© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
4-1
4
Large and Medium
Power Synchronous
Generators: Topologies
and Steady State
4.1
Introduction ........................................................................4-2
4.2
Construction Elements .......................................................4-2
The Stator Windings
4.3
Excitation Magnetic Field...................................................4-8
4.4
The Two-Reaction Principle of Synchronous
Generators..........................................................................4-12
4.5
The Armature Reaction Field and Synchronous
Reactances ..........................................................................4-14
4.6
Equations for Steady State with Balanced Load .............4-18
4.7
The Phasor Diagram.........................................................4-21
4.8
Inclusion of Core Losses in the Steady-State
Model .................................................................................4-21
4.9
Autonomous Operation of Synchronous
Generators..........................................................................4-26
The No-Load Saturation Curve: E1(If); n = ct., I1 = 0 • The
Short-Circuit Saturation Curve I1 = f(If); V1 = 0, n1 = nr = ct. •
Zero-Power Factor Saturation Curve V1(IF); I1 = ct., cosϕ1 = 0,
n1 = nr • V1 – I1 Characteristic, IF = ct., cosϕ1 = ct., n1 = nr = ct.
4.10 Synchronous Generator Operation at Power Grid
(in Parallel) ........................................................................4-37
The Power/Angle Characteristic: Pe (δV) • The V-Shaped
Curves: I1(IF), P1 = ct., V1 = ct., n = ct. • The Reactive Power
Capability Curves • Defining Static and Dynamic Stability of
Synchronous Generators
4.11 Unbalanced-Load Steady-State Operation ......................4-44
4.12 Measuring Xd, Xq, Z–, Z0 ...................................................4-46
4.13 The Phase-to-Phase Short-Circuit ...................................4-48
4.14 The Synchronous Condenser ...........................................4-53
4.15 Summary...........