKUP AND REFENCE button in the FUNCTION LIBARY group on the FORMULAS Ribbon; ii. A dialog box appears displaying the two versions of LOOKUP. There are two syntax forms; the first is the "VECTOR" and the second the "ARRAY” iii. Choose vector and click OK iv. Enter the values as described previously and click OK The first of these forms, the "vector" LOOKUP is by far the most useful, and it is recommended that you only use this form. 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 32 Hlookup The horizontal LOOKUP function (HLOOKUP) can be used not just on a "VECTOR" (single column or row of data), but on an "array" (multiple rows and columns). HLOOKUP searches for a specified value horizontally along the top row of an array. When the value is found, HLOOKUP searches down to a specified row and enters the value of the cell. This is useful when data is arranged in a large tabular format, and it would be difficult for you to read across columns and then down to the appropriate cell. HLOOKUP will do this automatically. The syntax for HLOOKUP is; =HLOOKUP( lookup_value , table_array , row_index_number) The LOOKUP_VALUE is, as before, a number, text string or cell reference which is the value to be found along the top row of the data; the TABLE_ARRAY is the cell references (or range name) of the entire table of data; the ROW_INDEX_NUMBER represents the row from which the result is required. This must be a number, e.g. 4 instructs HLOOKUP to extract a value from row 4 of the TABLE_ARRAY. It is important to remember that data in the array must be in ascending order. With a simple LOOKUP function, only one column or row of data, referred to as a vector, is required. HLOOKUP uses an array (i.e. more than one column or row of data). Therefore, as HLOOKUP searches horizontally (i.e. across the array), data in the first row must be in ascending order, i.e. numbers from lowest to highest, text from A to Z. As with LOOKUP, if this rule is ignored, HLOOKUP will return the wrong value. As an example, a user may have a spreadsheet which displays various different rates of interest for a range of amounts over different time periods; Whatever the amount a customer wants to borrow, he may pay up to five different rates of interest depending on whether the loan is over 10, 15 or more years. The HLOOKUP function will find a specific amount, then move down the array to find the appropriate interest rate for the required time period. Designate cell A51 as the cell to hold the amount, i.e. the LOOKUP_VALUE; cells C43:H48 are the TABLE_ARRAY; the ROW_INDEX_NUMBER will be 2 if a customer wants the loan over 10 years, 3 if he wants the loan over 15 years, and so on. Cell B51 holds this formula; =HLOOKUP(A51,C43:H48,3) EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 33 The above formula looks along the top row of the array for the value in cell A51 (30000). It then moves down to row 3 and returns the value 15.00%, which is the correct interest rate for a £30000 loan over 15 years. (Range names could be used here to simplify the formula). As with the LOOKUP function, the advantage of HLOOKUP is that it does not necessarily have to find the exact LOOKUP_VALUE. If, for example, you wanted to find out what interest rate is applicable to a £28000 loan, the figure 28000 can be entered in the LOOKUP_VALUE cell (A51) and the rate 14.30% appears. As before, Excel has looked for the value in the array closest to, but lower than, the LOOKUP_VALUE. Vlookup The VLOOKUP function works on the same principle as HLOOKUP, but instead of searching horizontally, VLOOKUP searches vertically. VLOOKUP searches for a specified value vertically down the first column of an array. When the value is found, VLOOKUP searches across to a specified column and enters the value of the cell. The syntax for the VLOOKUP function follows the same pattern as HLOOKUP, except that instead of specifying a row index number, you would specify a column index number to instruct VLOOKUP to move across to a specific column in the array where the required value is to be found. =VLOOKUP( lookup_value , table_array , col_index_number ) In the case of VLOOKUP, data in the first column of the array should be in ascending order, as VLOOKUP searches down this column for the LOOKUP_VALUE. In the same spreadsheet, a VLOOKUP formula could be used to search for a specific time period, then return the appropriate rate for a fixed amount. In the following example, a time period is entered in cell A54 and in B54 the VLOOKUP formula is contained; Cell B54 holds this formula; =VLOOKUP(A54,C43:H48,5) The cell A54 is the LOOKUP_VALUE (time period), the TABLE_ARRAY is as before, and for this example rates are looked up for a loan of £40000, hence the COLUMN_INDEX_NUMBER 5. By changing the value of cell A54, the appropriate rate for that time period is returned. Where the specific lookup_value is not found, VLOOKUP works in the same way as HLOOKUP. In other words, the nearest value in the array that is less 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 34 than the LOOKUP_VALUE will be returned. So, a £40000 loan over 17 years would return an interest rate of 16.00%. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 35 Nested Lookups One of the limitations of the horizontal and vertical LOOKUP functions is that for every LOOKUP_VALUE changed, the column or row index number stays constant. Using our example, the HLOOKUP will search for any amount, but always for the same time period. Conversely, the VLOOKUP will search for any time period, but always for the same amount. In both cases, if you want to alter the time period and the amount the formula must be edited to alter the column or row index number. There is, however, a technique whereby one LOOKUP function is "nested" within another. This looks up one value, which will then be used in a second LOOKUP formula as a column or row index number. Using this technique allows you to, say, enter a time period and an amount and see the correct interest rate. Because nested LOOKUPS have more than one LOOKUP_VALUE, more than one array is needed. This second array should consist of the column or row numbers to be used in the LOOKUP formula. The example shows our main interest rates spreadsheet, with an additional two columns of data; COLUMN J contains all the same time periods as column C, but alongside this are numbers 2 to 6, indicating the ROW_INDEX_NUMBER to be returned for the appropriate time period. To look up this value, use a simple vector LOOKUP formula, where K50 is the required time period, J43:J47 is the LOOKUP_VECTOR and K43:K47 is the RESULT_VECTOR; LOOKUP(K50,J43:J47,K43:K47) Notice there is no equals sign, because this formula is not being entered in a cell of its own. The formula will return a value between 2 and 6 which will be used as a ROW_INDEX_NUMBER in a HLOOKUP formula. This HLOOKUP will look in the main interest rate table for an amount typed in by you, and will respond to the ROW_INDEX_NUMBER returned from the nested LOOKUP formula. The cells J50 and K50 hold the amount and time period to be typed in by you, and the entire nested HLOOKUP, typed in J52, is as follows; =HLOOKUP(J50,C43:H48,LOOKUP(K50,J43:J47,K43:K47)) In the example, the time period 25 is vertically looked up in COLUMN J and the corresponding value 5 is returned. Also, the amount 40000 is horizontally looked up in the 1BSECTION 1 ADVANCED WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 36 main table, with a ROW_INDEX_NUMBER of 5. The end result is an interest rate of 18.50%. Simply by changing cells J50 and K50, the correct interest rate is always returned for the amount and period typed in. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 37 SECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER By the end of this section you will be able to: Create Views Use Goal seek and solver Switch between Views Create Scenarios Switch between Scenarios 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 38 GOAL SEEKING AND SOLVING Excel has a number of ways of altering conditions on the spreadsheet and making formulae produce whatever result is requested. Excel can also forecast what conditions on the spreadsheet would be needed to optimise the result of a formula. For instance, there may be a profits figure that needs to be kept as high as possible, a costs figure that needs to be kept to a minimum, or a budget constraint that has to equal a certain figure exactly. Usually, these figures are formulae that depend on a great many other variables on the spreadsheet. Therefore, you would have to do an awful lot of trial-and-error analysis to obtain the desired result. Excel can, however, perform this analysis very quickly to obtain optimum results. The Goal Seek command can be used to make a formula achieve a certain value by altering just one variable. The Solver can be used for more painstaking analysis where many variables could be adjusted to reach a desired result. The Solver can be used to not only obtain a specific value, but also to maximise or minimise the result of a formula (e.g. maximise profits or minimise costs). Goal Seek The Goal Seek command is used to bring one formula to a specific value. It does this by changing one of the cells that is referenced by the formula. Goal Seek asks for a cell reference that contains a formula (the Set cell). It also asks for a value, which is the figure you want the cell to equal. Finally, Goal Seek asks for a cell to alter in order to take the Set cell to the required value. In the example spreadsheet, cell B8 contains a formula that sums advertising and payroll costs. Cell B10 contains a profits formula based on the revenue figure, minus the total costs. A user may want to see how a profit of 4000 can be achieved by altering payroll costs. ¾ To launch the Goal seeker: Mouse i. On the DATA ribbon, DATA TOOLS group, click WHAT-IF ANALYSIS and then click GOAL SEEK. ii. In the SET CELL box, enter the reference for the cell that contains the formula result you wish to set to a specific figure. (In the example, this is cell B10.) iii. In the TO VALUE box, type the result you want. (In the example, this is -4000.) iv. In the BY CHANGING CELL box, enter the reference for the cell that contains the value you want to adjust. (In the example, this is cell B3.) The Goal Seek command automatically suggests the active cell as the Set cell. This can be overtyped with a new cell reference or you may click on the appropriate cell on the spreadsheet. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 39 v. Click the OK button and the spreadsheet will alter the cell to a value sufficient for the formula to reach your goal. Goal Seek also informs you that the goal was achieved; vi. You now have the choice of accepting the revised spreadsheet, or returning to the previous values. Click OK to keep the changes, or CANCEL to restore previous values. Goal Seek can be used repeatedly in this way to see how revenue or other costs could be used to influence the final profits. Simply repeat the above process and alter the changing cell reference. The changing cell must contain a value, not a formula. For example, if you tried to alter profits by changing total costs, this cell contains a formula and Goal Seek will not accept it as a changing cell. Only the advertising costs or the payroll cells can be used as changing cells. Goal Seek will only accept one cell reference as the changing cell, but names are acceptable. For instance, if a user had named either cells B5 or B6 as "Advert_costs" or "Payroll" respectively, these names could be typed in the BY CHANGING CELL box. For goal-seeking with more than one changing cell, use the Solver. Solver For more complex trial-and-error analysis the Excel Solver should be used. Unlike Goal Seek, the Solver can alter a formula not just to produce a set value, but also to maximise or minimise the result. Solver has changed markedly in 2010 from previous versions but works in very much the same way. More than one changing cell can be specified, so as to increase the number of possibilities, and constraints can be built in to restrict the analysis to operate only under specific conditions. The basis for using the Solver is usually to alter many figures to produce the optimum result for a single formula. This could mean, for example, altering price figures to maximise profits. It could mean adjusting expenditure to minimise costs, etc. Whatever the case, the variable figures to be adjusted must have an influence, either, directly or indirectly, on the overall result, that is to say the changing cells must affect the formula to be optimised. Up to 200 changing cells can be included in the solving process, and up to 100 constraints can be built in to limit the Solver's results. Solver Parameters The Solver needs quite a lot of information in order for it to be able to come up with a realistic solution. These are the Solver parameters ¾ To set up the Solver: Mouse i. Click the SOLVER button on the DATA Ribbon; in the ANALYSIS group ii. If SOLVER is not visible it will be needed to be added into excel from the EXCEL OPTIONS dialog in the FILE ribbon (go to ADDINS then choose EXCEL ADDINS) Like Goal Seek, the Set Cell is the cell containing the formula whose value is to be optimised. Unlike Goal Seek, however, the formula can be maximised or 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 40 minimised as well as set to a specific value. vii. Decide which cells the Solver should alter in order to produce the Set Cell result. You can either type or click on the appropriate cells, and [CTRL] click if non-adjacent cell references are required. When using a complex spreadsheet, or one that was created by someone else, there is an option to let the Solver guess the changing cells. Usually it will select the cells containing values that have an immediate effect on the Set Cell, so it may be a good idea to amend this. Constraints Constraints prevent the Solver from coming up with unrealistic solutions. ¾ To build constraints into your Solver parameters: Mouse i. In the SOLVER dialog, choose ADD ii. A dialog box appears and asks you to choose a cell whose value will be kept within certain limits. It can be any cell or cells on the spreadsheet (simply type the reference or select the range). iii. This cell can be subjected to an upper or lower limit, made to equal a specific value or forced to be a whole number. Drop down the arrow in the centre of the ADD CONSTRAINT box to see the list of choices:- To set an upper limit, click on the <= symbol; for a lower limit, >=; the = sign for a specific value and the INT option for an integer (whole number). iv. Once the OK button is chosen, the SOLVER PARAMETERS dialog box displays and the constraint appears in the window at the middle, left. These constraint can be amended using the CHANGE button, or removed using the DELETE button. When maximising or minimising a formula value, it is important to include constraints which set upper or lower limits on the changing values. For instance, when maximising profits by changing sales figures, the Solver could conceivably increase sales to infinity. If the sales figures are not limited by an upper constraint, the Solver will return an error message stating that the cell values do not converge. Similarly, minimising total costs could be achieved by making one of the contributing costs infinitely less than zero. A constraint should be included, therefore, to set a minimum level on these values. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 41 The example here shows the number of cases for five London hospitals, split into three types: ELECTIVE, EMERGENCY and DAY cases. Below this are the respective costs of each type of case for each hospital, and finally the total costs (number multiplied by price) for each type in each hospital. All these figures are totalled in column H, to arrive at a final total costs figure in cell H17. Call up SOLVER from the ANALYSIS group on the DATA ribbon. The Set Cell in this case will be H17, the total costs cell. It can be assumed that the costs of cases cannot be changed, only the number in each hospital, therefore the changing cells will be B4:F6: The problem is that, if Solve is chosen now, the number of cases could reduce to infinitely below zero and produce an error message. Fortunately, constraints can be built in to force each hospital to have a minimum number of cases, and for there to be a total number of cases overall. Choose the ADD option to add a constraint, highlight the cells B4:F6, drop down the arrow and click on >= to set a minimum limit. Here, type whatever the minimum number of cases should be. To avoid the error message, simply type 1 and choose ADD. Also, as hospital cases cannot be fractions, add another constraint to force these cells to be integers. Finally, a constraint could be added to set a total number of cases (cell H7). The Solver parameters should now appear as follows: When Solve is chosen, the Solver carries out its analysis and finds a solution. This may be unsatisfactory, as it has calculated that the best way to minimise costs is to put the majority of cases in St George's as day patients. Further constraints could now be added to force the Solver to place minimum numbers of cases in the other hospitals, or set a maximum limit on St Georges' day cases. 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 42 ADVANCED SOLVER FEATURES Save Or Load A Problem Model Mouse i. In the SOLVER PARAMETERS dialog box, click LOAD/SAVE. ii. Enter a cell range for the model area, and click either SAVE or LOAD. iii. When you save a model, enter the reference for the first cell of a vertical range of empty cells in which you want to place the problem model. When you load a model, enter the reference for the entire range of cells that contains the problem model. Notes: You can save the last selections in the Solver Parameters dialog box with a worksheet by saving the workbook. Each worksheet in a workbook may have its own Solver selections, and all of them are saved. You can also define more than one problem for a worksheet by clicking Load/Save to save problems individually. Solving Methods Used By Solver You can choose any of the following three algorithms or solving methods in the Solver Parameters dialog box: GENERALIZED REDUCED GRADIENT (GRG) NONLINEAR Use for problems that are smooth nonlinear. LP SIMPLEX Use for problems that are linear. EVOLUTIONARY Use for problems that are non-smooth. For more information about these methods, contact: Frontline Systems, Inc. P.O. Box 4288 Incline Village, NV 89450-4288 (775) 831-0300 Web site: http://www.solver.com E-mail: info@solver.com Solver Options There are many options that you can access to refine your results for each of the solving methods mentioned above access these by clicking on the OPTIONS button on the SOLVER PARAMETERS dialog EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 43 Solver And Scenario Manager The Solver uses sophisticated numeric analysis and iterative methods to perform trial-and-error calculations very quickly. The original values of the spreadsheet, therefore, have a profound effect on the result of a Solver solution. It may be the case that there is no concrete solution to a spreadsheet problem, and the Solver may produce a "best guess" within the specified constraints. Changing the original values and running the Solver again may produce a different result, and it may therefore by helpful to save the different "scenarios" that are produced. It may also be necessary to save scenarios where constraints have either been added, removed or amended. Using Excel's Scenario Manager can facilitate this, by allowing you to save each new Solver solution and compare it to previous ones. For most complex spreadsheet problems, the Solver and Scenario Manager are used together. Saving Solver Solutions When the Solver finds a solution that seems feasible, you may want to save it. ¾ Save a solution as a Scenario: Mouse i. After clicking Solve you have a choice. ii. You have the choice of restoring the original values if you are not satisfied and wish to try another solver solution iii. Once Solver has found a solution, choose SAVE SCENARIO from the dialog box. The scenario can be named and either the new values kept or the original values restored. 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 44 Solver Reports Once a Solver solution is obtained, a report can be generated to summarise the changes that have been made and how accurately the constraints have been satisfied. When changing cells have integer constraints, the only meaningful type of report is an ANSWER REPORT, which gives details of the target cell's original value and new value, the changes to the adjustable cells as well as all constraints. ¾ To create a solver report: Mouse i. Click ANSWER REPORT from the SOLVER RESULTS dialog box. ii. Click OK - Excel generates the report in a new sheet behind the current worksheet. iii. To see the report, choose the ANSWER REPORT tab: behind current worksheet EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 45 SCENARIOS ¾ To open scenario manager Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon; ii. SCENARIO MANAGER will appear. ¾ To view a saved Scenario: Mouse i. Open SCENARIO MANAGER ii. SCENARIO MANAGER will appear. All named scenarios will be listed. iii. Click on the appropriate name and choose SHOW to display the results. Typically, a scenario only holds the results of the changing cells set in any SOLVER PARAMETERS. Choosing EDIT from the SCENARIO MANAGER allows these values to be changed, or the Scenario renamed. Create A Scenario Manually Although solver can be used to create scenarios they can be manually created as well here we will create a simple group of scenarios to see how they may be used to store several sets of results. The purpose of the Scenario Manager is to allow you to save a number of alternative inputs for specific cells which affect the results in a worksheet. For example, you may want to see the results of changes in costs figures, and their impact on profits. A variety of different costs figures could be saved as different "scenarios,” and each one loaded in turn to produce comparisons. Open The Scenario Manager Once you have constructed your worksheet with the appropriate data and formulae, you are ready to set up scenarios. ¾ To set up scenarios: Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon. ii. Click the ADD button to name your scenario and define the CHANGING CELLS (the cells containing the values you want to vary for each scenario). The following dialog will appear: 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 46 iii. Type a name in the box marked SCENARIO NAME. iv. Click the button to the right of the CHANGING CELLS box to collapse the dialog allowing you to view the worksheet and select the cells containing the variables. Non consecutive cells may be selected using [CTRL] and click. Click the EXPAND button to expand the Add Scenario dialog once more. v. Click OK to add the Scenario. The SCENARIO VALUES dialog box will appear: vi. Type the value for the first changing cell that you want to save under the current scenario name. Press [TAB] to move to the next changing cell and type a value for that changing cell. Repeat the process until all changing cell values have been set for the current scenario. vii. Click the OK button to return to the SCENARIO MANAGER dialog viii. Click CLOSE to exit the Scenario Manager. Or i. Click the ADD button to define another scenario. ii. When all scenarios have been added, click OK to return to the SCENARIO MANAGER dialog and CLOSE to exit the Scenario Manager Showing A Scenario When several scenarios have been created, each one in turn can be shown. The values associated with that scenario will appear in the designated Changing Cells, and all the dependant formulae on the worksheet will update. Any charts dependant on the changing values will also update. The Scenario Manager dialog box will remain on screen, allowing you to click on an alternative scenario name and show it instead. ¾ To show scenarios: Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon. ii. Double-click the scenario name whose values you want on the worksheet. Or select the scenario and click SHOW The values will appear in the changing cells. iii. The dialog box remains on- screen allowing you to double-click EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 47 other scenario names and see how the changing values affect the data. iv. Click CLOSE to exit the SCENARIO MANAGER dialog. Editing A Scenario There are two main ways in which you might wish to change an existing scenario. You might want to amend the values of the changing cells, or add or delete changing cells. The approach is slightly different for each of these tasks. ¾ To change values in a scenario Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon; ii. Select the name of the scenario to be edited. iii. Click on the EDIT button and click OK to close the EDIT SCENARIO dialog and open the SCENARIO VALUES dialog iv. Change the values as required, and click on the OK button. This procedure can be repeated if necessary to edit other scenarios. ¾ To add changing cells: Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon; ( ii. Select the name of the scenario to be edited. iii. Click on the EDIT button and click the button to the right of the CHANGING CELLS box to collapse the EDIT SCENARIO dialog. iv. Hold down the [CTRL] key as you click and drag across the cells that you want to add. Click the button to expand the dialog. Click OK to confirm the addition. v. Enter the value for the newly added changing cell in the SCENARIO VALUES dialog and click OK to confirm. vi. Click CLOSE to exit the Scenario Manager. ¾ To remove changing cells: Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon; ii. Select the name of the scenario to be edited. iii. Click on the EDIT button. iv. Drag across the cell references of the cells you want to remove from the CHANGING CELLS box and press [DELETE]. Click OK to confirm the deletion and OK again to close the SCENARIO VALUES dialog. 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 48 v. Click CLOSE to exit the Scenario Manager. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 49 vi. Deleting A Scenario ¾ To delete a scenario: Mouse i. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA TOOLS group on the DATA Ribbon; ii. Select the name of the scenario to be deleted. There will be no prompt to confirm deletion when deleting a scenario so ensure you have the correct scenario selected. Take note you can’t undo the deletion of a scenario. iii. Click DELETE button. The scenario is removed Scenario Summary To allow you to see the results and values all in one sheet for comparison or graphical purposes you may use the scenario summary tool to transpose all the result cells and changing values in an easy to see table. ¾ To use scenario summary Mouse i. Open SCENARIO MANAGER. ii. Click on the SUMMARY button. iii. Choose scenario summary iv. The result cell or cells should be already in the RESULT CELLS box if you wish the SCENARIO SUMMARY to only show for a specific cell then change which result cell or cells you wish to display in the summary. v. Click OK to view the summary vi. Please note that the summary is grouped to enable you to collapse and view just the results if you wish. 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 50 VIEWS Excel's Custom Views are used to save and recall different display settings and print options. The Scenario Manager allows you to store changes to spreadsheet data and perform "what if" analysis. Custom Views Custom views allow you to save different display and print settings, and impose them quickly and easily on the worksheet at any time. The settings which can be saved include print settings, row heights and column widths, display settings, selected cells, window size and positions, settings for panes and frozen titles. This can be advantageous when dealing with large worksheets where switching from one area to another might otherwise be awkward. It also allows a number of different print settings - including print area - to be saved as part of the same worksheet file. Typical Custom View Model In the example above, Sales, Costs and Profits data can be seen at the top of the screen, with an embedded line chart underneath. There is also an embedded pie chart, which, at the moment, can only be seen by scrolling down the spreadsheet. It would be useful to be able to "swap" between the line chart and the pie chart while still able to see the spreadsheet figures. It may also be helpful to define different page settings, depending on whether the line chart or pie chart is being printed. By defining different spreadsheet "views,” it is possible to toggle between the different charts and keep the data on the screen at all times. It is also possible to print a different header when a different type of chart is displayed. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 51 Defining Views Before defining a view, you should ensure that the display options, zoom percentage, print settings etc. are as you wish to record them. ¾ To create a view: Mouse i. Click CUSTOM VIEWS from the WORKBOOK VIEWS group on the VIEW ribbon. The following dialog box will appear: ii. From the Custom Views dialog box, choose ADD. iii. Choose whether or not to include PRINT SETTINGS or HIDDEN ROWS AND COLUMNS as part of the View by checking the required options. iv. Enter the name under which this view is to be saved and click on OK. v. Change settings and create more views Once a view has been defined, the display and print settings of the worksheet can be changed (for example in our typical model you may want a view to display the pie chart next to the data with an appropriate header when printing). You can then set up a View that would save those settings. 2BSECTION 2 VIEWS, SCENARIOS, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 52 Showing A View Having defined as many views as are needed for the current worksheet, you can switch between them. ¾ To show a view: Mouse i. Click on the VIEW ribbon WORKBOOK VIEWS group, and CUSTOM VIEWS. ii. Click on the SHOW button. If Print or Print Preview commands are executed, the correct settings (including the header) will be apply to each view. ¾ To delete a view: Mouse i. Click on the VIEW ribbon WORKBOOK VIEWS group, and CUSTOM VIEWS. ii. Select a view you wish to delete. iii. Click the DELETE button. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 53 SECTION 3 USING EXCEL TO MANAGE LISTS By the end of this section you will be able to: Set up an Excel list Sort the list Create list subtotals Add, edit and delete list items using the data form. Use AutoFilter to find specific list data Use the Advanced filtering tools Analyse list data with data and PivotTables 3BSECTION 3 USING EXCEL TO MANAGE LISTS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 54 EXCEL LISTS, LIST TERMINOLOGY Although Excel's primary function is as a Spreadsheet, it can also be used for a number of list operations. It is possible to store, and manipulate information (customer records, staff records or stock inventories for example) on an Excel worksheet, organise it in different ways, and "query" the list to extract information which meets specific, user-defined criteria. The list is effectively treated as a database. In order to use Excel's database capacity, information must be laid out in rows and columns subject to certain constraints. There are some database terms with which the user should become familiar: Row And Column Content The information being stored must be divided up into categories. For example, information on staff might include Firstname, Lastname and Department. In an Excel List, each category must be entered in a separate column. Do not mix text and numbers in a column – the data must belong to the same category of information and therefore should be the same data type. Do not use spaces in front of column entries, use alignment buttons instead if you need to move data away from the column edges. Column Labels This is the title at the top of each column, describing the category of information which it contains. Each label name must be unique and must be made up of text rather than numbers or calculations. The column names must appear directly above the list information - they may not be separated from the rest of the list by a blank row. Format your column labels to distinguish them from the list data. List Size And Location The List is the whole collection of information, all Fields, Fieldnames and Records and should be laid out as a regular block of data. (Over 16,000 columns and over 1,000,000 rows) Do not place more than one list on a worksheet. If you want more than one list in a workbook, place each list on a separate sheet. (this is only a guide it will not affect functionality but when working with lists hidden rows can cause severe problems with other lists on same sheet) Leave at least one blank row and one blank column between the list and other data on the worksheet. Place additional data diagonally below and to the right of your list. This ensures that data will not be affected when you filter the list. Miscellaneous Excel does not distinguish between upper and lower case characters in a list, unless you use the Case-sensitive sort option. When you use formulae in lists, Excel uses the results of the formulae. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 55 SORTING DATA Although not confined to database information, the sorting facility in Excel is particularly appropriate for changing the order in which records are listed. Remember to save the file containing the database information prior to sorting. If you will need to restore the original record order, it is a good idea to include a column of record numbers before sorting the database. This can be achieved simply by adding a column with a suitable heading, and using the fill handle or the data series command to enter consecutive numbers adjacent to each record. When using any data handling techniques ensure you have: Selected a cell somewhere in the data list. Have NO MORE than one cell selected Excel automatically selects the entire list for sorting. It compares the top rows of your list for formatting differences. If there is a difference in the formatting of the top row, Excel identifies that row as column labels and excludes it from the sort. This ensures the column labels will not be sorted with the rest of the data. Quick Sort ¾ To perform a single-level sort: (quick sort) Mouse i. Select a cell in the list within the column by which you want to sort. ii. Click the SORT ASCENDING or SORT DESCENDING BUTTON from the DATA ribbon, SORT & FILTER group OR Mouse i. Click within the data to be sorted in the column you wish to sort by ii. Click the SORT A TO Z or SORT Z TO A option from the SORT & FILTER button on the HOME ribbon in the EDITING group iii. The data will be sorted alphabetically or numerically by that column 3BSECTION 3 USING EXCEL TO MANAGE LISTS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 56 Multi Level Sort ¾ To perform a multi-level sort: Mouse i. Click within the data to be sorted. ii. Choose the SORT button from the DATA ribbon, SORT & FILTER group The following dialog box will appear in which from which you may specify the Sort fields and the Sort order. iii. From the Sort By drop-down list, select the field you want to use as the main sort order. iv. Select from the next drop down list what you want to sort on by default this will be the data (values) v. Select the ASCENDING or DESCENDING from the drop down list depending on which order you wish the data sorted in. vi. Select ADD LEVEL i. Specify any sub-sorts using the THEN BY drop-down lists to pick the subsequent fields to sort by when duplicates occur in the main sort field. vii. You may add many levels to your sorting of data. If you wish to reorder your sorting levels use the reorder buttons by selecting a level and moving it up or down viii. If you have an incorrect level in your many sort orders. Select it and click on delete level. ix. Click OK. to apply sort orders OR Mouse i. Click the CUSTOM SORT option from the Sort & Filter button on the HOME ribbon in the EDITING group EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 57 ii. The CUSTOM SORT dialog will appear. iii. Continue as previous iv. Click OK. to apply sort orders Custom Sorting Options The ascending and descending sort orders rearrange your list by alphabetical, numerical, reverse alphabetical or reverse numerical order. For some types of data, such as months, this may not be the order that you need to use. You can use one of the custom sort orders provided with the Excel program to rearrange your data in chronological order by day of the week or by month. ¾ To sort by a custom sort order: Mouse i. Place the active cell within the list. ii. Click the Custom sort option from the Sort & Filter button on the HOME ribbon in the EDITING group OR i. Choose SORT, button from the DATA ribbon, SORT & FILTER group. ii. From the SORT BY drop-down list, select the column by which you want to sort. iii. From the SORT ON drop down list select what you want to sort on (Values) iv. From the ORDER drop down list select CUSTOM LIST v. The following dialog box will appear vi. Select a custom list from the left hand box. vii. Click on OK to close the list dialog and apply sort order to level and click on OK again to perform the sort. 3BSECTION 3 USING EXCEL TO MANAGE LISTS http://www.mousetraining.co.uk © The Mouse Training Company 58 Creating A Custom Sort Order When sorting by ascending, descending or chronological order is not suitable for the data in a list, you can create a custom sort order. Custom sort orders enable you to give Excel the exact order to rearrange data. Custom sort orders are helpful for data such as Low, Medium, High, where neither alphabetical nor an existing custom sort order will provide the desired results. ¾ To create a custom sort order: Mouse i. Click the CUSTOM SORT option from the SORT & FILTER button on the HOME ribbon in the EDITING group OR i. Choose the SORT, button from the DATA ribbon, SORT & FILTER group. OR i. Click on the FILE RIBBON and select the OPTIONS button. In the ADVANCED section . scroll down and click on the EDIT CUSTOM LISTS button ii. In the CUSTOM LISTS box, verify that NEW LIST is selected. iii. In the LIST ENTRIES box, type each unique entry in the order you want to sort the entries. Separate the entries by pressing ENTER. iv. Click ADD the list entries will appear in the left hand box v. Click OK. Custom sort orders are saved with the Excel 2010 program settings and are available for use with all worksheets. You can use a custom list with the AutoFill feature. EXCEL 2010 ADVANCED © The Mouse Training Company http://www.mousetraining.co.uk 59 SUBTOTALS Excel can automatically add subtotals to a list of data. Your subtotals can sum numeric data or find highest and lowest values and averages. You can also count the number of rows in a group. Organising The List For Subtotals When you issue the subtotals command, Excel will need to know where to add the subtotals in. In the example adjacent, if you wanted to see subtotals for the revenue generated per product, you would first need to sort the list into Product order. Similarly, if you wanted to see how much each salesperson had sold; you would sort the list by Salesperson before adding the subtotals in. Create Subtotals ¾ To add subtotals to a list: Mouse i. Sort your List ii. Choose SUBTOTALS from the OUTLINE group on the DATA ribbon. The following dialog box will appear: iii. Click the drop-down list arrow to the right of the 'AT EACH CHANGE IN' box to display your column headings. Pick the heading according to which column you have used to sort the data. iv. Click the drop-down list arrow to the right of the USE FUNCTION box to display a list of functions you can use to summarise data in your list. Click the function that you want. v. Use the scroll arrows in the ADD SUBTOTAL TO list to set which columns you want to add the subtotals to. Check the box next to the column to subtotal. You can add subtotals to more than one column. vi. Set options for the new subtotals using the check boxes at the bottom of the dialog. vii. If you want each subtotalled group on a separate page, check PAGE BREAK BETWEEN GROUPS. viii. SUMMARY BELOW DETAIL adds subtotals and an overall total BELOW the groups of data rather than above. ix. REPLACE CURRENT SUBTOTALS ensures that the new subtotals overwrite any existing ones.