Generation of Syngas using Anacardium Occidentale

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Volume 4 Issue 5
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)  
Volume 5 Issue 4, May-June 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 
 
@ IJTSRD     |     Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42604     |     Volume – 5 | Issue – 4     |     May-June 2021 
Page 1379 
Generation of Syngas using Anacardium Occidentale 
T. Ayyasamy 
Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan 
Engineering College (Autonomous), Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India 
 
ABSTRACT 
The purpose of this project is to produce syngas from Anacardium occidentale 
shell which can be used in the piston engine of a short range helicopters like 
Mosquito XEL etc. which can be used for various applications like for 
agriculture fertilization and for local transport in an affordable price to the 
civilians. This anacardium occidentale is also known as cashew nut in most of 
the region. This project states the production of the syngas through downdraft 
gasification process as it is proven that it produces very less tar (waste) 
compared to other gasifiers. In this project, we will be also reusing the 
biomass char by converting it into an active catalyst which can be used for 
various applications like bio diesel production and in pyrolysis process to 
boost up the chemical reactions. This project also involves the waste 
management as we are running out of renewable resources of fuel such as 
fossil fuels which are obtained from the earth. In this project, we will be able 
to make use of such a fuel in the aviation industry which is obtained from a 
waste of a phytomass. In this project, we will be focusing on the production of 
this fuel from anacardium occidentale shells and study its characteristics by 
distinguishing with other phytomasses. 
 
 
KEYWORDS: Gasification, Syngas, Downdraft gasifier, Anacardium Occidentale, 
waste management, bio-fuel 
 
How to cite this paper: T. Ayyasamy 
"Generation of Syngas using Anacardium 
Occidentale" 
Published 
in 
International Journal 
of Trend in Scientific 
Research 
and 
Development (ijtsrd), 
ISSN: 
2456-6470, 
Volume-5 | Issue-4, 
June 
2021, 
pp.1379-1384, 
URL: 
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd42604.pdf 
 
Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and 
International Journal of Trend in Scientific 
Research and Development Journal. This 
is an Open Access article distributed 
under the terms of 
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Commons Attribution 
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(CC 
BY 
4.0)  
(http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)  
I. 
INTRODUCTION  
Usage of fossil fuel leads to harmful effects such as the global 
warming, acid rain and smog due to the emission production. 
In the future, bio energy can be one of the main sources of 
energy because of its renewability and net free carbon 
dioxide emission. About 32% of the total primary energy use 
in the country for heating and energy needs is the energy 
generated by biomass. Biomass gasification is a promising 
green root to convert solid biomass into gaseous fuel known 
as syngas which has multiple applications. The biggest 
challenge in front of the globe is achieving sustainable 
development. There are many technologies which help in 
achieving it and managing the growth of the society but 
there is an immediate requirement to resolve the problems 
faced today by the society without extending it and crating 
any negative impact for the future generations. Energy crisis 
is one of the most critical issues that affect our day to day 
lifestyle. Humans have advanced in various fields especially 
science and technology, but to run those technology we 
either need fuels or electricity. The fuels which are being 
used are the fossil fuels which are about to extinct. In order 
to save the fossil fuels we can use renewable energy as it 
doesn’t affect our planet Earth with pollutants on a large 
scale. Biomass can be considered as a source of fuel. But the 
problem associated with biomass is the energy density. For 
example, an air-dried wood biomass contains an energy 
density of 112-15GJ/t, whereas sub-bituminous coal 
contains 20-25GJ/t. The extraction of energy from the 
biomass can be done through gasification. Crops as well as 
its residues from agriculture, forestry, and the agro-industry 
are the biomass available in many varieties. This biomass 
find their way as freely available fuel in rural and urban and 
also forest place. But these biomasses are also responsible  
 
for air pollution. Emissions of pollutants from such solid fuel 
combustion to indoor, regional and global air pollution 
largely depend on fuel types, combustion device, fuel 
properties, fuel moisture, and amount of air supply for 
combustion in technical terms. It also has an adverse effect 
on climatic conditions of that area or surrounding. 
II. 
ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE 
A. Anacardium occidentale 
Cashew apple is pseudo fruit and is the part of the tree that 
connects it to the cashew nut, the tree’s true fruit. The 
cashew apple is very popular and highly consumed as a 
drink and as concentrated juice. Cashew apple is rich in 
fructose, glucose, minerals, and several amino acids and is 
considered a good antioxidant with high ascorbic acid and 
phenols. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), widely 
cultivated throughout the world, is a native of Brazil. It was 
one of the first fruit trees from the New World to be 
distributed throughout the tropics by the early Portuguese 
and Spanish adventurers, and it has a checkered history. In 
India, it was the British who contributed much to its 
popularity. A British butler also devised the vacuum packing 
using the soda making technique, enabling to prolong the 
shelf life of the nut. Kerala became the home of cashew nut 
and Kollam district its headquarters, where factories 
processing the nut sprang up, employing thousands of 
women laborers, even to this day. The nut became an 
important export commodity, earning the state much needed 
foreign currency. Considerable progress has been made 
during the last half century in developing high-yielding 
varieties. 
 
 
 
IJTSRD42604 
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B. Anacardium occidentale shells 
The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be 
used 
in many 
applications 
including 
lubricants, 
waterproofing, paints, and arms production, starting in 
World War II. Due to the possible dermatitis, cashews are 
typically not sold in the shell to consumers. Readily and 
inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is 
under 
research 
for 
its potential 
applications 
in 
nanomaterials and biotechnology. 
III. 
DOWNDRAFT GASIFICATION 
A. Downdraft gasifier 
A downdraft gasifier is a gasification reactor with four 
distinct zones: (a) upper drying zone, (b) upper-middle 
pyrolysis section, (c) lower-middle oxidation zone, and (d) 
lower reduction zone. A downdraft gasifier is favored due to 
its easy fabrication and due to low tar content in the 
synthesis gas. This work presents a designed and 
experimental result of downdraft gasifier. The throat, the 
smallest cross-sectional area, 
is approximately 175 
millimeters. The gasifier is divided into 2 pieces (top and 
bottom) for easy fabrication and cleaning of the internal 
parts. The top is a fuel chamber while the bottom is a 
reaction and ash chamber. This gasifier was made of carbon 
steel inserting multi-tube carbon steel of 1 inch diameter to 
be outlets of synthesis gas. Experimental results showed that 
average volumetric percentage in the synthesis gas were 
39.71 % CO, 16.48 % CO2, 36.26 % H2 and 7.55 % CH4. The 
gasification efficiency of this work of 40.47 % can be 
achieved. Brar et al. commercialized the preparation of 
down- draft gasifier which was gasified using the 
combination of bituminous coal and pellets of hardwood 
which were mixed inside the gasifier as gasifying agents in 
different proportions and signified the increase in efficiency 
of the carbon which was increased with the increase in the 
proportion of the input coal but it eventually lead to 
decrease in the contents of hydrogen and carbon monoxide 
which were present in the producer gas that was obtained 
from the down-draft gasifier (1). 
 
Figure 1: DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER 
Phuet Prasertcharoensuk et al investigated in a 20 cm 
diameter throat downdraft gasifier and optimised using 
computational fluid dynamics modelling. The properties of 
gas and temperature profile in a gasifier system was 
systematically investigated and validated using experimental 
data with effect of throat diameter and also position of air 
nozzles. Alka D. Kamble et al investigated that in order to 
achieve high thermodynamic efficiency and relatively low 
CO2 emission co-gasification of coal and biomass is efficient 
technology. Chemical composition of biomass helps to ignite 
and enhances the gasification process (2). The study 
revealed that, the small-scale cashew processing industries 
followed steam-cooking process with average energy  
 
consumption accounted to be 2969.7 MJ per 1000 kg of raw 
cashew seed. The cashew shell waste generated in small-
scale cashew processing industries was found to be 67.5% of 
total weight of cashew seed, which can be utilized as fuel for 
thermal energy supply. The average higher calorific value of 
the cashew nut shell was found to be 4890 kcal/kg. The 
thermo gravimetric analysis revealed that 85% weight of 
cashew nut shell has been degraded at 500◦C and in 13 
minutes. The availability and fuel analysis of the cashew 
shell as a fuel revealed its suitability as a supplementary fuel 
for thermal application through pyrolysis in the industry (3). 
B. Biomass selection. 
The biomass selection is the process of selecting the 
required biomass that we are going to use in the syngas 
production. The biomass used here is anacardium 
occidentale which is also known as cashew nut shells. These 
cashew nut shells are waste products obtained after the 
cashew nuts are taken from the cashew nut fruit. They are 
widely found in all over India and other parts of the world. 
They are widely used in many industries for the production 
of products like paints, laminating resins, and in various 
chemical industries. Here the cashew nut shells are collected 
from a small scale bakery industry that uses cashew nut for 
their cake production. These industries throw away the 
shells as the waste products. These shells can be used for 
many purposes like production of fuel and it is much more 
advantageous as they are available on a large scale. 
C. Pretreatment 
The pretreatment process is the preprocess done on the 
feedstock before getting its characteristics and feeding it to 
gasifier for gasification. The processes involved are •Drying 
•Crushing •Sizing 
1. Drying 
Initially the feedstock is dried at an atmospheric 
temperature in the presence of sunlight for 2- 3 days. This is 
done to remove the moisture content present in the shells. 
2. Crushing 
The dried feedstock is then crushed with the help of mortar 
and pestle or with the help of a mixer by grinding it into very 
small pieces. This fine grinded feedstock is then further 
processed. 
3. Sizing 
The grinded feed stocks are then sized with the help of 
sleeve of various sizes. The sized feed stocks are then 
separated and the remaining feedstock is again grinded. 
D. PROCESS 
The feedstock in the gasifier is burnt in the gasifier through 
down draft gasification leading to formation of syngas i.e. H2 
+ CO. The left over ash and char are reused to form bio- 
catalyst that is used to speed up the reaction process and 
even can be used as activated carbon. The syngas produced 
is filtered and compressed with the help of compressor and 
injected back to the 2- stroke helicopter engine with the help 
of injector. 
IV. 
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR ANALYSIS 
The experimental set up of this involves the following 
components which are Gasifier (Downdraft Gasifier), Shells 
of Anacardium Occidentale, HCL acid, Coal pellets, Beaker or 
jar for collecting the gas, Mortar and Pestle, Mixer to grind 
the feedstock, Gloves and Safety utilities. 
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Figure 2: DIAGRMATIC REPRESENTATION OF 
DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER 
A. BASIC SYSTEM WORKING 
Initially, a small amount of charcoal was loaded and a fire 
was then lit by burning oil soaked papers on top of the 
charcoal to spread the fire across the surface. The blower 
was started, drawing air in through the open top of the 
reactor to sustain combustion. Immediately afterwards, 
biomass fuel was loaded fully and the top cover was closed. 
Air was supplied and regulated by means of valves such that 
oxidation zone inside the gasifier can be established and 
gaseous products produced from the biomass was 
combustible. At the beginning, white opaque smoke was 
released. It could not be ignited. After about 10–15 min, the 
producer gas obtained became less opaque and more 
combustible. A flame at the gas burner could be established. 
Producer gas was utilized to provide hot water in the factory. 
Limited test runs were performed for water boiling test to 
evaluate the thermal performance of 
the system. 
Measurements were taken by monitoring fuel consumption 
rate and amount of water used on an hourly basis. Gas 
temperature at the gasifier exit and flame temperature were 
measured every 10 min. This gas exiting the gasifier are 
collected and preserved in a gas bag and sent for analysis. 
V. 
CHARACTERIZATION 
The process of characterization involves the following 
processes like Proximate analysis, Ultimate analysis, TGA, 
XRD, CALORIFIC VALUE and GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 
A. Proximate analysis 
Proximate analysis of a fuel provides the percentage of the 
material that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), in 
the solid state (fixed carbon), and the percentage of 
inorganic waste material (ash), and is therefore of 
fundamental importance for biomass energy use (3). 
B. Ultimate analysis 
Ultimate analysis is basically a breakdown of the fuel into its 
elemental components through an analysis of the products 
that remain after the complete combustion of a small fuel 
sample. Ultimate analysis gives the elemental composition of 
a fuel. Its determination is relatively difficult and expensive 
compared to proximate analysis (4). 
C. TGA 
Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) is an analytical 
technique used to determine a material’s thermal stability 
and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring the 
weight change that occurs as a sample is heated at a constant 
rate. 
D. XRD 
X-Ray Diffraction, frequently abbreviated as XRD, is a non-
destructive test method used to analyze the structure of 
crystalline materials. XRD analysis, by way of the study of the 
crystal structure, is used to identify the crystalline phases 
present in a material and thereby reveal chemical 
composition information. 
E. Calorific value 
A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter 
used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular 
reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large 
pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction is being 
measured. An apparatus primarily used for measuring heats 
of combustion. The reaction takes place in a closed space 
known as the calorimeter proper, in controlled thermal 
contact with its surroundings, the jacket, at constant 
temperature. This set, together with devices for temperature 
measurement, heating, cooling, and stirring comprise the 
calorimeter. 
F. Gas chromatography 
Gas chromatography is used to separate and measure 
various types of gases . It is a sensitive technique, can 
analyze small samples, and can be automated, but is also 
relatively expensive and requires technical knowledge (5). 
VI. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
In this paper, we are mainly focusing on the analysis of the syngas or producer gas generated from the shells of anacardium 
occidentale with the help of downdraft gasifier. The main analysis involved here are proximate, ultimate, TGA, XRD analysis and 
calorific value. 
A. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS 
The elemental analysis involves the following analysis which includes ultimate analysis and proximate analysis. 
1. RESULTS FROM PROXIMATE ANALYSIS 
From the table 1, it is clearly stated that the moisture content present in the biomass sample is 9.43% along with volatile 
matter, ash and fixed carbon with 72.93%, 3.62% and 19.16% respectively 
Biomass Sample Moisture% Volatile Matter% Ash% Fixed Carbon% 
Cashewnut shell 
9.43 
72.93 
3.62 
19.16 
Table 1: Results from proximate analysis 
2. RESULTS FROM ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 
From the table 2, it is clearly stated that the given biomass consist of 51.19% of carbon along with 13.96% of Sulphur, 7.007% 
of hydrogen and 0.644% of nitrogen. This testing of biomass is done in a dry state of biomass. 
Biomass 
C % 
S% 
H% 
N% 
Cashewnut shell 51.19 13.96 7.007 0.644 
Table 2: Results from ultimate analysis 
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B. EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND CALORIFIC VALUE 
From the result from table 3, it is clear that the empirical formula of the anacardium occidentale or cashew nut shell is 
CH1.63O0.40N0.0107S0.1023. An empirical formula is proposed which allows one to calculate the lattice constant of cubic synthetic 
oxides–garnets taking into account the chemical composition, the distribution of cation in the crystallographically non 
equivalent positions. 
The calorific value obtained is 20.47Mj/kg from the bomb calorimeter, whereas experimental values given are 20.42 Mj/kg and 
literature values are 20.44 Mj/kg. 
Sl. No. Biomass Sample 
Empirical formula 
Calorific value 
(predicted) (Mj/kg) 
(Experiment) 
(Mj/kg) 
Literature 
(Mj/kg) 
1 
Cashewnut 
shell 
CH 
O 
N 
S 
20.47 
20.42 
20.44 
1.63 0.40 0.0107 0.1023 
Table 3: Results from calorific value and empirical formula analysis 
C. RESULTS FROM TGA ANALYSIS 
The TGA and DTG curve also known as Thermogravimetric analysis and Derivative Thermogravimetry analysis is done for the 
given syngas derived from biomass called anacardium occidentale. It is shown that the temperature is directly proportional to 
the weightloss % in TGA analysis. Initially upto 300 oC there is only a small weight loss % but with increase in temperature 
above 300 oC, there is drastic fall in the weight loss % of biomass. Derivative weight is the ratio of weight loss % per oC. There is 
a small fluctuation in the DTG analysed graph which can be seen in the graph 1. 
 
Graph 1: TGA and DTG curve for CNS shell 
D. RESULTS FROM XRD ANALYSIS 
The XRD pattern of the Cashew nut shells shows the pattern as in graph 2 exhibited on the angle 2 theta (degree). The pattern 
clearly shows at an angle 40o and 50o there is maximum elevation. Similar elevation is found in angles like 63o and between 25o 
and 35o. There are no variations at angle of 0o and 90o. 
 
Graph 2: XRD pattern for CNS shell 
E. GASIFICATION REACTION ZONE 
The reaction zone observed in the gasification process are :- 
Drying zone: 
 
H2O(l) => H2O (g) 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Pyrolysis Zone:  
Biomass => Char(s) + Volatiles + CH4 + CO + H2 + N2  
 
(2) 
Oxidation Zone:  
Combustion:  (Char/Volatiles) C + O2 => CO2 
 
 
(3) 
Partial Oxidation:  
(Char/Volatiles) 2C + O2 => 2CO 
 
 
 
 
(4) 
2CO + O2 => 2CO2 
 
 
 
 
 
(5) 
Reduction Zone:  
CO Methanation: CO + 3H2 => CH4 + H2O 
 
 
 
(6) 
2CO + 2H2 => CH4 + CO2 
 
 
 
 
 
(7) 
Water-gas shift: CO + H2O <=> CO2 + H2 
 
 
 
(8) 
CH4 + H2O => CO + 3H2 
 
 
 
 
 
(9) 
F. RESULTS FROM GAS CHROMOTOGRAPHY 
The gas chromatography clearly states the gas compositions present in the syngas. The gas composition includes the following 
components represented in the graph 3. 
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Graph 3: Results from gas chromatography 
It is seen that the hydrogen content present in the syngas produced from Cashewnut shell or anacardium occidentale is nearly 
18.25 % where as carbon monoxide present is 23.83% which is the second highest among the group. The highest percentage is 
carbon dioxide which consist of 39.98 % and methane gas is in the range of 16.71 %. These gas compositions were discovered 
using the gas chromatography. 
G. LHV OF SYNGAS 
The low heating value of the syngas produced from anacardium occidentale shells was found to be 11.78 Mj/kg. 
Sl. No. Biomass Sample LHV(syngas) (Mj/kg) 
5 
Cashewnut shell 
11.78 
Table 4: LHV of syngas 
H. EXERGY OF SYNGAS 
The cashew nut shell or anacardium occidentale shell biomass has an exergy value of 20.34 Mj/kg along with LHV value of 
16.41 Mj/kg and co-relation factor of 1.24. The empirical formula for the anacardium occidentale is CH1.63O0.40N0.0107S0.1023. 
Sl. No. Biomass Sample 
Empirical formula 
(LHV of 
biomas) M J/kg 
Β (Correlation 
factor) 
Exergy of 
Biomass (Mj/kg) 
1 
Cashewnut 
CH1.63O0.40N0.0107S0.1023 
16.41 
1.24 
20.34 
Table 5: Exergy of syngas
VII. 
CONCLUSION 
On the basis of obtained result, it can be concluded that 
Anacardium occidentale is vastly found in many places of 
India and all other parts of the world. Shells of anacardium 
occidentale are rarely used for any purpose and are a waste 
product which can be utilized by recycling it as an active 
biofuel. When compared with many other biomasses, 
anacardium occidentale has proven with high exergy value 
which has made it to have high calorific value. When tested 
in a bomb calorimeter, it was resulted that the calorific value 
of anacardium occidentale. The gas composition of the 
syngas 
produced 
were 
determined 
from 
gas 
chromatography which showed that the syngas produced 
from anacardium occidentale have the low heating value of 
the syngas produced from anacardium occidentale shells 
was found to be 11.78 Mj/kg. The cashew nut shell or 
anacardium occidentale shell biomass has an exergy value of 
20.34 Mj/kg along with LHV value of 16.41 Mj/kg and co-
relation factor of 1.24. The empirical formula for the 
anacardium occidentale is CH1.63O0.40N0.0107S0.1023. The 
hydrogen content present in the syngas produced from 
Cashewnut shell or anacardium occidentale is nearly 18.25 
%. Carbon monoxide present is 23.83 which is the second 
highest among the group. The highest percentage is carbon 
dioxide which consists of 39.98 % and methane gas is in the 
range of 16.71 %. The above XRD pattern of the Cashewnut 
shells shows the pattern exhibited on the angle 2 theta 
(degree). The pattern clearly shows at an angle 40o and 50 o 
there is maximum elevation. Similar elevation is found in 
angles like 63o and between 25 o and 35o. There are no 
variations at angle of 0o and 90o. From the proximate 
analysis result, it is clearly stated that the moisture content  
 
present in the biomass sample is 9.43% along with volatile 
matter, ash and fixed carbon with 72.93%, 3.62% and 
19.16% respectively. From the above analysis result, it is 
clearly stated that the given biomass consist of 51.19% of 
carbon along with 13.96% of Sulphur, 7.007% of hydrogen 
and 0.644% of nitrogen. This testing of biomass is done in a 
dry state of biomass. Hence, from the above results several 
studies were done to conclude that anacardium occidentale 
is also capable of being used as an alternative biofuel 
replacing the fossil fuels. These syngas from anacardium 
occidentale can be made use in 2 stroke gasoline piston 
engine which is made use in a helicopter like mosquito 
XEL.These helicopters can be made use in local purposes like 
transportation, agriculture etc. 
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