ENERGY DEMANDS
ON
WATER RESOURCES
REPORT TO CONGRESS
ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF ENERGY AND WATER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
DECEMBER 2006
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PREFACE
This report has been prepared in response to a letter to the Secretary of Energy from the
chairmen and ranking members of the House and Senate Subcommittees on Energy and Water
Development Appropriations, dated December 9, 2004, wherein they asked for:
“a report to Congress on the interdependency of energy and water focusing on threats to
national energy production resulting from limited water supplies, utilizing where possible
the multi-laboratory Energy-Water Nexus Committee.”
The report presents background information on the connections between energy and water,
identifies concerns regarding water demands of energy production, and discusses science and
technologies to address water use and management in the context of energy production and use.
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CONTENTS
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 9
Chapter I. Energy and Water Are Essential, Interdependent Resources...................... 13
Chapter II. Supplying Energy Requires Water and Impacts Water Quality................... 17
Water Use for Thermoelectric Power Generation ....................................................... 18
Water Use for Hydroelectric Power Generation.......................................................... 19
Water Use for Energy Extraction and Fuel Production ............................................... 20
Water Produced During Energy Extraction ................................................................. 21
Energy Impacts on Water Quality .........................................................