Carlson: Physiology of Behavior
LECTURE OUTLINE
I.
Neurons
A.
Basic Structure
1.
Soma
2.
Dendrites
3.
Axon
4.
Terminal buttons
5.
Internal structure
a)
Membrane
b)
Nucleus
(1)
Nucleolus — produces ribosomes
(2)
Ribosomes — produce proteins
(3)
Chromosomes —- genetic information
(a)
DNA
(b)
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) – attaches to
ribosome and produces protein
(c)
Non-Protein coding DNA
(d)
Messenger non-coding Ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) –
modify proteins that regulate gene expression
c)
Cytoplasm – jelly like fluid containing organelles
(1)
Mitochondria - Extract energy from nutrients -Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
(2)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(a)
Storage
(b)
Transport
(c)
Rough — Ribosomes – protein transported out of cell
(d)
Smooth — Segregation of molecules — Golgi apparatus
(i)
Assembles complex molecules
(ii)
Packages hormones
(iii)
Produces lysosomes — enzymes to break down
cell waste
d)
Cytoskeleton (insoluble Protein)
(1)
Microtubules
(2)
Axoplasmic Transport
(a)
Anterograde - Soma to terminal buttons - Requires
kinesis protein
Retrograde - Terminal buttons to soma
B.
Supporting Cells
1.
Glia - Central Nervous System
a)
Functions
(1)
Nutrients
(2)
Support
(3)
Insulation
(4)
Housekeeping
b)
Astrocyte
(1)
Physical support
(2)
Wrap around neuron and blood vessels
(3)
Break down glucose to lactate for neuron metabolism
(4)
Store glycogen
(5)
Cleanup - phagocytosis
(6)
Isolate synapses
(7)
Stop elongating and begin produce terminal buttons
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Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells
of the Nervous System
c)
Oligodendrocyte
(1)
Support
(2)
Produce myelin sheath
d)
Microglia
(1)
Act as phagocyte
(2)
Protect brain from invading organisms – immune system
function
2.
Schwann Cells -— Peripheral Nervous System
a)
Produce myelin
b)
Digestion of dead and dying neurons
c)
Tubes for axon re-growth
d)
Signal neuron to elongate
C.
Blood Brain Barrier
1.
Selectively permeable
2.
More permeable in area postrema (detect toxins)
II.
Communication