INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME
_____________________________________________________________
Coping with water scarcity
by
Luis S. Pereira
Ian Cordery
Iacovos Iacovides
_____________________________________________________________
IHP-VI Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 58
UNESCO, Paris, 2002
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SC-2002/WS/49
The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
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I
Table of contents
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
VII
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
2.
WATER SCARCITY CONCEPTS
5
2.1. Water scarcity concepts
5
2.1.1. Introduction
5
2.1.2. Causes for water scarcity
6
2.1.3. Aridity and drought water scarcity
8
2.2. Coping with water scarcity
10
2.2.1. Main problems in brief
10
2.2.2. Water management issues
12
2.2.3. Implications of sustainable development
15
3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES LEADING TO WATER
SCARCITY
19
3.1.
Introduction
19
3.2. Climatic conditions
21
3.2.1. General aspects
21
3.2.2. Rainfall variability in time and space
21
3.2.3. Evaporation
23
3.3. Hydrologic characteristics
24
3.3.1. Runoff regime
24
3.3.2. Groundwater
26
3.3.4. Water quality
30
3.4. Drought and water scarcity
31
3.4.1. Definitions
31
3.4.2. Manifestations of drought
31
3.4.3. Forecasting drought
32
3.5. Meteorological and hydrological data collection and handling
32
4.
CONCEPTUAL THINKING IN COPING WITH WATER SCARCITY
35
4.1.
Introduction
35
4.2. Social value of water
35
4.2.1. Water for life
35
4.2.2. Differences between urban and rural needs
36
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II
4.2.3. Differences between arid zone