Lee Schipper, Ph. D.
Director of Research EMBARQ.
The WRI Center for Transport and
Environment
Improving Fuel Economy and Saving Fuel in
Mexico: Experience in Europe
Saving Transport Fuel in Europe: Outline
• Fuel and Vehicle Pricing Strategies
• High fuel prices as away of life
• Differential fuel prices and taxes
• Standards and Fuel Economy Voluntary Agreements
• Jawboning in the 1970s and Voluntary Agreement in the late 1990s
• Green Owner Fee and other recent targeted programs
• Other Complementary Measures
• Toll rings, road pricing and congestion charges
• Variable charges in place of fixed ones
• Modal shifts
• Dangers to Avoid
• Rebound effects
• Cloudy path of Diesels and other “cheap” alternative fuels
• Conclusions
…
“The Road From Kyoto”
Transport/Co2 Policies In 6 IEA Countries
(US, UK, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands)
“Saving Oil And Reducing Co2 Emissions In Transport”
•Potential Large, Progress Slow, Risks High
•Main Elements (except US)
•Transport Sector Reform as Umbrella
•Voluntary Agreement on Car Fuel Economy (also Japan)
•Serious Efforts at Trucking Reform, Rail Revival
•Serious Efforts at Land Use, “Soft Modes” in NL, UK, DK, S
•Price Signals All Over the European Map
•Fuel and Transport Pricing “Variabilisation” over All Modes
•Heavy Technology Investment (mainly US, Japan)
•Hard Lesson: Many Years to See Impacts
Main Lesson From Europe: Embed CO2 and Fuel Saving
Policies in Transport, Clean Air Goals
“ASIF” Decomposition
G
= A
Si
Ii
Fi,j
Emissions and Fuel
Use from
Transport
*
*
*
Occupancy/
Load Factor
Vehicle fuel
intensity
Vehicle characteristics
Technological energy
efficiency
Real drive cycles and routing
Veh-km and
pass-km by mode
Modal Energy
Intensity
Emissions per
unit of energy
or volume or km
Total Transport
Activity
Attack All Components of Fuel Use
Air pollution;
exposure and
health effects.
Global CO2
Fuel
economy
standards,
fuel prices
car taxes
Fuel prices
The Economy, Car Prices and Fuel Saving
•
Incomes, Car Pricing/Taxati