© Center for Energy Economics
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LNG SAFETY AND SECURITY
Michelle Michot Foss, Ph.D.
Chief Energy Economist and CEE Head
1650 Highway 6, Suite 300
Sugar Land, Texas 77478
Tel 281-313-9763 Fax 281-340-3482
energyecon@beg.utexas.edu
www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng
October 2003
LNG Safety and Security - 2 –
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.................................................................................... 5
Introduction .............................................................................................. 7
Safety Considerations in LNG Operations ....................................................... 9
LNG Properties and Potential Hazards.......................................................... 12
LNG Properties .................................................................................. 12
Types of LNG Hazards ........................................................................ 17
How Is a Safe, Secure LNG Value Chain Achieved? ........................................ 19
Brief Overview of the LNG Value Chain.................................................. 20
The Current LNG Value Chain in the U.S................................................ 20
Application of Safety Conditions to the LNG Value Chain.......................... 26
Conclusions ............................................................................................. 42
Appendix 1: LNG Frequently Asked Questions............................................... 44
Appendix 2: Descriptions of LNG Facilities .................................................... 56
Appendix 3: LNG Regulations ..................................................................... 60
Appendix 4: Who Regulates LNG in the U.S.? ............................................... 63
Appendix 5: Risk Perception....................................................................... 69
Appendix 6: Major LNG Incidents.............