International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1082 Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061–Ca2SiO3 Composite B. C. Chukwudi, B. M. Ogunedo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria ABSTRACT The advantage of composite materials over non-alloy/virgin metals has been on the front burner in the engineering materials sphere. To this ends, various reinforcement materials are constantly been mixed with metal matrix to form new composite materials. Ca2SiO3 is a ceramic material which finds application in medicine, heat and noise insulation, acid remediation, cement production etc. since it possesses qualities needed for the formation of composites, and is largely not researched on, this study aimed to characterize the mechanical properties of the AA 6061 - Ca2SiO3 composite for different composition of percentage mix, and to establish a model that would predict the UTS for known values of percentage mix and load. Result of the study shows that 6% Ca2SiO3 – 94% AA 6061 and 24% Ca2SiO3 – 76% AA 6061 possessed the highest modulus of elasticity and are stiffer while 2% Ca2SiO3 – 98% AA 6061 mix had the lowest modulus of elasticity, and is more ductile than other composition mix. Also, it was observed that addition of Ca2SiO3 to AA 6061 T4 greatly improves its mechanical properties and96.43% of the variations in stress experienced by various percentage composition of the composite mix can be explained by the developed model. KEYWORDS: Characterization, Composite, Modelling, Aluminium, Calcium Silicate How to cite this paper: B. C. Chukwudi | B. M. Ogunedo "Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061–Ca2SiO3 Composite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6, October 2021, pp.1082-1092, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47596.pdf Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) INTRODUCTION The material industry in recent times has been experiencing a lot of changes as new materials are being formed/modified to match up with the ever changing material requirements of this technological age. A contributing factor to this development is the benefits inherent in composite materials. It has been generally proven that two or more materials which possess different physico-chemical properties are combined; the end material is usually an improvement on the properties of the individual parent materials. In the broad classification of Engineering materials, metals are the most commonly used class [1 – 2] mainly due to the desirable properties they possess. For instance, Aluminium finds wide application in power lines, high-rise buildings, window frames, consumer electronics, industrial and household appliances, aircraft components, spacecraft components, roofing sheets, ships, trains, etc. Although Aluminium has excellent chemical, physical, and mechanical properties such as corrosion resistance, low density, non-toxic, high-strength to- weight ratio [3], it is often times used as an alloy because it is not particularly strong [3]. The alloying material will be chosen based on the new material requirement in line with the condition of the environment/factors the material will be subjected to during its life time/ service period. For metal matrix composites, the alloying material is usually a ceramic which act as a reinforcement embedded in the metal matrix phase. In this combination, the matrix transfers the load exerted on it to the reinforcing element, thereby increasing the load bearing capacity of the composite. Reinforcement materials used in Aluminium composites (AMC) are basically carbides, Oxides, or Borides such as Al2O3, TiB2, TiO2, SiC, TiC, B4C etc. [4]. Other materials include fly ash, [5], red mud[6], borate whisker, and have all been proven to improve the material properties of Aluminium such as relative density, hardness and tensile strength [7]. For instance, in a study carried out by Prabhuet. al. [8], where TiO2 was used to reinforce Al6061, TiO2 was added by 1% - 4% by weight fractions with increment of 1%. Result of the research showed increase in hardness as a result of the addition of TiO2. Addition of TiO2 increased the hardness by 15%, 24%, 36%, and 44% respectively. The ultimate IJTSRD47596 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1083 tensile strength had a maximum increment value of 14% at 3% composition of TiO2. Qudeiriet. Al. [6] noted that when 8 wt% reinforcement of Fe2O3 is added to Al 6061, it increases the hardness and UTS by 30% and 25% respectively when compared to unreinforced Al 6061. Ravirajet. al. [8] noted that addition of TiC prominently refines the graun structure of the composite and also increases the strength. Kandpalet.al.,[9] while working on AA6061-Al2O3 composite introduced 5% - 20% of Al2O3 in 5% increments and revealed that both hardness and UTS increased with increment in Al2O3 showing that the mechanical properties of AA 6061 are greatly influenced by reinforcement composition. Li et. al., [10] while working on fabrication and characterization of stir casting AA 6061-31% B4C composite revealed AA 6061 – 31% B4C composite had UTS of 340 MPa, signifying an improvement in virgin AA 6061 by 96.5%. Moses et.al.[11]fabricated an AA 6061 – SiC composites with 5%, 10% and 15% of SiC weight fraction as reinforcement of the 3 samples of the composite. The result showed that composite with 15% of weight fraction had 133.33% higher microhardness and 65.2% higher ultimate shear strength compared to unreinforced AA 6061 alloy. Vanarotti[12] while characterizing an AL 356 – SiC composite noted increase in SiC increases the hardness of the composite when compared to the unreinforced Al 356. Aluminium alloy and other reinforcements Gladston et.al., [13] Prasad and Krishna [14] in their works all agreed that increase in rice husk increases the hardness of Aluminium matrix, and also increases the UTS when 15% weight fraction of rice husk is added to Aluminium matrix. Glass has also been used to reinforce AA 6061, one of such a research was carried out by [15] where composites were prepared by adding 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% of glass by weight fraction. It was observed that addition of glass reinforcement increased the number of dislocations, thereby restricting its movement and resulted in the increase of UTS by 61.3%. In a bid to promote cheap and easily available materials as composites, Chethanet. al.,[16] used bamboo charcoal as reinforcement material for AA 6061. 2%, 4%, and 6% eight fractions were reinforced into matrix respectively. Outcome of the research showed that increase in the reinforcement material increases the composite hardness and decreases the UTS when compared with the virgin alloy. Most published works on AMCs centre on the use of reinforcement materials such as SiC, TiC Al2O3, B4C, AlN, fly ash, Red mud, rice husk, corn cob, bamboo charcoal, and hybrid. The hybrid consist of an Aluminium matrix and a combination of more than one type of reinforcement material which could either be organic or inorganic as seen in the works of [17 – 27]. While the inorganic reinforcement offer improvement in the material properties of the matrix, high cost and complexities in synthesis routes pose a demerit to their wide scale use. On the other hand, the organic reinforcement could favour one mechanical property against another [16, 28, 29]. Major property requirements from reinforcement materials for AMCs include: high stiffness, hardness, compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity [30] etc. these properties are found in Calcium Silicate which has found wide acceptance in applications such as Endodontic treatment [31], bone replacement [32] heat insulation, fire protection and remediation of acid drainage [33], cement production [34]. However, with these properties possessed by Ca2SiO3, there is yet to be a Research carried on Al matrix – Ca2SiO3 composite. Hence this study has as its aim characterization of some mechanical properties of an AA 6061 – Ca2SiO3 and develops a model that establishes the relationship between stress value, load and various composition mix of the composite. Methodology AA 6061 T4 was used as the matrix material while Ca2SiO3 fibre was used as the reinforcement material. The elemental composition of AA 6061T4 and Ca2SiO3 fibre are given in table 1 while figure 1 shows the elemental analysis of the Ca2SiO3 sample using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Table 1: Chemical Composition of AA 6061 Aluminium Alloy and Ca2SiO3 Element AA 6061 T4 Ca2SiO3 Composition (Mass %) Composition (Mass %) Al 98.58 8.75 Mg 0.28 - Si 0.22 37.163 Fe 0.20 0.825 Cu 0.18 0.030 Cr 0.16 - Zn 0.15 0.085 Ti 0.12 - International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1084 Mn 0.11 - P - 0.365 S - 0.727 Ca - 51.05 V - 0.005 Co - 0.008 Ni - 0.010 Pb - 0.023 W - 0.072 Ag - 0.005 Rb - 0.005 Mo - 0.285 Sn - 0.316 Sb - 0.276 Figure 1: Elemental analysis of a 37g Ca2SiO3 sample Stir casting method was used to produce the AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 composite whereby fine particles of Ca2SiO3 were dispersed in molten AA 6061 T4 matrix that was melted in a crucible electric induction furnace. Stirring was achieved through the aid of propeller blades that are attached to a shaft connected to an AC stepper motor which allows for varying rotational speed of the stirrer. Process parameters considered during the operation includes the following: Reinforcement particle size: reinforcement particle size was considered because as stated by [35] strengthening effect is maximum when finer reinforcement particles are used. The fibre strands of Ca2SiO3 were processed to particle size of 500µm. Stirring speed: the quality of distribution of the reinforcement material in the Al matrix is dependent upon the viscous nature of the matrix. A high viscosity is most likely to resist the ease of the reinforcement particle distribution, while a low viscosity will prevent particle retention within the matrix. This phenomenon makes the stirring speed important because inter-particle distance and homogeneity can be enhanced at higher stirring speed [6]. The stirring speed was set at 350rpm. Stirring time: stirring is necessary for the effective distribution of the reinforcement and homogeneity of the mixture. Researches [36 – 37] have shown that specifying optimum value for stirring time is not practical since it varies with the shape of the stirring blade. However, the stirring time should be such that allows for a homogeneous mixture to exist. The stirring time at which a homogeneous mixture was achieved was 25 minutes. Melting temperature: increase in melting temperature leads to a decrease in viscosity, which will not favour retention of particles in the matrix. Hence, the melting temperature was set at 580 °C which enabled agglomeration of the reinforcement particle to the matrix.Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the stir-casting method set up used in the production of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3composite. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1085 1 – Base, 2 – Furnace, 3 – Molten AA 6061, 4 – Crucible pot, 5 – Disperse gun with Ca2SiO3, 6 – Stand, 7 – Variable speed electric motor, 8 – Stirring shaft, 9 – Thermocouple, 10 – Stirring blades Figure 2: A schematic diagram of the stir-casting method set up used in the production of AA 6061- Ca2SiO3 composite In order to obtain the regression model for AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite, for tensile strength, the reinforcement material was added in percentages of 2% to 50% with 2% increment in percentage weight by mass. This yielded 25 samples which were produced and subjected to tensile and hardness testing using AMETEK-EZ250 and Teren TR-Y-HMG580 respectively as appropriate testing machines. The mass of each sample is 87g; gauge length is 25mm, gauge diameter of 3mm, grip diameter of 7mm. Result Tensile test The tensile test shows that AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite has UTS of 69.02 MPa at 2% composition of Ca2SiO3. Furthermore, significant changes in the UTS were observed to have occurred at 6%, 12%, 18%, 24% 30%, 36% and 42%. Beyond 42%, there was no significant change in the UTS of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite. Figures 3 to 10 shows the stress-strain curve for the various composition mixture of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite where significant changes were observed. Figure 3: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 2% Ca2SiO3 and 98% AA6061 The stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3composite shown in figure 2 depicts a ductile material with UTS of 69.02MPa and strain of 0.214 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1086 Figure 4: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 6% Ca2SiO3 and 94% AA6061 The curve in figure 4 shows that the composite UTS increased to 76.1 MPa which amounts to 10.26% increase from the 2%:98% mix. It is also observed that the material reduced in its ductility as the strain value declined from 0.214 to 0.086, suggesting that at this point, the material has recorded an increase in hardness, and is likely to be more brittle than 2%:98% mix. . Figure 5: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 12% Ca2SiO3 and 88% AA6061 Figure 5 shows that the UTS of the composite increased to 87.41 MPa which amounts to 14.86% increase from the 6%:94% mix. The curve also shows that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.138, suggesting that the 12%:88% mix is more brittle than 2%:98% mix. Figure 6: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 18% Ca2SiO3 and 82% AA6061 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1087 In figure 6, it is observed that the UTS of the composite increased to 94.91 MPa which amounts to 8.58% increase from the 12%:88% mix. The curve also suggests that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.146 hence, the 18%:82% mix is more brittle than 2%:98% mix. Figure 7: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 24% Ca2SiO3 and 76% AA6061 In figure 7, it is observed that the UTS of the composite increased to 99.01 MPa which amounts to 4.32% increase from the 18%:82% mix. From the curve, we observe that the material tends to yield at 60 MPa with a strain of 0.065. The curve also suggests that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.1124. Figure 8: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 30% Ca2SiO3 and 70% AA6061 In figure 8, it is observed that the UTS of the composite increased to 108.06MPa which amounts to 9.14% increase from the 24%:76% mix. The curve also suggests that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.1684, but 5.8% more ductile than the 24%:76% mix. Figure 9: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 36% Ca2SiO3 and 64% AA6061 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1088 In figure 9, it is observed that the UTS of the composite increased to 119.06 MPa which amounts to 10.86% increase from the 30%:70% mix. The curve also suggests that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.1624, and it does not show any significant change in its strain value from that of the 30%:70% mix. This implies that load carrying capacity of the composite increased with negligible strain when compared to the 30%:70% mix. Figure 10: Stress-strain curve of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite with 42% Ca2SiO3 and 58% AA6061 In figure 10, it is observed that the UTS of the composite increased to 142.15 MPa which amounts to 18.66% increase from the 36%:64% mix. The curve also suggests that the composite is less ductile than 2%:98% mix since the strain value is 0.1724, and increases in strain by 1% from that of the 36%:64% mix. Beyond the 42%:58% mix, no significant change was observed in the tensile test result of the other mix. Figure 11: Modulus of elasticity of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 with various percentage mix The modulus of elasticity for the various percentage mix of the composite is shown in figure 11. From the figure, it is seen that the 6%:94% mix and the 24%:76% mix possesses the highest ability to withstand elongation or compression with respect to length. This indicates that both mixes are stiffer than the other mixes, with the 2%:98% mix as the ductile of all the mixes. It also implies that both 6%:94% and the 24%:76% mixes can function effectively in very high corrosive conditions due to the low strain values recorded. This is so because the resistance to strain causes less deformation in the material thereby preventing corrosion inducing substances from permeating and reacting with the material. The steady increase in the modulus of elasticity from the 30%:70% mix to 42%:58% mix can be attributed to the significant increase, recorded in the load carrying capacity of the composite as the percentage of the reinforcement material increases as seen in figures 8 – 10. Also, the load to strain ratio increased significantly from 30%:70% mix to 42%:58% mix which could possibly be another reason for the steady rise in the modulus of elasticity. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1089 Hardness test The hardness test result also revealed that significant changes in the hardness occurred at 6%, 12%, 18%, 24% 30%, 36% and 42% addition of the reinforcement material. Beyond 42%, there was no significant change in the hardness of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite. Table 2 shows the result of the hardness value for the various percentage composition mixture of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite where significant changes were observed. Table 2: Hardness test result %mix Ca2SiO3: AA6061 2%:98% 6%:94% 12%:88% 18%:82% 24%:76% 30%:70% 36%:64% 42%:58% BHN 71.1 114.2 90 87.8 99.1 82.8 84 82 From table 2, it is seen that the 6%:94% mix has the highest BHN while the 2%:98% mix has the lowest BHN. This variation in hardness accounts for the changes observed in the strain of the individual composition mixes. Figure 12 comparative chart for the strain and BHN of the various composition mixes. Figure 12: Strain value vs BHN of the various percentage mix of AA6061-Ca2SiO3 composite From figure 12, it is seen that increase in hardness reduces the strain experienced by the material. Also, the trend line suggests that on the average, beyond the 6%:94% a decrease in the hardness is experienced. However, in general, when comparing the BHN of the various mix percentages to the BHN of AA6061 T4, it is safe to say that addition of the reinforcement material increases the hardness of aluminium while complementing on the corrosion resistance property of aluminium. Table 3 shows a summary of the mechanical properties results when compared with AA6061 T4. Table 3: Mechanical properties of AA 6061 and percentage mix of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 composite AA 606 1 T4 Percentage mix of composite Ca2SiO3:AA6061 2%:98 % 6%:94 % 12%:88 % 18%:82 % 24%:76 % 30%:70 % 36%:64 % 42%:58 % BHN 65 71.1 114.2 90 87.8 99.1 82.8 84 82 UTS (MPa) 30 69.02 76.1 87.41 94.91 99.01 108.06 119.8 142.15 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 68.9 322.52 884.88 633.41 650.07 880.87 641.69 737.68 824.54 Table 3 shows that addition of Ca2SiO3 to AA6061 T4 enhances the mechanical properties of hardness, tensile stress and the modulus of elasticity. It also shows that there is a significant increase in the load carrying capacity, and load to strain ratio of the composite when compared to AA 6061 T4. This accounts for the high values of modulus of elasticity. Hence, this material will find application in designs where criteria such as stiffness, corrosion resistance, and strength are needed such as bicycle frames, vehicle chassis, utility boats, aircraft wings etc. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1090 Model development In order to establish the relationship between the amounts of stress experienced by the material for any given percentage mix and the operating load, a regression model was fit using the data obtained from the tensile test carried out for the various mixes ranging from 2%:98% to 50%:50%. The regression model is presented in equation 1. (1) Where σT = Stress, = % of AA 6061 T4 in the mix, P = load Equation 1 has a 5% level of significance, R-squared value of 96.43% and a p-value of 0.001. The model is accepted since the p-value < 0.05 which is the level of the model significance. Hence, 96.43% of the variations in stress can be explained by equation 1, and the equation can be used to predict the UTS for known values of percentage mix and load. It can also find the settings for AA 6061 or load for a desired UTS value. Conclusion In this study, some mechanical properties of various percentage mix of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 composite (from 2% Ca2SiO3 – 98% AA 6061 to 50%Ca2SiO3 – 50% AA 6061) has been characterized. The values of these properties where compared with that of virgin AA 6061 T4, and the following conclusions were arrived at:
Significant changes in the mechanical properties of UTS, strain, modulus of elasticity, and hardness exists for composite with the following percentage mix: 6% Ca2SiO3 – 94% AA 6061, 12% Ca2SiO3 – 88% AA 6061, 18% Ca2SiO3 – 82% AA 6061, 24% Ca2SiO3 – 76% AA 6061, 30% Ca2SiO3 – 70% AA 6061, 36% Ca2SiO3 – 66% AA 6061, and 42% Ca2SiO3 – 58% AA 6061.
From a 42%Ca2SiO3 – 58% AA 6061 composite mix to a 50%Ca2SiO3 – 50% AA 6061, no significant change exists in the mechanical properties.
Increase in the percentage composition of Ca2SiO3 in the composite mix will increase the UTS of the AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 composite. UTS is highest for 42%Ca2SiO3 – 58% AA 6061composition mix.
6% Ca2SiO3 – 94% AA 6061 and 24% Ca2SiO3 – 76% AA 6061 possessed the highest modulus of elasticity and are stiffer while 2% Ca2SiO3 – 98% AA 6061 mix had the lowest modulus of elasticity, and is more ductile than other composition mix.
Increase in hardness of the composition mix reduces the strain experienced by the material, and beyond the 6% Ca2SiO3 – 94% AA 6061 mix, the hardness decreases with increase in the composition of Ca2SiO3.
The hardness, UTS, and modulus of elasticity of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 composite possess higher values than virgin AA 6061 T4.
Addition of Ca2SiO3 to AA 6061 T4 improves its mechanical properties.
As an area of further research, a microstructural study of 6% Ca2SiO3 – 94% AA 6061 and 24% Ca2SiO3 – 76% AA 6061composite mix should be carried out in order to understand reasons for the observed change in the trend of the mechanical properties characterized. References [1] Calister, W. D. and Rethwisch, D. G. (2013). Material Science and Engineering: An introduction. Wiely 9th edition, ISBN – 10:118324579, ISBN – 13: 978-1118324578 [2] Al – Naib, U. M. B., Vikraman, D., and Karuppasamy, K. (2020). introductory chapter: A brief introduction to engineering materials and metallurgy, Recent Advancements in the Metallurgical Engineering and Electrodeposition, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86497. Available from: https://www.intecopen.com/books/recent- advancements-in-the-metallurgical- engineering-and- electrodeposition/introductory-chapter-a-brief- introduction-to-engineering-materials-and- metallurgy [3] Aluminium – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table. https://www.rsc.org/periodic- table/element/13/aluminium [4] Saikrupa, C., Reddy, G. C. M., Venkatesh, S., (2021). Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites and effect of reinforcement. A Review IOP conference Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1057012098 [5] R. S. Rana, R. Purohit, S. Das, Review of recent Studies in Al matrix Composites, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(2012)1-16. [6] Kareem, A.; Qudeiri, J.A.; Abdudeen, A.; Ahammed, T.; Ziout, A. A Review on AA 6061 Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1091 Casting. Materials 2021, 14, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010175 [7] Prabhu, S.R.; Shettigar, A.K.; Herbert, M.A.; Rao, S.S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of rutile-reinforced AA6061 matrix composites produced via stir casting process. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2019, 29, 2229–2236. [8] Raviraj, M.S.; Sharanprabhu, C.M.; Mohankumar, G.C. Experimental Analysis on Processing and Properties of Al-TiC Metal Matrix Composites. Procedia Mater. Sci. 2014, 5, 2032–2038. [9] Kandpal, B.C.; Kumar, J.; Singh, H. Fabrication and characterisation of Al2O3/aluminium alloy 6061 composites fabricated by Stir casting. Mater. Today Proc. 2017, 4, 2783–2792. [10] Li, Y.; Li, Q.L.; Li, D.; Liu, W.; Shu, G. Fabrication and characterization of stir casting AA6061—31%B4C composite. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2016, 26, 2304– 2312. [11] Moses, J.J.; Dinaharan, I.; Sekhar, S.J. Characterization of Silicon Carbide Particulate Reinforced AA6061 Aluminum Alloy Composites Produced via Stir Casting. Procedia Mater. Sci. 2014, 5, 106–112. [12] Vanarotti M, Kori SA, Sridhar BR, Padasalgi SB. Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminium Alloy 356 and Silicon Carbide Metal Matrix Composite. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management, Singapore 2012; 49: 11-15. [13] Gladston JAK, Sheriff NM, Dinaharan I, Selvam JDR. Production and characterization of rice husk particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminium alloy composite by compo casting. Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2015; 25: 683-691. [14] Prasad DS, Krishna AR. Production and Mechanical Properties of A356.2/RHA Composites. International Journal of Advance Science and Technology 2011; 33: 51-58. [15] Madhukumar. Umashankar Characterization of Glass Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy6061 Metal Matrix Composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 7604–7608. [16] Chethan, K.N.; Keni, L.G.; Padmaraj, N.H.; Dias, A.; Jain, R. Fabrication and Mechanical characterization of aluminium [6061] with conventionally prepared bamboocharcoal. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 3465–3475. [17] Sharma, V.K.; Kumar, V.; Joshi, R.S. Investigation of rare earth particulate on tribological and mechanical properties of Al- 6061 alloy composites for aerospace application. Integr. Med. Res. 2019, 8, 3504– 3516. [18] Sharma, V.K.; Kumar, V.; Joshi, R.S. Effect of RE addition on wear behavior of an Al-6061 based hybrid composite. Wear 2019, 426–427, 961–974. [19] Sarkar, S.; Bhirangi, A.; Mathew, J.; Oyyaravelu, R.; Kuppan, P.; Balan, A.S.S. Fabrication characteristics and mechanical behaviour of Rice Husk Ash-Silicon Carbide reinforced Al-6061 alloy matrix hybrid composite. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 12706– 12718. [20] Kumar, N.M.; Annamalai, L. Characterization and tribological analysis on AA 6061 reinforced with AlN and ZrB 2 in situ composites. Integr. Med. Res. 2018, 8, 969– 980. [21] Devanathan, R.; Ravikumar, J.; Boopathi, S.; Selvam, D.C.; Anicia, S.A. ScienceDirect Influence in Mechanical Properties of Stir Cast Aluminium ( AA6061 ) Hybrid Metal matrix Composite ( HMMC ) with Silicon Carbide, Fly Ash and Coconut coir Ash Reinforcement. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 22, 3136–3144. [22] Nathan, V.B.; Soundararajan, R.; Abraham, C.B.; Vinoth, E.; Narayanan, J.K. Materials Today: Proceedings Study of mechanical and metallurgical characterization of correlated aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 4–9. [23] James, S.J.; Ganesan, M.; Santhamoorthy, P.; Kuppan, P. Development of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite and study of property. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 13048–13054. [24] Saheb DA. Aluminium Silicon Carbide and Aluminium Graphite Particulate Composite. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied science 2011; 6: 41-46. [25] Bansal S, Saini JS. Mechanical and Wear Properties of SiC/Graphite Reinforced Al359 Alloy-based Metal Matrix Composite. Defence Science Journal 2015; 65: 330-338. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47596 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1092 [26] Basaravaraju S, Arasukumar K, Bendigeri C, Umesh CK. Studies on Mechanical Properties and Tribological Characteristics of LM25- Graphite-Silicon Carbide and LM25-Flyash-Silicon Carbide-Hybrid MMC’s. International Journal of Innovation in Science, Engineering and Technology 2012; 1: 107-112 [27] Vinitha, Motgi BS. Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al7075 Alloy, Fly ash, SiC and Red mud Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development 2014; 2: 190-193. [28] Alaneme KK, Sanusi KO. Microstructural Characteristics, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Aluminium Hybrid Matrix Composite Reinforced with Alumina, Rice husk and Graphite. Engineering Science and Technology, and international Journal 2015; 18: 416-422. [29] Saravanan SD, Kumar MS. Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium (AlSi10Mg)-RHA Composite”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2014; 5: 4834- 4840 [30] Aynalem, G. F., (2020). Processing Methods and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Matrix Composites, Advances in Material Science and Engineering, Vol. 2020, article ID 3765791, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3765791 [31] Chen, C. C., Ho, C. C., David, C. C. C. H., Ding, S. J. (2009). Physicochemical Properties of Calcium Silicate Cements for Endodontic Treatment. J. Endod.; 35 (9): 1288 – 1291. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.036 [32] Young, J. N., Li, J. J., Zreigat, H. (). Doped Calcium Silicate Ceramics: A new class of candidates for synthetic Bine substitutes. Materials MDPI 10 (153) 2 – 37 doi:10.3390/ma10020153 [33] Ziemkiewicz, P., (2011). The use of steel slag in Acid Mine Drainage Treatment and Control. Wvmdtaskforce.com. Accessed on 10/07/2021 [34] Talabani, R. M., Gario,B. T., and Masaeli, R. (2020). Bioactivity and Physicochemical Properties of Three Calcium Silicate – Based Cements: An in Vitro Study. Biomed. Research International (2020) Article ID 9576930, 10 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9576930 [35] Youssef, Y.M. Effect of Reinforcement Particle Size and Weight Fraction on the Mechanical Properties of SiC Particle Reinforced Al Metal Matrix Composites Effect of Reinforcement Particle Size and Weight Fraction on the Mechanical Properties of SiC Particle Reinforced. Int. Rev. Mech. Eng. 2016, 10. [36] Ramanathan, A.; Krishnan, P.K.; Muraliraja, R. A review on the production of metal matrix composites through stir casting— Furnace design, properties, challenges, and research opportunities. J. Manuf. Process. 2019, 42, 213–245. [37] Moses, J.J.; Dinaharan, I.; Sekhar, S.J. Prediction of influence of process parameters on tensile strength of AA6061/TiC aluminium matrix composites produced using stir casting. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2016, 26, 1498–1511.