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Published in 117(2): Feb 2009
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Open Access
Research Article
Endocrine Disruptors in the Workplace, Hair
Spray, Folate Supplementation, and Risk of
Hypospadias: Case–Control Study
Article
Gillian Ormond1,2, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen2,3, Paul Nelson4, Mireille B. Toledano2, Nina Iszatt2, Sara
Geneletti2, Paul Elliott2
1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 2 Department
of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 3 Center for
Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM),
CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain, 4 Independent Public Health
Consultant, Phrisk Ltd, London, United Kingdom
Abstract Top
Background
Hypospadias is one of the most common urogenital congenital anomalies affecting baby boys. Prevalence
estimates in Europe range from 4 to 24 per 10,000 births, depending on definition, with higher rates
reported from the United States. Relatively little is known about potential risk factors, but a role for
endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been proposed.
Objective
Our goal was to elucidate the risk of hypospadias associated with occupational exposure of the mother to
endocrine-disruptor chemicals, us