PAPER TASK FORCE
Duke University ** Environmental Defense Fund
Johnson & Johnson ** McDonald's
The Prudential Insurance Company of America ** Time Inc.
WHITE PAPER NO. 12
COMPARISON OF KRAFT, SULFITE, AND BCTMP
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR PAPER
DECEMBER 19, 1995
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1995 Environmental Defense Fund
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................5
A. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES .........................................................................................5
1. Kraft Process ...............................................................................................................5
2. Sulfite Process..............................................................................................................6
3. BCTMP Process...........................................................................................................7
B. MAJOR TOPICS .................................................................................................................7
C. METHODOLOGY FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISONS ..............................................8
1. Using averages ............................................................................................................8
2. The magnitude of releases to the environment vs. environmental impacts .................9
II. FINDINGS...................................................................................................................10
A. GENERAL FINDINGS .......................................................................................................10
B. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON.....................................................................................11
1. Energy consumption of the Pulping Processes..........................................................11
2. Energy-Related Air Emissions ...................................................................................12
3. Process Related Air Emissions: HAPs, VOCs, and TR