Charting Special Topic: Performance Charts IT 7113 Data Visualization J.G. Zheng Fall 2023 http://idi.Kennesaw.edu/it7113/ Overview • KPI charts – Bullet graph – Waffle chart – Gauge – Chart sets • Other visualization features – Traffic light system – Indication of differences – Score cards and sparkline • Other performance related chart – Waterfall/bridge chart – Perceptual map 2 This lectures introduces some commonly used chart types for business performance reporting and communication. Performance and KPI • Performance management (PM) is the process of ensuring that a set of activities and outputs meets an organization's goals in an effective and efficient manner. • A performance system utilizes KPI (Key Performance Indicator) to define and tack performances. – A KPI is a metric that is tied to a target. – The KPI score and its visual indicator are designed to let a business user know at a glance if results are on target or off target. – Meeting budget or goals: meet, warning, not meet • Commonly components of a KPI – Metric value: actual fact – Target value: could be a budget, average, goal – Status range • Commonly used charts for KPI – Gauge chart – Waffle chart – Bullet chart 3 Gauge Chart • The gauge (dial) chart plots a single value on gauge-type image, similar to an odometer. – Basic gauge chart can be of a circle shape or half circle shape. – The value needle that represents the value positions itself between the maximum and minimum values for the dial. • Often used for operational performance monitoring, or single value critical measure 4 Image from https://www.fusioncharts.com/charts/gauges Gauge Chart Variations • Basic types – Circle or partial circle needle dial chart – Donut chart – Linear or bar gauge chart • More examples – https://www.datapine.com/blog/gauge-chart-examples/ 5 Donut gauge chart image from https://xviz.com/blogs/5- visuals-that-add-value-to- your-power-bi-dashboards/ Linear gauge image from https://www.fusioncharts.com/ dev/chart-guide/gauges-and- widgets/linear-gauge Gauge Chart Set • Gauge chart can also be stacked for multiple KPIs – Nested – Small multiple matrix – Multiple needles – One line Row/Column 6 https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CRM /company-insights?p=CRM Multiple needles https://www.ibm.com/d ocs/en/cognos- analytics/11.0.0?topic =types-gauge-charts Image from https://xviz.com/blogs/5- visuals-that-add-value-to- your-power-bi-dashboards/ Waffle Chart • A waffle chart is an alternative style to show progress towards a target or a completion percentage. There is a grid of small units, of which colored cells represent the data. • A chart can consist of one category or several categories. Multiple waffle charts can be put together to show a set of related measures for comparison. • Some argues it is a good replacement of pie charts – https://www.barefootdatascience.com/2017/09/17/waffle-vs-pie-a-visualization-showdown/ – See discussions in this thread https://twitter.com/storywithdata/status/634145280649068544 • Reference – https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/what-is-a-square-area-chart – https://datavizproject.com/data-type/percentage-grid/ 7 Image from https://www.storytellingwithdata.com /blog/what-is-a-square-area-chart A case for waffle chart • Waffle chart set for a list of measures – alternatives to pie charts. 8 https://twitter.com/storywithdata/status/634145280649068544 https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/recnac/viz/ WaffleChart_15649955440870/Dashboard1 Also refer to https://www.pluralsight.com/guides/tableau- playbook-individual-waffle-chart Bullet Chart/Graph • A bullet chart/graph is a chart to indicate performance against benchmarks and goals. – A variation of a bar graph – Serves as a replacement for dashboard gauges and meters • A bullet graph can be either horizontal or vertical depending on the alignment of the quantitative scale. The choice of vertical or horizontal alignment depends on the available space for the visualization. • Reference – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_graph – http://www.datavizcatalogue.com/methods/bullet_graph.html 9 The bullet combines four related measures/values and shows them in a compact style. https://www.fusioncharts.com/resources/ch art-primers/bullet-graph Bullet Graph Variations 10 https://www.clearlyandsimply.com/clearly _and_simply/2017/05/an-alternative- design-of-bullet-graphs.html Classic traffic light coloring system can be used https://datavizcatalogue.com/methods/bullet_graph.html https://www.storytellingwi thdata.com/blog/what-is- a-bullet-graph Color coded bullet chart Without performance ranges Emphasizing the gap Bullet Graph Sets • Because of its compact style, a set of bullet graphs can be placed together to show a set of measures and compare them at once. 11 Because of its small size, it can be used like sparklines in a table. Traffic Light System • Traffic light color system (also called RAG system) uses three to represent performance – Red: trouble/alert – Amber/yellow: warning – Green: good – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/traffic-light-concept-stephen-lynch/ • Sometimes more steps of colors are used • More references – https://citoolkit.com/articles/traffic-light-assessment/ – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_rating_system – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312292748_The_traffic_li ght_procedure_for_decision_making_its_rapid_extension_from_fis heries_to_other_sectors_of_the_economy 12 Differences/Gaps in Performance • The differences of actual and target can also be visualized or labelled for special attention. • A standard variance chart can be used – Tableau example: https://public.tableau.com/profile/ceterisag#!/vizh ome/ibcs/IBCS 13 https://www.clearlyandsimply.com/clear ly_and_simply/2017/05/an-alternative- design-of-bullet-graphs.html Image from https://ibcs.konveio.site/ibcs-standards-12#page=84 Sparklines and Scorecards • Condensed format to show and visualize KPI 14 Because of its small size, it can be used like sparklines in a table. Image from https://zebrabi.com/ibcs/ Creating Performance Charts • A simple single measure gauge chart: https://www.evolytics.com/blog/tableau-201-how-to-make-donut-charts/ and another alternative tutorial (choose any one for submission) – https://www.cleartelligence.com/post/gauge-charts-without-data-densification • Bullet chart: – https://playfairdata.com/dashboard-gauge-1-how-to-make-bullet-graphs-in-tableau/ – Tableau: Bullet graphs are a “Show Me” option in Tableau, but many found that this option did not always provide the best results – https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/qs_bullet_graphs.htm – https://playfairdata.com/dashboard-gauge-1-how-to-make-bullet-graphs-in-tableau/ – https://evolytics.com/blog/tableau-201-how-to-make-bullet-graphs/ • Waffle chart (choose just one of the following to submit): – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRpBkl6-uhU (This one is one of the originals but it is a bit aged; you may need some research and trouble shooting. You can create the grid data file yourself or follow the blog post http://www.vizwiz.com/2017/01/tableau-tip-tuesday-how-to-create.html to get the template) – https://www.pluralsight.com/guides/tableau-playbook-waffle-chart - inspired by the above (there is a second part of this https://www.pluralsight.com/guides/tableau-playbook-individual-waffle-chart) • A more complex gauge https://www.phdata.io/blog/how-to-make-a-gauge-chart-in-tableau/ • Gauge chart set: https://intellipaat.com/blog/tableau-gauge-chart/ • More bullet chart customizations: https://playfairdata.com/3-ways-to-make-brilliant-bullet-graphs-in-tableau/ • Performance related data: https://www.kenflerlage.com/2017/09/alternatives-to-nps-gauges.html 15 OTHER PERFORMANCE RELATED CHARTS Waterfall/bridge chart Perceptual map 16 Waterfall/Bridge Chart • A waterfall chart helps in understanding the cumulative effect of sequentially introduced positive or negative values. It shows how an initial value is affected by a series of intermediate positive or negative values. – https://datavizproject.com/data-type/waterfall-chart/ – These intermediate values can either be time based or category based. • Why use this chart? – Mainly used to show important factors or components that drives the performance change. – But at the same time also shows the cumulative total. 17 Starting point A serials of intermediate steps (impacting factors). The size of the column indicates the value. Ending point Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_chart Sometimes there is a middle point Each step shows the contributing value and the cumulative total. Waterfall Chart Use Cases • To show categorical impact – Product lines – Initiatives – Departments – Account type – Etc. • To show periodical contribution – Year – Month – Week 18 Image from https://www.wsj.com/articles/S B1000142405297020479530 4577221063135502908 https://xviz.com/blogs/5-visuals-that- add-value-to-your-power-bi- dashboards/ Waterfall Chart Variations 19 Show percentage of change as well Paired/stacked waterfall chart https://peltiertech.com/paired- waterfall-chart/ Creating Waterfall Chart • Tableau – no direct support – A blog https://evolytics.com/blog/tableau-201-make-waterfall- chart/ – A video tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R15nXtKq- MQ – https://playfairdata.com/3-ways-to-make-wonderful-waterfall- charts-in-tableau/ • Power BI – direct support – https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/power-bi/visuals/power-bi- visualization-waterfall-charts – https://xviz.com/blogs/7-visualization-techniques-with- waterfall-chart-in-power-bi/ • Excel – direct support – https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-waterfall- chart-8de1ece4-ff21-4d37-acd7-546f5527f185 20 Perceptual/Positioning Map • Firms use perceptual or positioning maps to help them develop a market positioning strategy for their product or service. As the maps are based on the perception of the buyer they are sometimes called perceptual maps. Positioning maps show where existing products and services are positioned in the market so that the firm can decide where they would like to place (position) their product. – Positioning map looks very similar, but it measures objective features rather than perceptions. • The most common chart type used for perceptual map is basically a scattered plot or a bubble chart. – https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2021/5/11/what- is-a-bubble-chart • Perceptual mapping was initially used for marketing to display the perceptions of customers, products, or brands. It then has been applied in many areas (such as stocks, projects, players, etc.) just to see how things are related in a typical two-dimension (axis) map. • Reference – https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/perceptual-map/ 21 A data item is placed in the chart based on its two values against the x and y axis. Mapping Two More Attributes • In addition to positions in the plot. Two attributes are usually added – Color coding for categories – Bubble size for a third quantitative measure 22 https://public.tableau.com/profile/levy2725#!/vizho me/2015-163-and-D-ness/Dashboard1 Perceptual Maps Uses and Variations • Perceptual maps are commonly used for data exploration, showing large number of items with many filtering and axes settings • Products (management, exploration, evaluation) – https://www.productchart.com – G2 Grid https://www.g2.com/categories/data-visualization#grid – Gartner Magic Quadrant: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/magic-quadrants-research • Player performance – https://public.tableau.com/profile/levy2725#!/vizhome/2015-163-and-D-ness/Dashboard1 – https://theanalyst.com/na/2021/10/nba-stats-and-player-projections/ • Stock portfolio – https://finviz.com/bubbles.ashx • Countries – https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles&url=v1 • Company positioning • Others – Market segments https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/danw5765/viz/Wk3- STARPerceptualMap/STARPerceptualMap – https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-dietary-energy-supply-from-carbohydrates-vs-gdp-per-capita 23 Key Learning Resources • Gauge chart: https://www.datapine.com/blog/gauge-chart-examples/ • Waffle chart: https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/what-is-a-square-area- chart • Bullet chart – What is a bullet graph? https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/what-is-a-bullet-graph – 5 Use Cases For Bullet Charts https://visualbi.com/blogs/business- intelligence/dashboards/bullet-charts-use-cases/ • Waterfall chart – What is a waterfall? https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2020/11/16/what-is-a- waterfall – https://www.fusioncharts.com/resources/chart-primers/waterfall-chart • Perceptual map (bubble chart) – What is a bubble chart? https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2021/5/11/what-is-a- bubble-chart – https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/perceptual-map/ • The traffic light concept: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/traffic-light-concept- stephen-lynch/ 24 Additional Good Resources • https://xviz.com/blogs/5-visuals-that-add-value-to-your-power-bi-dashboards/ • Performance related data: https://www.kenflerlage.com/2017/09/alternatives-to-nps- gauges.html • Accessibility design for traffic light system – https://www.visualisingdata.com/2019/08/five-ways-to-design-for-red-green-colour-blindness/ – https://uxdesign.cc/beautiful-accessible-traffic-light-colors-b2b14a102a38 • Bullet graph – https://datavizcatalogue.com/methods/bullet_graph.html – https://storyiq.com/sparklines-and-bullet-graphs-in-excel-how-to-make-advanced-charts-to-track-your- companys-performance/ – https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/reference-library/visual-analytics/charts/bullet-graphs • Perceptual maps – https://www.perceptualmaps.com – https://www.segmentationstudyguide.com/understanding-perceptual-maps/perceptual-maps/ – https://www.groupmap.com/map-templates/perceptual-map/ – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clncNOBx1C8 • Variance analysis charts – https://datadriven.pro/2019/04/16/9-ways-to-do-variance-analysis-in-power-bi/ 25