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English Language
Phonics Rules
The vowels are "a, e, i, o, and u"; also sometimes "y" & "w". This
also includes the diphthongs "oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oo" and
many others.
The consonants are all the other letters which stop or limit the
flow of air from the throat in speech. They are: "b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k,
l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ch, sh, th, ph, wh, ng, and gh".
• Sometimes the rules don't work:
There are many exceptions in English because of the vastness of
the language and the many languages from which it has
borrowed. The rules do work however, in the majority of the
words.
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• Every syllable in every word must have a vowel:
English is a "vocal" language; every word must have a vowel.
• "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of /s/.
Examples: "cyst", "central", and "city".
• "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of /j/.
Example: "gem", "gym", and "gist".
• When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new
sound, they are a consonant digraph. They count as one sound
and one letter and are never separated. Examples: "ch, sh, th, ph,
and wh".
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• When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel,
that vowel is short. Examples: "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck".
• When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal
that the vowel in front of it is long. Examples: "make, gene, kite,
rope, and use".
• When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is
usually long and the second is silent. Examples: "pain, eat, boat,
res/cue, say, grow".
• NOTE:
Diphthongs don't follow this rule; in a diphthong, the vowels
blend together to create a single new sound. The diphthongs
are: "oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oo" and many others.
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• When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that
vowel is usually long. Examples: "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and