The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook
for High School Students Studying Chemistry.
FHSST Authors1
June 12, 2005
1See http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/fhsst
Copyright c© 2003 “Free High School Science Texts”
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this docu-
ment under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Ver-
sion 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foun-
dation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
i
Contents
I MATTER AND MATERIALS
1
1 Classification of Materials (Grade 10)
2
2 What is matter made of? (Grade 10)
3
3 The Atom (Grade 10)
4
3.1 Models of the atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3.1.1 The Plum Pudding Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3.1.2 The Bohr Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
3.1.3 The Wave Model / Quantum Mechanical Model
. . . . .
5
3.2 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
3.2.1 The Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
3.2.2 The Nucleus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
3.3
Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
3.4 Energy quantization and electron configuration . . . . . . . . . .
9
3.5 Periodicity of ionization energy to support atom arrangement in
Periodic Table
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
3.6 Successive ionisation energies to provide evidence for arrange-
ment of electrons into core and valence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
4 Atomic combinations, Molecular structure, Chemical Bonding
(Grade 11)
10
4.1 Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
4.2 What is a molecule? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
4.2.1 Van Der Waals forces
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
4.2.2 Bonding and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
4.3 Types of bonding