U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics On behalf of the Office …

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Bureau of Labor Statistics
2018 SOC Definitions
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
On behalf of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
and the Standard Occupational Classification Policy Committee (SOCPC)
November 2017 (for reference year January 2018 -Updated April 15, 2020) 
Questions should be emailed to soc@bls.gov
1
11-1000  Top Executives
11-1010  Chief Executives
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-1011 Chief Executives
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-1021 General and Operations Managers
11-1021  General and Operations Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple 
departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and 
planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in 
any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative 
services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.
Illustrative examples: Department Store Manager, General Superintendent, Operational Risk Manager, Radio 
Station Manager
11-1011  Chief Executives
Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of companies or private and public sector 
organizations within guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or 
coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and 
staff managers.
Illustrative examples: Admiral, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Governor, School Superintendent, 
University President
11-1020  General and Operations Managers
Illustrative examples: City Council Member, Senator, Tribal Council Member
11-2000  Advertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, and Sales Managers
11-1030  Legislators
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-1031 Legislators
11-1031  Legislators
Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in 
elected positions.
11-2010  Advertising and Promotions Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-2011 Advertising and Promotions Managers
11-2011  Advertising and Promotions Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, 
contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, 
an entire organization, or on an account basis.
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
2
Illustrative examples: Advertising Director, Advertising Executive, Promotions Director
11-2020  Marketing and Sales Managers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
11-2021 Marketing Managers
11-2022 Sales Managers
11-2021  Marketing Managers
Illustrative examples: District Sales Manager, Export Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Sales Director
11-2030  Public Relations and Fundraising Managers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
11-2032 Public Relations Managers
11-2033 Fundraising Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and 
services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with 
the goal of maximizing the firm’s profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm’s customers are satisfied. 
Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
Illustrative examples: Internet Marketing Manager, Marketing Administrator, Marketing Director
11-2022  Sales Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. 
Coordinate sales distribution by establishing sales territories, quotas, and goals and establish training programs 
for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory 
requirements and monitor the preferences of customers.
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities to solicit and maintain funds for special projects or nonprofit organizations.
Illustrative examples: Donor Relations Manager, Foundation Director, Funding Coordinator, Fundraising Director
11-3000  Operations Specialties Managers
11-2032  Public Relations Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities designed to create or maintain a favorable public image or raise issue 
awareness for their organization or client.
Illustrative examples: Public Affairs Director, Publicity Director
11-2033  Fundraising Managers
11-3010  Administrative Services and Facilities Managers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
11-3012 Administrative Services Managers
11-3013 Facilities Managers
11-3012  Administrative Services Managers
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
3
Illustrative examples: Records and Information Manager, Records Management Director, University Registrar
11-3013  Facilities Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate operations and functionalities of facilities and buildings. May include surrounding 
grounds or multiple facilities of an organization’s campus. Excludes “Administrative Services Managers” (11-
3012), “Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers” (11-9141), “First-Line Supervisors of 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Workers” (37-1010), “First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics and 
Repairers” (49-1011), and “Maintenance and Repair Workers, General” (49-9071).
Plan, direct, or coordinate one or more administrative services of an organization, such as records and 
information management, mail distribution, and other office support services. Medical records administrators are 
included in “Medical and Health Services Managers” (11-9111). Excludes “Facilities Managers” (11-3013) and 
“Purchasing Managers” (11-3061).
11-3021  Computer and Information Systems Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as electronic data processing, information systems, systems 
analysis, and computer programming. Excludes “Computer Occupations” (15-1211 through 15-1299).
Illustrative examples: Chief Technology Officer, Information Technology Systems Director, Management 
Information Systems Director
11-3030  Financial Managers
Illustrative examples: Conference Center Manager, Director of University Housing, Stadium Manager
11-3020  Computer and Information Systems Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers
11-3050  Industrial Production Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3051 Industrial Production Managers
11-3051  Industrial Production Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the work activities and resources necessary for manufacturing products in accordance 
with cost, quality, and quantity specifications.
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3031 Financial Managers
11-3031  Financial Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other financial activities of a 
branch, office, or department of an establishment. Excludes “Financial Risk Specialists” (13-2054).
Illustrative examples: Bank Branch Manager, Comptroller, Financial Director
Illustrative examples: Manufacturing Director, Plant Manager, Production Control Manager
11-3060  Purchasing Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3061 Purchasing Managers
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
4
11-3061  Purchasing Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of buyers, purchasing officers, and related workers involved in purchasing 
materials, products, and services. Includes wholesale or retail trade merchandising managers and procurement 
managers.
Illustrative examples: Contracting Manager, Procurement Manager, Purchasing Director
11-3070  Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
11-3110  Compensation and Benefits Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3111 Compensation and Benefits Managers
11-3111  Compensation and Benefits Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and benefits activities of an organization. Job analysis and position 
description managers are included in “Human Resources Managers” (11-3121).
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
11-3071  Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational 
policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers.
Illustrative examples: Distribution Center Manager, Traffic Safety Administrator, Warehouse Manager
11-3121  Human Resources Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate human resources activities and staff of an organization. Excludes managers who 
primarily focus on compensation and benefits (11-3111) and training and development (11-3131).
Illustrative examples: Job Analysis Manager, Labor Relations Director, Personnel Manager, Position Description 
Manager
11-3130  Training and Development Managers
Illustrative examples: Compensation Director, Employee Benefits Director, Wage and Salary Administrator
11-3120  Human Resources Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3121 Human Resources Managers
11-9000  Other Management Occupations
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-3131 Training and Development Managers
11-3131  Training and Development Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization.
Illustrative examples: E-Learning Manager, Employee Development Director, Labor Training Manager
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
5
11-9010  Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9013 Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
11-9020  Construction Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9021 Construction Managers
11-9021  Construction Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate, usually through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities concerned with the 
construction and maintenance of structures, facilities, and systems. Participate in the conceptual development of 
a construction project and oversee its organization, scheduling, budgeting, and implementation. Includes 
managers in specialized construction fields, such as carpentry or plumbing.
11-9013  Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the management or operation of farms, ranches, greenhouses, aquacultural 
operations, nurseries, timber tracts, or other agricultural establishments. May hire, train, and supervise farm 
workers or contract for services to carry out the day-to-day activities of the managed operation. May engage in or 
supervise planting, cultivating, harvesting, and financial and marketing activities. Excludes “First-Line Supervisors 
of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers” (45-1011).
Illustrative examples: Animal Husbandry Manager, Dairy Farm Manager, Fish Hatchery Manager, Orchard 
Plan, direct, or coordinate academic or nonacademic activities of preschools or childcare centers and programs, 
including before- and after-school care. Excludes “Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education” (25-2011) and 
“Childcare Workers” (39-9011).
Illustrative examples: Childcare Center Administrator, Head Start Director, Preschool Director
11-9032  Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary
Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or 
secondary schools.
Illustrative examples: Construction Coordinator, Construction Superintendent, General Contractor
11-9030  Education and Childcare Administrators
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
11-9031 Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare
11-9032 Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary
11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary
11-9039 Education Administrators, All Other
11-9031  Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare
Illustrative examples: Director of Student Services, Provost, University Dean, University Department Chair
Illustrative examples: Elementary School Principal, High School Principal, Middle School Principal
11-9033  Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and 
educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community 
colleges.
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
6
11-9039  Education Administrators, All Other
All education administrators not listed separately.
11-9040  Architectural and Engineering Managers
11-9050  Food Service Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9051 Food Service Managers
11-9051  Food Service Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that serves food and beverages. Excludes 
“Chefs and Head Cooks” (35-1011).
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9041 Architectural and Engineering Managers
11-9041  Architectural and Engineering Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in 
these fields. Excludes “Natural Sciences Managers” (11-9121).
Illustrative examples: Engineering Design Manager, Global Engineering Manager, Mechanical Engineering 
11-9071  Gambling Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate gambling operations in a casino. May formulate house rules.
Illustrative examples: Casino Manager, Slot Operations Director, Table Games Manager
11-9072  Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling
Illustrative examples: Banquet Director, Food Service Director, Tavern Operator
11-9070  Entertainment and Recreation Managers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
11-9071 Gambling Managers
11-9072 Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling
11-9081  Lodging Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that provides lodging and other 
accommodations. Excludes “Food Service Managers” (11-9051) in lodging establishments.
Illustrative examples: Bed and Breakfast Innkeeper, Hotel Manager, Innkeeper
Plan, direct, or coordinate entertainment and recreational activities and operations of a recreational facility, 
including cruise ships and parks.
Illustrative examples: Amusement Park Manager, Fitness Club Manager, Marina Club Manager, Skating Rink 
Manager, Ski Resort Manager
11-9080  Lodging Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9081 Lodging Managers
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
7
Illustrative examples: Chief Medical Information Officer, Clinic Director, Clinical Informatics Director, Health 
Information Services Manager, Hospital Administrator, Medical Records Administrator, Mental Health Program 
Manager
11-9120  Natural Sciences Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9121 Natural Sciences Managers
11-9121  Natural Sciences Managers
11-9110  Medical and Health Services Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers
11-9111  Medical and Health Services Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate medical and health services in hospitals, clinics, managed care organizations, public 
health agencies, or similar organizations.
11-9131  Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and support services of a U.S. post office; or 
coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office.
Illustrative examples: Postal Supervisor, Postmaster
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and 
research and development in these fields. Excludes “Computer and Information Systems Managers” (11-3021) 
and “Architecture and Engineering Managers” (11-9041).
Illustrative examples: Agricultural Research Director, Geophysical Manager, Ocean Program Administrator
11-9130  Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9131 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
Illustrative examples: Apartment Manager, Building Rental Manager, Leasing Property Manager
11-9150  Social and Community Service Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers
11-9151  Social and Community Service Managers
11-9140  Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
11-9141  Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the selling, buying, leasing, or governance activities of commercial, industrial, or 
residential real estate properties. Includes managers of homeowner and condominium associations, rented or 
leased housing units, buildings, or land (including rights-of-way).
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
8
11-9161  Emergency Management Directors
Plan and direct disaster response or crisis management activities, provide disaster preparedness training, and 
prepare emergency plans and procedures for natural (e.g., hurricanes, floods, earthquakes), wartime, or 
technological (e.g., nuclear power plant emergencies or hazardous materials spills) disasters or hostage situations.
Illustrative examples: Disaster Response Director, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Public Safety Director
Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee 
the program or organization’s budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and 
benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers.
Illustrative examples: Child Welfare Director, Family Service Center Director, Youth Program Director
11-9160  Emergency Management Directors
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9161 Emergency Management Directors
Illustrative examples: Funeral Home Director
11-9179  Personal Service Managers, All Other
All personal service managers not listed separately. Excludes “Financial Specialists” (13-2000). Daycare Managers 
are included in Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare (11-9031).
Illustrative examples: Day Spa Director, Nail Salon Manager, Travel Agency Manager
11-9170  Personal Service Managers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
11-9171 Funeral Home Managers
11-9179 Personal Service Managers, All Other
11-9171  Funeral Home Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate the services or resources of funeral homes. Includes activities such as determining 
prices for services or merchandise and managing the facilities of funeral homes. Excludes “Morticians, 
Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers” (39-4031).
Illustrative examples: Clerk of Court, Social Science Manager, Utilities Manager
11-9190  Miscellaneous Managers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
11-9199 Managers, All Other
11-9199  Managers, All Other
All managers not listed separately.
11-0000  MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS
9
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
13-1032 Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage
13-1023  Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an 
establishment. Purchase raw or semifinished materials for manufacturing. May negotiate contracts. Excludes 
“Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products” (13-1021) and “Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm 
Products” (13-1022).
Illustrative examples: Equipment, Supplies, and Tools Purchasing Agent, Radio Time Buyer
13-1030  Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators
13-1022  Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products
Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail 
level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality 
of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to 
contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products. May 
negotiate contracts. Includes assistant wholesale and retail buyers of nonfarm products. Excludes “Procurement 
Clerks” (43-3061).
Illustrative examples: Gold Buyer, Merchandise Buyer
This broad occupation includes the following three detailed occupations:
13-1021 Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products
13-1022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products
13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
13-1021  Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products
Purchase farm products either for further processing or resale. Includes tree farm contractors, grain brokers and 
market operators, grain buyers, and tobacco buyers. May negotiate contracts.
Illustrative examples: Cotton Broker, Fruit Buyer, Livestock Buyer
13-1011  Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May 
handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients.
Illustrative examples: Band Manager, Literary Agent, Theatrical Agent
13-1020  Buyers and Purchasing Agents
13-1000  Business Operations Specialists
13-1010  Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1011 Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
10
Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing, construction projects, or services to aid management in 
bidding on or determining price of product or service. May specialize according to particular service performed 
or type of product manufactured.
Illustrative examples: Construction Job Cost Estimator, Crating and Moving Estimator, Production Cost Estimator
13-1070  Human Resources Workers
This broad occupation includes the following three detailed occupations:
13-1071 Human Resources Specialists
13-1074 Farm Labor Contractors
13-1075 Labor Relations Specialists
Illustrative examples: Driver's License Examiner, Environmental Compliance Inspector, Equal Employment 
Opportunity Officer
13-1050  Cost Estimators
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1051 Cost Estimators
13-1051  Cost Estimators
13-1040  Compliance Officers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1041 Compliance Officers
13-1041  Compliance Officers
Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract 
compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis 
activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes “Financial Examiners" (13-2061), “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and 
Revenue Agents” (13-2081), “Occupational Health and Safety Specialists” (19-5011), “Occupational Health and 
Safety Technicians” (19-5012), “Transportation Security Screeners” (33-9093), “Agricultural Inspectors” (45-
2011), “Construction and Building Inspectors” (47-4011), and “Transportation Inspectors” (53-6051).
13-1032  Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage
Appraise automobile or other vehicle damage to determine repair costs for insurance claim settlement. Prepare 
insurance forms to indicate repair cost or cost estimates and recommendations. May seek agreement with 
automotive repair shop on repair costs.
Illustrative examples: Automobile Damage Appraiser, Vehicle Damage Appraiser
13-1031  Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements are made in accordance with company 
practices and procedures. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. May also settle insurance 
claims. Excludes “Fire Inspectors and Investigators” (33-2021).
Illustrative examples: Fire Claims Adjuster, Health Insurance Adjuster, Property and Casualty Insurance Claims 
Examiner
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
11
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1111 Management Analysts
13-1111  Management Analysts
13-1082  Project Management Specialists
Analyze and coordinate the schedule, timeline, procurement, staffing, and budget of a product or service on a 
per project basis. Lead and guide the work of technical staff. May serve as a point of contact for the client or 
customer. Excludes “Management Occupations” (11-0000), “Logisticians” (13-1081), “Meeting, Convention, and 
Event Planners” (13-1121), and “Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks” (43-5061).
Illustrative examples: Design Project Management Specialists, Movie Project Management Specialists
13-1110  Management Analysts
13-1081  Logisticians
Analyze and coordinate the ongoing logistical functions of a firm or organization. Responsible for the entire life 
cycle of a product, including acquisition, distribution, internal allocation, delivery, and final disposal of resources. 
Excludes “Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers” (11-3071) and “Project Management Specialists” 
(13-1082).
Illustrative examples: Logistics Analyst, Logistics Planner, Logistics Specialist
Resolve disputes between workers and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate 
grievance procedures to handle employee complaints. Excludes equal employment opportunity (EEO) officers, 
who are included in “Compliance Officers” (13-1041).
Illustrative examples: Employee Relations Specialist, Labor Relations Consultant, Union Representative
13-1080  Logisticians and Project Management Specialists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
13-1081 Logisticians
13-1082 Project Management Specialists
13-1074  Farm Labor Contractors
Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for 
workers.
Illustrative examples: Harvesting Contractor
13-1075  Labor Relations Specialists
13-1071  Human Resources Specialists
Recruit, screen, interview, or place individuals within an organization. May perform other activities in multiple 
human resources areas. Excludes “Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists” (13-1141) and “Training 
and Development Specialists” (13-1151).
Illustrative examples: Human Resources Generalist, Personnel Recruiter, Staffing Coordinator, Student Recruiter, 
Volunteer Coordinator
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
12
13-1150  Training and Development Specialists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1151 Training and Development Specialists
13-1151  Training and Development Specialists
Design or conduct work-related training and development programs to improve individual skills or organizational 
performance. May analyze organizational training needs or evaluate training effectiveness. Excludes 
“Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1194) and “Other Teachers and Instructors” (25-
3000). Flight instructors are included with “Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers” (53-2010).
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
13-1141  Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
Conduct programs of compensation and benefits and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specific areas, 
such as position classification and pension programs.
Illustrative examples: Employee Benefits Specialist, Job Analyst, Retirement Plan Specialist
13-1131  Fundraisers
Organize activities to raise funds or otherwise solicit and gather monetary donations or other gifts for an 
organization. May design and produce promotional materials. May also raise awareness of the organization’s 
work, goals, and financial needs.
Illustrative examples: Campaign Fundraiser, Donor Relations Officer, Fundraising Officer
13-1140  Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
Illustrative examples: Conference Planner, Corporate Meeting Planner, Wedding Planner
13-1130  Fundraisers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1131 Fundraisers
13-1120  Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1121 Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
13-1121  Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
Coordinate activities of staff, convention personnel, or clients to make arrangements for group meetings, events, 
or conventions.
Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplification and 
measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more 
efficiently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants. Excludes “Computer Systems 
Analysts” (15-1211) and “Operations Research Analysts” (15-2031).
Illustrative examples: Business Management Analyst, Business Process Consultant, Industrial Analyst, University 
Institutional Researcher
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
13
13-2020  Property Appraisers and Assessors
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
13-2022 Appraisers of Personal and Business Property
13-2023 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
13-2022  Appraisers of Personal and Business Property
13-2011  Accountants and Auditors
Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and 
evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and 
budgetary data. Excludes “Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081).
Illustrative examples: Certified Public Accountant, Field Auditor, Internal Auditor
13-2000  Financial Specialists
13-2010  Accountants and Auditors
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-2011 Accountants and Auditors
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other
13-1199  Business Operations Specialists, All Other
All business operations specialists not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Mystery Shopper, Ship Purser
13-1161  Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
Research conditions in local, regional, national, or online markets. Gather information to determine potential 
sales of a product or service, or plan a marketing or advertising campaign. May gather information on 
competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May employ search marketing tactics, 
analyze web metrics, and develop recommendations to increase search engine ranking and visibility to target 
markets. Excludes “Web and Digital Interface Designers” (15-1255), “Art Directors” (27-1011), “Graphic 
Designers” (27-1024), and “Public Relations Specialists” (27-3031).
Illustrative examples: Advertising Analyst, Market Research Specialist, Marketing Consultant, Marketing 
Forecaster, Search Marketing Strategist
13-1190  Miscellaneous Business Operations Specialists
Illustrative examples: Computer Software Training Specialist, Computer Training Specialist, Corporate Trainer, 
Insurance Employee Trainer
13-1160  Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-1161 Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
14
13-2051  Financial and Investment Analysts
Conduct quantitative analyses of information involving investment programs or financial data of public or private 
institutions, including valuation of businesses. Excludes “Budget Analysts” (13-2031), “Financial Risk Specialists” 
(13-2054), and “Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents” (41-3031).
Illustrative examples: Corporate Financial Analyst, Corporate Securities Research Analyst, Institutional 
Commodity Analyst, Organizational Investment Analyst
Illustrative examples: Credit Assessment Analyst, Credit Risk Analyst
13-2050  Financial Analysts and Advisors
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
13-2051 Financial and Investment Analysts
13-2052 Personal Financial Advisors
13-2053 Insurance Underwriters
13-2054 Financial Risk Specialists
13-2040  Credit Analysts
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-2041 Credit Analysts
13-2041  Credit Analysts
Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in 
extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decisionmaking. Excludes 
“Financial Risk Specialists” (13-2054).
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-2031 Budget Analysts
13-2031  Budget Analysts
Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with procedures and regulations. 
Analyze budgeting and accounting reports. Excludes “Financial and Investment Analysts” (13-2051).
Illustrative examples: Budget Examiner, Budget Officer, Cost Analyst
Illustrative examples: Estate Appraiser, Machinery Appraiser, Personal Property Assessor
13-2023  Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
Appraise real estate, exclusively, and estimate its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed 
schedules. Excludes “Appraisers of Personal and Business Property” (13-2022).
13-2030  Budget Analysts
Appraise and estimate the fair value of tangible personal or business property, such as jewelry, art, antiques, 
collectibles, and equipment. Includes workers who appraise both personal and business property as well as real 
estate. May also appraise land. Excludes “Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators” (13-1031), “Insurance 
Appraisers, Auto Damage” (13-1032), “Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate” (13-2023), and “Tax Examiners 
and Collectors, and Revenue Agents” (13-2081).
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
15
13-2072  Loan Officers
13-2071  Credit Counselors
Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in 
determining the best type of loan and explain loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt 
management plans or student financial aid packages. May advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, 
bankruptcy, or student financial aid counseling.
Illustrative examples: Debt Management Counselor, Student Financial Aid Counselor, Student Loan Counselor
Enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial and securities institutions and 
financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify, or authenticate records.
Illustrative examples: Bank Examiner, Financial Compliance Examiner, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Specialist
13-2070  Credit Counselors and Loan Officers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
13-2071 Credit Counselors
13-2072 Loan Officers
Illustrative examples: Financial Risk Analyst
13-2060  Financial Examiners
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-2061 Financial Examiners
13-2061  Financial Examiners
Illustrative examples: Automobile and Property Underwriter, Bond Underwriter, Insurance Analyst
13-2054  Financial Risk Specialists
Analyze and measure exposure to credit and market risk threatening the assets, earning capacity, or economic 
state of an organization. May make recommendations to limit risk. Excludes “Credit Analysts” (13-2041).
Advise clients on financial plans using knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension 
plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax 
status, and financial objectives. May also buy and sell financial assets for clients. Excludes “Securities, 
Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents” (41-3031).
Illustrative examples: Estate Planner, Individual Pension Adviser, Personal Investment Adviser
13-2053  Insurance Underwriters
Review individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and determine acceptance of 
applications.
13-2052  Personal Financial Advisors
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
16
Illustrative examples: Bail Bondsman, Executor of Estate
13-2090  Miscellaneous Financial Specialists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other
13-2099  Financial Specialists, All Other
All financial specialists not listed separately.
13-2082  Tax Preparers
Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes “Accountants and Auditors” (13-2011).
Illustrative examples: Income Tax Advisor, Income Tax Preparer, Licensed Tax Consultant
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
13-2081 Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
13-2082 Tax Preparers
13-2081  Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and
regulations.
Illustrative examples: Internal Revenue Service Agent, Revenue Collector, Tax Investigator
Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on 
financial status and payment methods. Includes mortgage loan officers and agents, collection analysts, loan 
servicing officers, loan underwriters, and payday loan officers.
Illustrative examples: Commercial Lender, Loan Reviewer, Payday Loan Officer, Real Estate Loan Officer
13-2080  Tax Examiners, Collectors and Preparers, and Revenue Agents
13-0000  BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
17
15-1230  Computer Support Specialists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
15-1231 Computer Network Support Specialists
15-1232 Computer User Support Specialists
15-1231  Computer Network Support Specialists
Analyze, test, troubleshoot, and evaluate existing network systems, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area 
networks (WAN), cloud networks, servers, and other data communications networks. Perform network 
maintenance to ensure networks operate correctly with minimal interruption. Excludes “Computer Network 
Architects” (15-1241) and “Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244).
15-1221  Computer and Information Research Scientists
Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop 
solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.
Illustrative examples: Computational Theory Scientist, Control System Computer Scientist, Programming 
Methodology and Languages Researcher
Plan, implement, upgrade, or monitor security measures for the protection of computer networks and information. 
Assess system vulnerabilities for security risks and propose and implement risk mitigation strategies. May ensure 
appropriate security controls are in place that will safeguard digital files and vital electronic infrastructure. May 
respond to computer security breaches and viruses. Excludes “Computer Network Architects” (15-1241).
Illustrative examples: Computer Security Specialist, IT Risk Specialist, Network Security Analyst
15-1220  Computer and Information Research Scientists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-1221 Computer and Information Research Scientists
15-1211  Computer Systems Analysts
Analyze science, engineering, business, and other data processing problems to develop and implement solutions to 
complex applications problems, system administration issues, or network concerns. Perform systems management 
and integration functions, improve existing computer systems, and review computer system capabilities, workflow, 
and schedule limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially available software.
Illustrative examples: Applications Analyst, Data Processing Systems Analyst, Information Systems Analyst, Systems 
Architect
15-1212  Information Security Analysts
15-1200  Computer Occupations
15-1210  Computer and Information Analysts
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
15-1211 Computer Systems Analysts
15-1212 Information Security Analysts
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
18
15-1244  Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Illustrative examples: Database Programmer, Database Security Administrator
15-1243  Database Architects
Design strategies for enterprise databases, data warehouse systems, and multidimensional networks. Set standards 
for database operations, programming, query processes, and security. Model, design, and construct large relational 
databases or data warehouses. Create and optimize data models for warehouse infrastructure and workflow. 
Integrate new systems with existing warehouse structure and refine system performance and functionality. 
Excludes “Database Administrators” (15-1242).
Illustrative examples: Data Architect, Data Integration Specialist, Data Warehousing Specialist, Database Developer
Illustrative examples: Computer Network Engineer, Network Designer, Network Developer
15-1242  Database Administrators
Administer, test, and implement computer databases, applying knowledge of database management systems. 
Coordinate changes to computer databases. Identify, investigate, and resolve database performance issues, 
database capacity, and database scalability. May plan, coordinate, and implement security measures to safeguard 
computer databases. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212) and “Database Architects” (15-1243).
15-1240  Database and Network Administrators and Architects
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
15-1241 Computer Network Architects
15-1242 Database Administrators
15-1243 Database Architects
15-1244 Network and Computer Systems Administrators
15-1241  Computer Network Architects
Design and implement computer and information networks, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks 
(WAN), intranets, extranets, and other data communications networks. Perform network modeling, analysis, and 
planning, including analysis of capacity needs for network infrastructures. May also design network and computer 
security measures. May research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. 
Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212), “Computer Network Support Specialists” (15-1231), and 
“Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244).
Illustrative examples: Network Diagnostic Support Specialist, Network Support Technician, Network Technician
15-1232  Computer User Support Specialists
Provide technical assistance to computer users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in 
person, via telephone, or electronically. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and 
software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems. Excludes 
“Network and Computer Systems Administrators” (15-1244).
Illustrative examples: End-User Support Specialist, Help Desk Technician, IT Support Specialist
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
19
15-1253  Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
Develop and execute software tests to identify software problems and their causes. Test system modifications to 
prepare for implementation. Document software and application defects using a bug tracking system and report 
defects to software or web developers. Create and maintain databases of known defects. May participate in 
software design reviews to provide input on functional requirements, operational characteristics, product designs, 
and schedules.
Illustrative examples: Applications Tester, Software Quality Assurance Technician, Software Quality Control 
Specialist, Software Quality Engineer, Software Test Engineer
Illustrative examples: Applications Programmer, Computer Language Coder, IT Programmer, Systems Programmer
15-1252  Software Developers
Research, design, and develop computer and network software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs 
and develop software solutions, applying principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and 
mathematical analysis. Update software or enhance existing software capabilities. May work with computer 
hardware engineers to integrate hardware and software systems, and develop specifications and performance 
requirements. May maintain databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database 
development as part of a team.
Illustrative examples: Computer Applications Engineer, Computer Systems Engineer, Mobile Applications Developer, 
Software Applications Architect, Software Engineer, Systems Software Developer
15-1250  Software and Web Developers, Programmers, and Testers
This broad occupation includes the following five detailed occupations:
15-1251 Computer Programmers
15-1252 Software Developers
15-1253 Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
15-1254 Web Developers
15-1255 Web and Digital Interface Designers
15-1251  Computer Programmers
Create, modify, and test the code and scripts that allow computer applications to run. Work from specifications 
drawn up by software and web developers or other individuals. May develop and write computer programs to 
store, locate, and retrieve specific documents, data, and information.
Install, configure, and maintain an organization’s local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), data 
communications network, operating systems, and physical and virtual servers. Perform system monitoring and 
verify the integrity and availability of hardware, network, and server resources and systems. Review system and 
application logs and verify completion of scheduled jobs, including system backups. Analyze network and server 
resource consumption and control user access. Install and upgrade software and maintain software licenses. May 
assist in network modeling, analysis, planning, and coordination between network and data communications 
hardware and software. Excludes “Information Security Analysts” (15-1212), “Computer Network Support 
Specialists” (15-1231), and “Computer User Support Specialists” (15-1232).
Illustrative examples: Network Analyst, Network Coordinator, Wide Area Network Administrator
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
20
15-2011  Actuaries
Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct 
probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates 
required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
Illustrative examples: Actuarial Mathematician, Health Actuary, Insurance Actuary
15-2000  Mathematical Science Occupations
15-2010  Actuaries
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2011 Actuaries
15-1299  Computer Occupations, All Other
All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes “Computer and Information Systems Managers” (11-3021), 
“Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061), “Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (17-2070), “Computer Science 
Teachers, Postsecondary” (25-1021), “Special Effects Artists and Animators” (27-1014), “Graphic Designers” (27-
1024), “Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars” (29-9021), and “Computer, Automated Teller, 
and Office Machine Repairers” (49-2011).
Illustrative examples: Computer Console Operator, Computer Laboratory Technician, Data Center Operator
Design digital user interfaces or websites. Develop and test layouts, interfaces, functionality, and navigation menus 
to ensure compatibility and usability across browsers or devices. May use web framework applications as well as 
client-side code and processes. May evaluate web design following web and accessibility standards, and may 
analyze web use metrics and optimize websites for marketability and search engine ranking. May design and test 
interfaces that facilitate the human-computer interaction and maximize the usability of digital devices, websites, 
and software with a focus on aesthetics and design. May create graphics used in websites and manage website 
content and links. Excludes “Special Effects Artists and Animators” (27-1014) and “Graphic Designers” (27-1024).
Illustrative examples: Digital Designer, Graphic Web Designer, Web Content Specialist
15-1290  Miscellaneous Computer Occupations
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-1299 Computer Occupations, All Other
15-1254  Web Developers
Develop and implement websites, web applications, application databases, and interactive web interfaces. Evaluate 
code to ensure that it is properly structured, meets industry standards, and is compatible with browsers and 
devices. Optimize website performance, scalability, and server-side code and processes. May develop website 
infrastructure and integrate websites with other computer applications. Excludes “Special Effects Artists and 
Animators” (27-1014).
Illustrative examples: Intranet Developer, Web Applications Developer, Web Architect
15-1255  Web and Digital Interface Designers
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
21
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2051 Data Scientists
15-2051  Data Scientists
Develop and implement a set of techniques or analytics applications to transform raw data into meaningful 
information using data-oriented programming languages and visualization software. Apply data mining, data 
modeling, natural language processing, and machine learning to extract and analyze information from large 
structured and unstructured datasets. Visualize, interpret, and report data findings. May create dynamic data 
reports. Excludes “Statisticians” (15-2041), “Cartographers and Photogrammetrists” (17-1021), and “Health 
Information Technologists and Medical Registrars” (29-9021).
Illustrative examples: Business Intelligence Developer, Data Analytics Specialist, Data Mining Analyst, Data 
Visualization Developer
15-2041  Statisticians
Develop or apply mathematical or statistical theory and methods to collect, organize, interpret, and summarize 
numerical data to provide usable information. May specialize in fields such as biostatistics, agricultural statistics, 
business statistics, or economic statistics. Includes mathematical and survey statisticians. Excludes “Survey 
Researchers” (19-3022).
Illustrative examples: Biostatistician, Statistical Analyst, Time Study Statistician
15-2050  Data Scientists
Illustrative examples: Operations Analyst, Procedure Analyst, Process Analyst
15-2040  Statisticians
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2041 Statisticians
15-2030  Operations Research Analysts
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2031 Operations Research Analysts
15-2031  Operations Research Analysts
Formulate and apply mathematical modeling and other optimizing methods to develop and interpret information 
that assists management with decisionmaking, policy formulation, or other managerial functions. May collect and 
analyze data and develop decision support software, services, or products. May develop and supply optimal time, 
cost, or logistics networks for program evaluation, review, or implementation.
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2021 Mathematicians
15-2021  Mathematicians
Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, 
management, and other fields. Solve problems in various fields using mathematical methods.
Illustrative examples: Algebraist, Cryptographer, Cryptographic Vulnerability Analyst
15-2020  Mathematicians
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
22
Illustrative examples: Harmonic Analyst, Mathematical Engineering Technician
15-2090  Miscellaneous Mathematical Science Occupations
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other
15-2099  Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other
All mathematical scientists not listed separately.
15-0000  COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OCCUPATIONS
23
17-2010  Aerospace Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2011 Aerospace Engineers
17-1022  Surveyors
Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, 
gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth’s surface for 
engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes.
Illustrative examples: Geodetic Surveyor, Land Surveyor, Mineral Surveyor
17-2000  Engineers
17-1021  Cartographers and Photogrammetrists
Research, study, and prepare maps and other spatial data in digital or graphic form for one or more purposes, 
such as legal, social, political, educational, and design purposes. May work with Geographic Information Systems 
(GIS). May design and evaluate algorithms, data structures, and user interfaces for GIS and mapping systems. 
May collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and 
satellite data.
Illustrative examples: Digital Cartographer, Mapper, Topographer
Plan and design land areas for projects such as parks and other recreational facilities, airports, highways, 
hospitals, schools, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial, and residential sites.
Illustrative examples: Golf Course Architect, Golf Course Designer, Landscape Designer
17-1020  Surveyors, Cartographers, and Photogrammetrists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
17-1021 Cartographers and Photogrammetrists
17-1022 Surveyors
17-1011  Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Plan and design structures, such as private residences, office buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural 
property. Excludes “Landscape Architects” (17-1012) and “Marine Engineers and Naval Architects” (17-2121).
Illustrative examples: Building Architect, Building Architectural Designer, Structural Architect
17-1012  Landscape Architects
17-1000  Architects, Surveyors, and Cartographers
17-1010  Architects, Except Naval
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
17-1012 Landscape Architects
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
24
17-2051  Civil Engineers
Design chemical plant equipment and devise processes for manufacturing chemicals and products, such as
gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, cement, paper, and pulp, by applying principles and technology of
chemistry, physics, and engineering.
Illustrative examples: Fuels Engineer, Plastics Engineer, Polymerization Engineer
17-2050  Civil Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2051 Civil Engineers
Illustrative examples: Biomaterials Engineer, Bio-Mechanical Engineer, Dialysis Engineer
17-2040  Chemical Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2041 Chemical Engineers
17-2041  Chemical Engineers
17-2030  Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2031 Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers
17-2031  Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers
Apply knowledge of engineering, biology, chemistry, computer science, and biomechanical principles to the 
design, development, and evaluation of biological, agricultural, and health systems and products, such as artificial 
organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery 
systems.
17-2021  Agricultural Engineers
Apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to agricultural problems concerned with
power and machinery, electrification, structures, soil and water conservation, and processing of agricultural
products.
Illustrative examples: Agricultural Production Engineer, Agricultural Research Engineer, Farm Equipment Engineer
Perform engineering duties in designing, constructing, and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. May conduct
basic and applied research to evaluate adaptability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and
manufacture. May recommend improvements in testing equipment and techniques.
Illustrative examples: Aeronautical Engineer, Aircraft Design Engineer, Flight Test Engineer
17-2020  Agricultural Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2021 Agricultural Engineers
17-2011  Aerospace Engineers
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
25
17-2081  Environmental Engineers
Research, design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of 
environmental hazards using various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site 
remediation, or pollution control technology.
Illustrative examples: Circuit Design Engineer, Electronic Design Automation Engineer, Telecommunication 
Engineer
17-2080  Environmental Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2081 Environmental Engineers
Research, design, develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, 
components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. Excludes “Computer Hardware 
Engineers” (17-2061).
Illustrative examples: Electrical Systems Engineer, Illuminating Engineer, Power Distribution Engineer
17-2072  Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
Research, design, develop, or test electronic components and systems for commercial, industrial, military, or 
scientific use employing knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties. Design electronic circuits and 
components for use in fields such as telecommunications, aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, 
or instruments and controls. Excludes “Computer Hardware Engineers” (17-2061).
Illustrative examples: Computer Hardware Designer, Computer Hardware Developer
17-2070  Electrical and Electronics Engineers
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
17-2071 Electrical Engineers
17-2072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
17-2071  Electrical Engineers
17-2060  Computer Hardware Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2061 Computer Hardware Engineers
17-2061  Computer Hardware Engineers
Research, design, develop, or test computer or computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military, 
or scientific use. May supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer or computer-related equipment 
and components. Excludes “Software Developers” (15-1252) and “Web Developers” (15-1254).
Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building 
structures and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, 
pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. Includes architectural, structural, traffic, and 
geotechnical engineers. Excludes “Hydrologists” (19-2043).
Illustrative examples: Bridge Engineer, Construction Engineer, Highway Engineer
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
26
Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must 
meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Includes those 
engineers working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and 
metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Includes metallurgists 
and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers.
Illustrative examples: Automotive Sheet Metal Engineer, Forensic Materials Engineer, Metallographer
17-2140  Mechanical Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2141 Mechanical Engineers
Illustrative examples: Marine Architect, Marine Structural Designer, Naval Engineer
17-2130  Materials Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2131 Materials Engineers
17-2131  Materials Engineers
17-2120  Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2121 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
17-2121  Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
Design, develop, and evaluate the operation of marine vessels, ship machinery, and related equipment, such as 
power supply and propulsion systems.
17-2112  Industrial Engineers
Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, including 
human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production 
coordination. Excludes “Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors” (17-2111).
Illustrative examples: Efficiency Engineer, Manufacturing Engineer, Packaging Engineer, Production Engineer
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
17-2111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
17-2112 Industrial Engineers
17-2111  Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
Promote worksite or product safety by applying knowledge of industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, 
psychology, and industrial health and safety laws. Includes industrial product safety engineers.
Illustrative examples: Fire Protection Engineer, Industrial Safety Engineer, Product Safety Engineer
Illustrative examples: Environmental Remediation Engineer, Pollution Control Engineer, Soil Engineer, Water 
Treatment Plant Engineer
17-2110  Industrial Engineers, Including Health and Safety
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
27
17-2190  Miscellaneous Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2199 Engineers, All Other
17-2199  Engineers, All Other
All engineers not listed separately. Excludes “Sales Engineers” (41-9031), “Locomotive Engineers” (53-4011), and 
“Ship Engineers” (53-5031).
17-2171  Petroleum Engineers
Devise methods to improve oil and gas extraction and production and determine the need for new or modified 
tool designs. Oversee drilling and offer technical advice.
Illustrative examples: Natural Gas Engineer, Oil Drilling Engineer, Oil Exploration Engineer
Conduct research on nuclear engineering projects or apply principles and theory of nuclear science to problems 
concerned with release, control, and use of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal.
Illustrative examples: Atomic Process Engineer, Nuclear Radiation Engineer, Radiation Engineer, Reactor Engineer
17-2170  Petroleum Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2171 Petroleum Engineers
Illustrative examples: Geophysical Engineer, Mineral Engineer, Seismic Engineer
17-2160  Nuclear Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2161 Nuclear Engineers
17-2161  Nuclear Engineers
17-2150  Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
17-2151  Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
Conduct subsurface surveys to identify the characteristics of potential land or mining development sites. May 
specify the ground support systems, processes, and equipment for safe, economical, and environmentally sound 
extraction or underground construction activities. May inspect areas for unsafe geological conditions, equipment, 
and working conditions. May design, implement, and coordinate mine safety programs. Excludes “Petroleum 
Engineers” (17-2171).
17-2141  Mechanical Engineers
Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically 
functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of equipment such as 
centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems.
Illustrative examples: Combustion Engineer, Engine Designer, Heating and Cooling Systems Engineer, Tool and Die 
Engineer
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
28
All drafters not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Blueprint Tracer, Geological Drafter, Marine Drafter
17-3020  Engineering Technologists and Technicians, Except Drafters
17-3013  Mechanical Drafters
Prepare detailed working diagrams of machinery and mechanical devices, including dimensions, fastening 
methods, and other engineering information.
Illustrative examples: Aeronautical Drafter, Automotive Design Drafter, Tool and Die Designer
17-3019  Drafters, All Other
17-3012  Electrical and Electronics Drafters
Prepare wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, and layout drawings used for the manufacture, 
installation, or repair of electrical equipment.
Illustrative examples: Electrical Computer Aided Design and Drafting Technician, Electrical Systems Drafter, 
Printed Circuit Board Drafter
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters
17-3012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters
17-3013 Mechanical Drafters
17-3019 Drafters, All Other
17-3011  Architectural and Civil Drafters
Prepare detailed drawings of architectural and structural features of buildings or drawings and topographical 
relief maps used in civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, and public works. Use knowledge of 
building materials, engineering practices, and mathematics to complete drawings.
Illustrative examples: Building Drafter, Civil Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Technician, Structural Drafter
Illustrative examples: Calibration Engineer, Metrologist, Optical Engineer, Ordnance Engineer, Photonics 
Engineer, Salvage Engineer
17-3000  Drafters, Engineering Technicians, and Mapping Technicians
17-3010  Drafters
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
29
Illustrative examples: Mechatronics Technician, Remotely Piloted Vehicle Engineering Technician, Robotics 
Testing Technician, Unmanned Air Systems Operator
17-3025  Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians
Apply theory and principles of environmental engineering to modify, test, and operate equipment and devices 
used in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental problems, including waste treatment and site 
remediation, under the direction of engineering staff or scientists. May assist in the development of 
environmental remediation devices.
Apply electrical and electronic theory and related knowledge, usually under the direction of engineering staff, to 
design, build, repair, adjust, and modify electrical components, circuitry, controls, and machinery for subsequent 
evaluation and use by engineering staff in making engineering design decisions. Excludes “Broadcast Technicians” 
(27-4012).
Illustrative examples: Electrical Design Technician, Lighting Engineering Technician, Semiconductor Development 
Technician
17-3024  Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians
Operate, test, maintain, or adjust unmanned, automated, servomechanical, or electromechanical equipment. 
May operate unmanned submarines, aircraft, or other equipment to observe or record visual information at sites 
such as oil rigs, crop fields, buildings, or for similar infrastructure, deep ocean exploration, or hazardous waste 
removal. May assist engineers in testing and designing robotics equipment.
17-3022  Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians
Apply theory and principles of civil engineering in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and 
maintenance of structures and facilities under the direction of engineering staff or physical scientists.
Illustrative examples: Geotechnical Engineering Technician, Highway Engineering Technician, Structural 
Engineering Technician
17-3023  Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3021  Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians
Operate, install, adjust, and maintain integrated computer/communications systems, consoles, simulators, and 
other data acquisition, test, and measurement instruments and equipment, which are used to launch, track, 
position, and evaluate air and space vehicles. May record and interpret test data.
Illustrative examples: Altitude Chamber Technician, Flight Data Technician, Wind Tunnel Technician
This broad occupation includes the following nine detailed occupations:
17-3021 Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians
17-3022 Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3024 Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians
17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians
17-3028 Calibration Technologists and Technicians
17-3029 Engineering Technologists and Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
30
17-3031  Surveying and Mapping Technicians
Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of an engineer, surveyor, cartographer, or 
photogrammetrist, to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other 
purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, 
aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other 
features. May verify accuracy and completeness of maps. Excludes “Cartographers and Photogrammetrists” (17-
1021), “Surveyors" (17-1022), and “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers” (19-2042).
Illustrative examples: Cartographic Technician, Field Map Technician, GIS Mapping Technician
All engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Agricultural Engineering Technician, Biomedical Engineering Technician, Metallurgical 
Engineering Technician, Optical Engineering Technician, Radar Technicians, Sonar Technicians
17-3030  Surveying and Mapping Technicians
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
17-3031 Surveying and Mapping Technicians
17-3028  Calibration Technologists and Technicians
Execute or adapt procedures and techniques for calibrating measurement devices, by applying knowledge of 
measurement science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and electronics, sometimes under the direction of 
engineering staff. Determine measurement standard suitability for calibrating measurement devices. May 
perform preventive maintenance on equipment. May perform corrective actions to address identified calibration 
problems. Excludes “Medical Equipment Preparers” (31-9093) and “Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters” (51-
2061).
Illustrative examples: Calibration Technician, Calibration Technologist, Hydrometer Calibrator
17-3029  Engineering Technologists and Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other
17-3027  Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians
Apply theory and principles of mechanical engineering to modify, develop, test, or adjust machinery and 
equipment under direction of engineering staff or physical scientists.
Illustrative examples: Gyroscopic Engineering Technician, Heat Transfer Technician, Optomechanical Technician
Illustrative examples: Air Analysis Engineering Technician, Environmental Remediation Engineering Technician, 
Pollution Control Engineering Technician
17-3026  Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
Apply engineering theory and principles to problems of industrial layout or manufacturing production, usually 
under the direction of engineering staff. May perform time and motion studies on worker operations in a variety 
of industries for purposes such as establishing standard production rates or improving efficiency.
Illustrative examples: Motion Study Technician, Production Control Technologist, Time Study Technician
17-0000  ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
31
19-1021  Biochemists and Biophysicists
Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical 
energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical 
combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects 
of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms.
Illustrative examples: Biological Chemist, Clinical Biochemist, Physical Biochemist
19-1022  Microbiologists
Illustrative examples: Arboreal Scientist, Horticulturist, Plant Physiologist
19-1020  Biological Scientists
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
19-1021 Biochemists and Biophysicists
19-1022 Microbiologists
19-1023 Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
19-1029 Biological Scientists, All Other
Use chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and other sciences to study the principles underlying the processing and 
deterioration of foods; analyze food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, and protein; discover new 
food sources; research ways to make processed foods safe, palatable, and healthful; and apply food science 
knowledge to determine best ways to process, package, preserve, store, and distribute food.
Illustrative examples: Dairy Bacteriologist, Enologist, Food Safety Scientist
19-1013  Soil and Plant Scientists
Conduct research in breeding, physiology, production, yield, and management of crops and agricultural plants or 
trees, shrubs, and nursery stock, their growth in soils, and control of pests; or study the chemical, physical, 
biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. May classify and map soils 
and investigate effects of alternative practices on soil and crop productivity.
19-1011  Animal Scientists
Conduct research in the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, and development of domestic farm animals.
Illustrative examples: Animal Nutritionist, Dairy Scientist, Poultry Scientist
19-1012  Food Scientists and Technologists
19-1000  Life Scientists
19-1010  Agricultural and Food Scientists
This broad occupation includes the following three detailed occupations:
19-1011 Animal Scientists
19-1012 Food Scientists and Technologists
19-1013 Soil and Plant Scientists
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
32
19-1041  Epidemiologists
Illustrative examples: Environmental Protection Forester, Forest Ecologist, Timber Management Specialist
19-1040  Medical Scientists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-1041 Epidemiologists
19-1042 Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
Manage, improve, and protect natural resources to maximize their use without damaging the environment. May 
conduct soil surveys and develop plans to eliminate soil erosion or to protect rangelands. May instruct farmers, 
agricultural production managers, or ranchers in best ways to use crop rotation, contour plowing, or terracing to 
conserve soil and water; in the number and kind of livestock and forage plants best suited to particular ranges; and 
in range and farm improvements, such as fencing and reservoirs for stock watering. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife 
Biologists” (19-1023) and “Foresters” (19-1032).
Illustrative examples: Grassland Conservationist, Range Ecologist, Soil Conservationist
19-1032  Foresters
Manage public and private forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the 
type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber’s worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up 
contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, water quality, and soil 
stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new 
trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine optimal harvesting schedules.
Illustrative examples: Embryologist, Osteologist, Paleobotanist
19-1030  Conservation Scientists and Foresters
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-1031 Conservation Scientists
19-1032 Foresters
19-1031  Conservation Scientists
Illustrative examples: Herpetologist, Ichthyologist, Marine Biologist, Ornithologist
19-1029  Biological Scientists, All Other
All biological scientists not listed separately.
Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as 
bacteria, algae, or fungi. Includes medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and 
disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms.
Illustrative examples: Bacteriologist, Public Health Microbiologist, Virologist
19-1023  Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife 
research and management. May collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of 
present and potential use of land and water habitats.
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
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19-2021  Atmospheric and Space Scientists
Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of observation and experiments, and 
devise methods to apply physical laws and theories. Excludes “Biochemists and Biophysicists” (19-1021).
Illustrative examples: Fluid Dynamicist, Molecular Physicist, Optical Scientist, Rheologist
19-2020  Atmospheric and Space Scientists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-2021 Atmospheric and Space Scientists
19-2011  Astronomers
Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to 
practical problems.
Illustrative examples: Astrophysicist, Cosmologist
19-2012  Physicists
19-2000  Physical Scientists
19-2010  Astronomers and Physicists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-2011 Astronomers
19-2012 Physicists
19-1099  Life Scientists, All Other
All life scientists not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Life Science Taxonomist
Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage 
in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities. Includes physicians, dentists, 
pharmacologists, and medical pathologists who primarily conduct research. Practitioners who primarily provide 
medical or dental care or dispense drugs are included in “Healthcare Diagnosing or Treating Practitioners” (29-1000).
Illustrative examples: Cancer Researcher, Immunochemist, Toxicologist
19-1090  Miscellaneous Life Scientists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-1099 Life Scientists, All Other
Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, or health outcomes. May develop 
the means for prevention and control.
Illustrative examples: Epidemiology Investigator, Malariologist, Pharmacoepidemiologist
19-1042  Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
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Illustrative examples: Hazardous Substances Scientist, Health Environmentalist, Water Pollution Scientist
19-2042  Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
19-2040  Environmental Scientists and Geoscientists
This broad occupation includes the following three detailed occupations:
19-2041 Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health
19-2042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
19-2043 Hydrologists
19-2041  Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health
Conduct research or perform investigation for the purpose of identifying, abating, or eliminating sources of 
pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or public health. Using knowledge of various scientific 
disciplines, may collect, synthesize, study, report, and recommend action based on data derived from measurements 
or observations of air, food, soil, water, and other sources. Excludes “Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists” (19-1023), 
“Conservation Scientists” (19-1031), “Forest and Conservation Technicians” (19-4071), “Occupational Health and 
Safety Specialists” (19-5011), “Fish and Game Wardens” (33-3031), and “Forest and Conservation Workers” (45-
4011).
Illustrative examples: Food Chemist, Industrial Chemist, Inorganic Chemist, Research and Development Chemist
19-2032  Materials Scientists
Research and study the structures and chemical properties of various natural and synthetic or composite materials, 
including metals, alloys, rubber, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and glass. Determine ways to strengthen or 
combine materials or develop new materials with new or specific properties for use in a variety of products and 
applications. Includes glass scientists, ceramic scientists, metallurgical scientists, and polymer scientists.
Illustrative examples: Metal Alloy Scientist, Plastics Scientist
19-2030  Chemists and Materials Scientists
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-2031 Chemists
19-2032 Materials Scientists
19-2031  Chemists
Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or experiments in laboratories for quality or process control 
or to develop new products or knowledge. Excludes “Biochemists and Biophysicists” (19-1021) and “Geoscientists, 
Except Hydrologists and Geographers” (19-2042).
Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data, gathered by surface and air stations, 
satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Includes weather analysts and 
forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of meteorology.
Illustrative examples: Atmospheric Chemist, Climatologist, Hurricane Tracker, Meteorologist
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
35
Illustrative examples: Pollster, Survey Methodologist, Survey Questionnaire Designer
19-3020  Survey Researchers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-3022 Survey Researchers
19-3022  Survey Researchers
Plan, develop, or conduct surveys. May analyze and interpret the meaning of survey data, determine survey 
objectives, or suggest or test question wording. Includes social scientists who primarily design questionnaires or 
supervise survey teams. Excludes “Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists” (13-1161) and “Statisticians” 
(15-2041).
19-3011  Economists
Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to address economic problems related to the production and 
distribution of goods and services or monetary and fiscal policy. May collect and process economic and statistical 
data using sampling techniques and econometric methods. Excludes “Market Research Analysts and Marketing 
Specialists” (13-1161).
Illustrative examples: Econometrician, Economic Research Analyst, Environmental Economist, Industrial Economist
19-3000  Social Scientists and Related Workers
19-3010  Economists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-3011 Economists
19-2090  Miscellaneous Physical Scientists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-2099 Physical Scientists, All Other
19-2099  Physical Scientists, All Other
All physical scientists not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Geochemist, Oceanographer, Petrologist, Volcanologist
19-2043  Hydrologists
Research the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of underground and surface waters; and study the 
form and intensity of precipitation and its rate of infiltration into the soil, movement through the earth, and return 
to the ocean and atmosphere.
Illustrative examples: Hydrogeologist, Isotope Hydrologist, Surface Hydrologist
Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and 
mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land 
reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth’s internal composition, atmospheres, and 
oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, 
geodesists, and seismologists.
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
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Illustrative examples: Criminologist, Family Sociologist, Rural Sociologist
19-3050  Urban and Regional Planners
19-3040  Sociologists
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-3041 Sociologists
19-3041  Sociologists
Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as 
various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, 
trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members.
Illustrative examples: Educational Psychologists
19-3039  Psychologists, All Other
All psychologists not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Forensic Psychologist, Social Psychologist, Sports Psychologist
Illustrative examples: Eating Disorder Psychologists, Geropsychologists
19-3034  School Psychologists
Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or 
developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and 
behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate 
performance. May consult with other school-based personnel.
Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. 
Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training, and development; and 
organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve 
worker productivity.
Illustrative examples: Engineering Psychologist, Human Resources Psychologist, Management Psychologist
19-3033  Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and 
psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their 
knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to 
assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and 
adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best 
treatment for patients. Excludes “Psychiatrists” (29-1223).
19-3030  Psychologists
This broad occupation includes the following four detailed occupations:
19-3032 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
19-3033 Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
19-3034 School Psychologists
19-3039 Psychologists, All Other
19-3032  Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
37
Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. May study topics, such as public opinion, political 
decisionmaking, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of governments, as well as various political 
entities. May conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze public documents. Excludes “Survey 
Researchers” (19-3022).
Illustrative examples: Government Affairs Specialist, Political Consultant, Political Research Scientist
19-3099  Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other
19-3093  Historians
Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional 
records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished 
manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.
Illustrative examples: Genealogist, Historiographer, Protohistorian
19-3094  Political Scientists
19-3092  Geographers
Study the nature and use of areas of the Earth’s surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and 
cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, 
and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including 
social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence 
between regions at scales ranging from local to global.
Illustrative examples: Economic Geographer, Geomorphologist, GIS Geographer, Political Geographer
This broad occupation includes the following five detailed occupations:
19-3091 Anthropologists and Archeologists
19-3092 Geographers
19-3093 Historians
19-3094 Political Scientists
19-3099 Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other
19-3091  Anthropologists and Archeologists
Study the origin, development, and behavior of human beings. May study the way of life, language, or physical 
characteristics of people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of 
material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, 
customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations.
Illustrative examples: Ethnoarchaeologist, Political Anthropologist, Research Archaeologist
19-3051  Urban and Regional Planners
Develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities of jurisdictions, such as towns, 
cities, counties, and metropolitan areas.
Illustrative examples: City Planner, Community Development Planner
19-3090  Miscellaneous Social Scientists and Related Workers
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-3051 Urban and Regional Planners
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
38
19-4031  Chemical Technicians
Conduct chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of
solids, liquids, and gaseous materials for research and development of new products or processes, quality control,
maintenance of environmental standards, and other work involving experimental, theoretical, or practical
application of chemistry and related sciences.
Illustrative examples: Bacteriology Technician, Marine Fisheries Technician, Wildlife Technician
19-4030  Chemical Technicians
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-4031 Chemical Technicians
19-4020  Biological Technicians
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-4021 Biological Technicians
19-4021  Biological Technicians
Assist biological and medical scientists. Set up, operate, and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment,
monitor experiments, collect data and samples, make observations, and calculate and record results. May analyze
organic substances, such as blood, food, and drugs.
Illustrative examples: Feed Research Technician, Seed Analyst
19-4013  Food Science Technicians
Work with food scientists or technologists to perform standardized qualitative and quantitative tests to determine 
physical or chemical properties of food or beverage products. Includes technicians who assist in research and 
development of production technology, quality control, packaging, processing, and use of foods.
Illustrative examples: Flavor Technician, Food Quality Control Technician, Food Quality Technician
19-4010  Agricultural and Food Science Technicians
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-4012 Agricultural Technicians
19-4013 Food Science Technicians
19-4012  Agricultural Technicians
Work with agricultural scientists in plant, fiber, and animal research, or assist with animal breeding and nutrition. Set
up or maintain laboratory equipment and collect samples from crops or animals. Prepare specimens or record data
to assist scientists in biology or related life science experiments. Conduct tests and experiments to improve yield and
quality of crops or to increase the resistance of plants and animals to disease or insects.
Illustrative examples: Demographer, Ethnologist, Linguist
19-4000  Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians
All social scientists and related workers not listed separately.
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
39
19-4060  Social Science Research Assistants
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-4061 Social Science Research Assistants
19-4061  Social Science Research Assistants
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-4051 Nuclear Technicians
19-4051  Nuclear Technicians
Assist nuclear physicists, nuclear engineers, or other scientists in laboratory, power generation, or electricity 
production activities. May operate, maintain, or provide quality control for nuclear testing and research equipment. 
May monitor radiation.
Illustrative examples: Nuclear Monitoring Technician, Radiochemical Technician
19-4044  Hydrologic Technicians
Collect and organize data concerning the distribution and circulation of ground and surface water, and data on its 
physical, chemical, and biological properties. Measure and report on flow rates and ground water levels, maintain 
field equipment, collect water samples, install and collect sampling equipment, and process samples for shipment to 
testing laboratories. May collect data on behalf of hydrologists, engineers, developers, government agencies, or 
agriculture. Excludes “Hydrologists” (19-2043).
Illustrative examples: Groundwater Monitoring Technician
19-4050  Nuclear Technicians
19-4043  Geological Technicians, Except Hydrologic Technicians
Assist scientists or engineers in the use of electronic, sonic, or nuclear measuring instruments in laboratory, 
exploration, and production activities to obtain data indicating resources such as metallic ore, minerals, gas, coal, or 
petroleum. Analyze mud and drill cuttings. Chart pressure, temperature, and other characteristics of wells or bore 
holes.
Illustrative examples: Crude Tester, Geophysical Prospector, Seismic Observer
This broad occupation includes the following three detailed occupations:
19-4042 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
19-4043 Geological Technicians, Except Hydrologic Technicians
19-4044 Hydrologic Technicians
19-4042  Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
Perform laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution, including those 
that affect health, under the direction of an environmental scientist, engineer, or other specialist. May collect 
samples of gases, soil, water, and other materials for testing.
Illustrative examples: Certified Indoor Environmentalist, Environmental Science Technician, Infectious Waste 
Technician, Pollution Control Technician
Illustrative examples: Assayer, Chemical Laboratory Technician, Inorganic Chemical Technician
19-4040  Environmental Science and Geoscience Technicians
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
40
19-5011  Occupational Health and Safety Specialists
Review, evaluate, and analyze work environments and design programs and procedures to control, eliminate, and 
prevent disease or injury caused by chemical, physical, and biological agents or ergonomic factors. May conduct 
inspections and enforce adherence to laws and regulations governing the health and safety of individuals. May be 
employed in the public or private sector.
19-5000  Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians
19-5010  Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-5011 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists
19-5012 Occupational Health and Safety Technicians
19-4099  Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other
All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately.
Illustrative examples: Meteorological Aide, Polygraph Examiner
This broad occupation includes the following two detailed occupations:
19-4092 Forensic Science Technicians
19-4099 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other
19-4092  Forensic Science Technicians
Collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons 
or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert 
witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, 
fingerprinting, handwriting, or biochemistry.
Illustrative examples: Ballistics Expert, Crime Scene Technician, Trace Evidence Technician
19-4071  Forest and Conservation Technicians
Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May 
compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts under the direction of 
foresters, or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation and fire prevention and suppression. May assist 
conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes 
“Conservation Scientists” (19-1031) and “Foresters” (19-1032).
Illustrative examples: Forestry Aide, Soil Conservation Technician, Timber Management Technician
19-4090  Miscellaneous Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians
Illustrative examples: City Planning Aide, Economic Research Assistant, Historian Research Assistant
19-4070  Forest and Conservation Technicians
This broad occupation is the same as the detailed occupation:
19-4071 Forest and Conservation Technicians
Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for 
publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes “Teaching Assistants, 
Postsecondary” (25-9044).
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
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Collect data on work environments for analysis by occupational health and safety specialists. Implement and 
conduct evaluation of programs designed to limit chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic risks to workers.
Illustrative examples: Construction Health and Safety Technician, Ergonomics Technician, Occupational Health and 
Safety Technologist (OHST)
Illustrative examples: Environmental Health Sanitarian, Health and Safety Inspector, Industrial Hygienist
19-5012  Occupational Health and Safety Technicians
19-0000  LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
42