26 The Guardian | Saturday December 15 2007 1 United States 5,957 108 million tonnes of carbon dioxide 182 112 83 74 73 48 94 37 41 6 Germany 844.17 7 Canada 631.26 10 Italy 466.64 8 United Kingdom 577.17 12 South Africa 423.81 21 Polan 16 Mexico 398.25 18 Brazil 360.57 17 Spain 387.11 13 France 415.27 194 213 132 174 210 23 Netherlands 27 Egypt 29 Venezuela 30 Argentina 39 36 32 43 50 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 64 65 67 68 69 71 77 78 79 80 84 86 88 89 92 95 96 97 98 99 100 104 109 110 113 151 152 115 114 116 117 120 122 124 125 126 127 12 129 130 131 133 135 136 137 138 140 141 142 144 145 146 148 179 149 150 163 153 154 156 158 184 161 164 166 167 169 170 171 173 175 176 178 181 185 186 188 190 190 192 193 200 195 208 202 203 204 206 212 207 183 160 These latest UN figures for climate change emissions are from 2005, but are already dated. Reliable, but provisional estimates for 2006 by Dutch government researchers suggest China’s CO2 emissions increased by 9% in 2006 and have now overtaken the US emissions, which declined by 1.4% in 2006. US emissions per person are nearly three times as great as Chinese Country Rank North America 6.99bn tonnes of CO2 14% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 The US as a major producer of green- house gases has been reluctant to accept that man-made climate change even existed — and refused to accept the Kyoto protocol. But freak weather events and an avalanche of scientific evidence have forced it to rethink its position Central & South America 1.10bn tonnes of CO2 29% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 Increased freak weather events mean the IPCC is concerned South America will be hard-hit by climate change. Agriculture, water supplies and the unique natural habitat could be affected by a tempera- ture increase of up to 4C by the end of the century Africa 1.04bn tonnes of CO2 28% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 Its carbon emissions may be small but this is the continent most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, hitting food and water supplies, causing coastal flooding and an increase in tropical diseases such as malaria — as well as destroying parts of the ecosystem 119 159 196 1 7 16 176 207 18 29 30 48 53 67 69 73 74 77 83 88 89 94 96 97 98 108 113 114 115 126 127 131 145 148 150 151 153 154 163 164 166 179 183 185 192 193 195 200 202 206 208 210 212 6 8 10 13 17 21 23 25 32 36 38 39 43 50 52 54 57 58 59 60 61 64 65 71 79 84 86 92 102 104 124 125 132 133 174 178 3 20 26 35 51 63 72 81 90 101 103 106 107 118 121 11 5,956.98 631.26 398.25 0.62 0.08 360.57 151.29 146.64 66.19 58.80 39.02 38.18 32.98 31.31 23.90 17.77 16.05 14.33 11.96 11.55 11.05 10.96 7.13 6.16 6.01 5.69 4.30 4.06 3.85 2.29 2.02 1.86 1.75 1.58 1.44 1.04 1.01 0.93 0.59 0.38 0.37 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.01 844.17 577.17 466.64 415.27 387.11 284.64 269.66 230.04 135.81 112.83 103.16 99.34 78.17 64.97 59.84 58.77 52.56 52.35 52.25 50.96 50.54 45.92 44.10 37.81 21.46 17.45 16.77 12.55 8.81 8.05 4.35 4.34 3.19 3.02 0.68 0.59 1,696.00 342.57 198.01 117.97 61.41 49.64 37.03 18.89 13.94 9.61 8.39 7.20 7.16 5.28 4.72 450.68 United States Canada Mexico Bermuda St Pierre & Miquelon Brazil Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Puerto Rico Trinidad & Tobago Cuba Peru Ecuador Dominican Republic Virgin Islands, U.S. Panama Bolivia Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Uruguay Costa Rica Nicaragua The Bahamas Paraguay Martinique Guadeloupe Suriname Haiti Guyana Barbados French Guiana Aruba Belize Antigua and Barbuda Cayman Islands St Lucia Grenada Antarctica StVincent/Grenadines Saint Kitts & Nevis Dominica Virgin Islands, UK Montserrat Falkland Islands Turks & Caicos Is Germany United Kingdom Italy France Spain Poland Netherlands Turkey Belgium Czech Republic Greece Romania Austria Portugal Hungary Sweden Serbia & Montenegro Norway Finland Denmark Bulgaria Switzerland Ireland Slovakia Croatia Bosnia & Herzegovina Slovenia Luxembourg Cyprus Macedonia Albania Gibraltar Iceland Malta Faroe Islands Greenland Russia Ukraine Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Belarus Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Estonia Lithuania Armenia Latvia Tajikistan Moldova Kyrgyzstan Georgia Iran 9% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 Europe 4.67bn tonnes of CO2 For the first time, there is hard scientific evidence of climate change affecting Europe, said the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recently. Freak weather events, such as the heatwaves of 2003, will become ever more common The carbon list Central & South America North America Europe Middle East Eurasia Million tonnes CO2 Tonnes per person 20.14 19.24 3.75 9.53 11.85 1.94 5.99 3.71 4.14 1.36 9.97 35.51 2.91 1.12 1.79 1.95 147.68 4.56 1.35 4.22 50.20 0.90 0.99 0.92 1.75 1.42 0.79 13.46 0.61 NA NA 4.04 0.21 2.07 5.16 NA 10.46 3.32 8.53 8.68 2.22 2.71 NA 1.70 3.42 1.54 3.87 7.42 NA 0.60 10.24 9.55 8.03 6.59 9.60 7.38 16.44 3.30 13.10 11.02 9.67 4.45 9.55 6.15 5.98 6.53 4.85 11.40 10.00 9.38 6.78 6.13 10.98 6.96 4.77 3.94 8.34 26.79 11.30 3.94 1.22 155.76 10.74 7.59 14.54 10.47 11.88 7.30 13.04 4.39 6.26 10.06 4.62 14.17 3.87 3.22 3.66 1.06 1.65 1.03 1.01 6.96 China Saudi Arabia Iran Indonesia Spain Australia India South Korea Brazil Mexico Canada South Africa Japan US France Italy Russia UK Germany Ukraine 87% 76% 73% 69% 56% 43% 35% 32% 26% 25% 25% 23% 14% 13% 12% 9% 5% 4% -4% -18% CO2 emission growth of the highest 20 emitters, 1995 to 2005 Climate change Hot spots – the carbon atlas This week’s Bali meeting highlighted just how diffi cult it will be to secure an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas levels by enough to save the earth from catastrophic temperature rises. This map, showing countries accord- ing to their emissions, shows why an international deal is needed — and why only one binding the big polluters can succeed The Guardian | Saturday December 15 2007 27 2 China 5,323 5 India 1,166 4 Japan 1,230 9 South Korea 499.63 million tonnes of carbon dioxide 46 11 Iran 450.68 63 62 51 49 44 42 3 Russia 1,696 14 Saudi Arabia 412.35 15 Australia 406.64 19 Indonesia 359.47 20 Ukraine 342.57 d 22 Taiwan 28 Malaysia 24 Thailand 25 Turkey 26 Kazakhstan 31 38 40 33 34 35 106 45 76 47 56 61 66 70 72 75 81 82 85 87 90 91 93 101 121 102 103 105 107 123 143 111 8 134 147 155 162 165 172 180 Middle East 1.45bn tonnes of CO2 62% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 The region is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, through an oil and gas industry which produces over 30 percent of world oil supply and over 10 percent of its gas Asia & Oceania 10.36bn tonnes of CO2 58%growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 Rapid industrialisation combined with greater numbers of people moving to cities has provoked a huge rise in carbon emissions — with China rapidly moving to become the world’s greatest carbon emitter in the next two years — some scientists say this has happened already World total 28.19bn tonnes of CO2 28% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 World carbon emissions are up from 18.3bn tonnes in 1980 — and with rapid industrialisation in the developing world, those numbers will climb higher. The effect is delayed, which means even if we stopped emitting carbon now, it would go on increasing in the atmosphere 2.58bn tonnes of CO2 4% growth in carbon emissions, 1995-2005 Eurasia Russia’s carbon emissions dropped from 583 million metric tonnes of carbon in 1992 to 405 million metric tonnes in 1998, due to its then-deteriorating economic situation. Now, the energy giant may make clean up trading carbon credits 118 187 14 31 40 45 49 56 62 75 76 82 85 87 12 27 37 41 55 68 78 80 95 99 100 109 110 112 116 117 119 120 122 128 129 130 135 136 137 138 140 141 142 144 146 149 152 412.35 137.82 98.13 76.69 65.01 53.45 49.78 29.72 25.18 18.67 17.15 16.17 423.81 161.79 105.19 88.10 53.47 38.89 22.24 20.39 11.78 10.79 9.88 6.81 6.67 6.42 5.49 5.31 4.95 4.87 4.37 4.01 3.97 3.92 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.54 2.45 2.38 2.37 2.30 2.27 1.95 1.62 Saudi Arabia United ArabEmirates Iraq Kuwait Israel Qatar Syria Oman Bahrain Jordan Yemen Lebanon South Africa Egypt Nigeria Algeria Libya Morocco Tunisia Angola Zimbabwe Sudan Kenya Cameroon Ghana IvoryCoast Senegal Congo Gabon Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Mauritius Tanzania Botswana Namibia Reunion Mauritania Madagascar Zambia Togo Dem Rep Congo Mozambique Benin Djibouti Uganda Africa Asia & Oceania World WORDS: SIMON ROGERS, GRAPHIC: MARK MCCORMICK 139 157 168 177 189 197 198 199 201 211 209 214 205 28,192.74 156 158 159 160 161 167 169 170 171 173 175 181 182 184 186 188 190 191 194 196 203 204 213 2 4 5 9 15 19 22 24 28 33 34 42 44 46 47 66 70 91 93 105 111 123 134 139 143 147 155 157 162 165 168 172 177 180 187 189 197 198 199 201 205 209 211 214 Guinea Niger Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Swaziland Seychelles Malawi Rwanda Eritrea Somalia Mali Liberia Burundi Guinea-Bissau Central African Rep The Gambia Cape Verde Western Sahara Lesotho Chad Comoros Sao Tome & Principe St Helena China Japan India South Korea Australia Indonesia Taiwan Thailand Malaysia Singapore Pakistan Vietnam Philippines Hong Kong North Korea Bangladesh New Zealand Burma Sri Lanka Mongolia Brunei Papua New Guinea Nepal New Caledonia Macau Guam Wake Island Fiji Laos Afghanistan French Polynesia Maldives American Samoa Cambodia Bhutan U.S. Pacific Islands Solomon Islands Nauru Samoa Tonga Vanuatu Cook Islands Kiribati Niue 1.34 1.23 1.18 1.17 1.14 0.92 0.86 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.66 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.21 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.01 5,322.69 1,230.36 1,165.72 499.63 406.64 359.47 284.40 234.16 155.51 133.88 121.49 80.38 78.06 75.06 73.50 39.82 37.82 13.87 12.38 7.87 6.44 4.35 2.95 2.51 2.35 2.18 1.36 1.34 1.06 0.98 0.87 0.76 0.60 0.57 0.32 0.29 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.003 15.61 33.73 3.76 32.84 10.36 61.94 2.70 9.90 36.58 3.24 0.83 4.22 9.56 2.09 0.82 2.71 9.27 1.19 2.21 1.74 0.97 0.29 0.28 0.39 0.30 0.37 0.46 1.47 3.55 9.20 0.06 3.26 0.11 2.23 1.32 NA 0.85 0.14 0.22 0.44 0.04 0.11 0.30 4.09 0.06 0.14 0.10 0.20 0.09 1.00 11.36 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.09 0.06 0.18 0.05 0.27 0.08 0.19 0.68 0.76 0.10 0.02 0.15 0.52 1.38 4.07 9.65 1.07 10.27 20.24 1.57 12.53 3.65 6.49 30.25 0.77 0.96 0.89 10.88 3.21 0.28 9.37 0.30 0.60 2.75 17.84 0.79 0.11 11.58 5.22 12.92 NA 1.50 0.17 0.03 3.20 2.19 10.34 0.04 0.14 1.10 0.35 13.51 0.77 1.14 0.46 3.12 0.31 NA 4.37 Qatar Bahrain Trinidad & Tobago UAE Kuwait Singapore Lux- embourg Australia US Canada Netherlands Saudi Arabia Estonia Bahamas Belgium Kazakhstan Taiwan Russia Norway Czech Republic UK (36th) World 4.37 Highest per person CO2 emissions, Top twenty plus UK, 2005, tonnes 61.94 36.58 35.51 33.73 32.84 30.25 26.79 20.24 20.14 19.24 16.44 15.61 14.17 13.46 13.10 13.04 12.53 11.88 11.40 11.02 9.55