Emmy Noether
Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy Noether
Born
23 March 1882 (1882-03-23)
Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
Died
14 April 1935 (1935-04-15)
(aged 53)
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania,
USA
Citizenship
Germany (1882–1933)
United States (1933–35)
Fields
Mathematics and Physics
Institutions
University of Göttingen
Bryn Mawr College
Alma mater
University of Erlangen
Doctoral
advisor
Paul Gordan
Doctoral
students
Grete Hermann
Max Deuring
Hans Fitting
Zeng Jiongzhi
Known for
Abstract algebra
Theoretical physics
Amalie Emmy Noether, German pronunci-
ation: [ˈnøːtɐ], (23 March 1882 – 14 April
1935) was a German mathematician known
for her groundbreaking contributions to ab-
stract
algebra and
theoretical
physics.
Described by Albert Einstein and others as
the most important woman in the history of
mathematics,[1][2] she revolutionized the the-
ories of rings, fields, and algebras. In phys-
ics, Noether’s theorem explains the funda-
mental connection between symmetry and
conservation laws.[3]
She was born to a Jewish family in the
Bavarian town of Erlangen; her father was
the mathematician Max Noether. Emmy ori-
ginally planned to teach French and English
after passing the required examinations, but
instead
studied mathematics
at
the
University of Erlangen where her father lec-
tured. After completing her dissertation in
1907 under the supervision of Paul Gordan
she worked at the Mathematical Institute of
Erlangen without pay for seven years. In
1915 she was invited by David Hilbert and
Felix Klein to join the mathematics depart-
ment at the University of Göttingen, a world-
renowned center of mathematical research.
The philosophical faculty objected, however,
and she spent four years lecturing under Hil-
bert’s name. Her habilitation was approved
in 1919, allowing her to obtain the rank of
privatdozent.
Noether remained a leading member of
the Göttingen mathematics department until
1933; her students were sometimes called
the "Noether boys". In 1924 Dutch mathem-
atician B. L. van der Waerden joined her
circle and soon became the le