countries
and their
cultures
countries
and their
cultures
volume 1
Melvin Ember and Carol R. Ember, Editors
Afghanistan
to
Czech Republic
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EDITORS IN CHIEF
MELVIN EMBER, President, Human Relations Area Files
CAROL R. EMBER, Executive Director, Human Relations Area Files
ADVISORY BOARD
H. RUSSELL BERNARD, University of Florida
E. PAUL DURRENBERGER, Pennsylvania State University
STEVAN HARRELL, University of Washington
PAUL HOCKINGS, University of Illinois, Chicago
CONRAD P. KOTTAK, University of Michigan
LOUISE D. LENNIHAN, City University of New York
SUSAN M. PARMAN, California State University, Fullerton
PAULA L. W. SABLOFF, University of Pennsylvania
NORMAN E. WHITTEN, JR., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Countries and Their Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations
Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of
cultural anthropology, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and
more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of
HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and
culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one
million pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the
world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures,
is accessible via the World Wide Web to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first
installment of which appeared in 1999, is also accessible on the Web to those member institutions opting
to receive it.
E D I T O R I A L B O A R D
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Countries and Their Cultures
Copyright © 2001 Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechani