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Eastman Kodak Eastman Kodak Company Type Public (NYSE: EK) Founded 1892[1] Founder(s) George Eastman Headquarters Rochester, New York, USA Area served Worldwide Key people Antonio M. Perez (Chairman) & (CEO) Industry Photographic & Optical Equipment/Supplies Manufacturers Revenue ▼ US$ 10.301 Billion (2007) Operating income ▲ US$ -235 Million (2007) Net income ▲ US$ 676 Million (2007) Total assets ▼ US$ 13.659 Billion (2007) Total equity ▲ US$ 3.029 Billion (2007) Employees 26,900 (2008) Website Kodak.com Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a multinational American corporation which produces imaging and photographic materi- als and equipment. Long known for its wide range of photographic film products, Kodak is re-focusing[2] on two major markets: digit- al photography and digital printing. Origins Kodak’s origins rest with Eastman Dry Plate Company, and the General Aristo Company, founded by inventor George East- man and businessman Henry Strong in Rochester, and Jamestown New York. The General Aristo Company was formed in 1899 in Jamestown New York, with George East- man as treasurer, and this company pur- chased the stock of American Aristotype Company. Eventually, the business in Jamestown was moved in its entirety to Rochester, and the plants in Jamestown were razed. The Eastman Dry Plate Company was responsible for the first cameras suitable for nonexpert use. The Kodak company attained its name from the first simple roll film camer- as produced by Eastman Dry Plate Company, known as the "Kodak" in its product line. The cameras proved such an enormous success that the word Kodak was incorporated into the company name. George Eastman re- gistered the trademark Kodak on September 4, 1888. The Eastman Kodak Company was founded in 1892.[1] The company is incorpor- ated in New Jersey but has its offices in Rochester, New York.[3] George Eastman, Kodak’s founder, coined the advertising slo- gan, "You press the button, we do the rest."[4] In 1901 the Eastman Kodak Com- pany acquired the stock of General Aristo Company. Kodak name The logo from 1987 to 2006.[5] The letter "K" had been a favorite of East- man’s, he is quoted as saying, "it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter". He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagram set. He said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, one cannot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 1 mispronounce it, and it could not resemble anything or be associated with anything but Kodak. It has also been suggested that "Kodak" originated from the suggestion of David Houston, a fellow photographic invent- or who held the patents to several roll film camera concepts that he later sold to East- man. Houston, who started receiving patents in 1881, was said to have chosen "Nodak" as a nickname of his home state, North Dakota (NoDak).[6] This is contested by other histori- ans, however, who cite that Kodak was trade- marked prior to Eastman buying Houston’s patents.[7] Products Film Kodak is the largest supplier of photographic films in the world, for the amateur, profes- sional, and motion picture markets - despite heavily reducing its professional still film ranges. Kodak’s shift in focus to digital ima- ging has led to it dropping all but one incarn- ation of what is perhaps the most famous film of all time, Kodachrome, which is now only available in ISO 64 35mm slide format. The systematic deletion of Kodachrome products from Kodak’s product portfolio has caused a great deal of resentment from film users, who used Kodachrome for its perceived unique look, and in many cases would have preferred a period of notice before the film stocks were discontinued. Kodachrome is now processed by only one lab, an independ- ent facility named Dwayne’s Photo in Par- sons, Kansas.[8]. The company has also diver- sified into various other imaging-related in- dustries (such as medical imaging films now marketed by Carestream Health). Photo printing Kodak is a leading producer of silver halide (AgX) paper used for printing from film and digital images. Minilabs located in retail stores and larger central photo lab opera- tions (CLOs) use silver halide paper for photo printing. Kodak is also a leading global manu- facturer of photo kiosks which produce "prints in minutes" from digital sources; the company has placed some 80,000 Picture Kiosks in retail locations worldwide.[9] In ad- dition, Kodak markets Picture CDs and other photo products such as calendars, photo books and photo enlargements through retail partners such as CVS, Walmart and Target and through its Kodak Gallery online service, formerly known as Ofoto. In 2005 Kodak an- nounced they would stop producing black and white photo paper.[10] Film cameras On January 13, 2004, Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional film camer- as (excluding disposable cameras) in the Un- ited States, Canada and Western Europe. But will continue to sell film cameras in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China,[11] By the end of 2005, Kodak ceased manufac- turing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System. Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar for two years following (2005–2006). In 2007 Kodak did not license any manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name in this market. These changes reflect Kodak’s focus on growth in the digital markets. Kodak contin- ues to produce film for newer and more pop- ular formats, while it has also discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less pop- ular formats. However, Kodak still continues with its production of specialty films. Digital picture frames Kodak first launched the Kodak Smart Pic- ture Frame on the QVC shopping channel in the fourth quarter of 2000, at a time when the majority of consumers didn’t know about or understand this new category. Kodak’s Smart Frame was designed by Weave Innova- tions and licensed to Kodak with an exclusive relationship with Weave’s StoryBox online photo network.[12] Smart Frame owners con- nected to the network via an analog tele- phone connection built into the frame. The frame was configured to default connect at 2 a.m. to download new pictures off the Story Box network. The other option to load images onto the frame was via the CompactFlash port. The retail price was $349 USD. The frame could hold 36 images internally and came with a six-month free subscription to the StoryBox network.[13] At the end of six months, users had the option of disconnect- ing from the network or paying a subscrip- tion fee of $4.95 per month for two automatic connections and two manual connections, or $9.95 per month for four automatic connec- tions and four manual connections. Kodak re- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 2 entered the digital photo frame market at CES in 2007 with the introduction of four new EasyShare-branded models that were available in sizes from 8 to 11 inches (280 mm), included multiple memory card slots, and some of which included wi-fi cap- ability to connect with the Kodak Gallery -- although that gallery functionality has now been compromised due to gallery policy changes (see below). Instant cameras After losing a patent battle with Polaroid Cor- poration, Kodak left the instant camera busi- ness on January 9, 1986. The Kodak instant camera included models known as the Koda- matic and the Colorburst. Polaroid was awarded damages in the pat- ent trial in the amount of US $909,457,567.00, a record at the time. (Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts, de- cided October 12, 1990, case no. 76-1634-MA. Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481). See also the following cases: Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 641 F.Supp. 828 [228 USPQ 305] (D. Mass. 1985), stay denied, 833 F.2d 930 [5 USPQ2d 1080] (Fed. Cir.), aff’d, 789 F.2d 1556 [229 USPQ 561] (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 850 (1986).[14] Kodak had been the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid cameras from 1963 un- til 1969, when Polaroid chose to manufacture its own instant film. Digital cameras Many of Kodak’s earlier digital cameras were designed and built by Chinon Industries, a Japanese camera manufacturer. In 2004 Kodak Japan acquired Chinon and many of its engineers and designers joined Kodak Japan. In July 2006 Kodak announced that Flextron- ics would manufacture and help design its di- gital cameras. Image sensors As part of its move toward higher end products, Kodak announced on September 15, 2006 that the new Leica M8 camera would incorporate Kodak’s KAF-10500 image sensor. This was the second recent partner- ship between Kodak and the German optical manufacturer. Motion picture and TV production The Kodak company holds a vital role in the invention and development of the motion pic- ture industry. Many cinema and TV produc- tions are shot on Kodak film stocks. The com- pany helped set the standard of 35 mm film, and introduced the 16 mm film format for amateur use and lower budget productions. The home market-oriented 8 mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak. Kodak also entered the professional video tape market, briefly in the mid 1980s, under the product portfolio name of Eastman Pro- fessional Video Tape Products. In 1990, Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Pro- gram working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the fu- ture generation of film-makers. Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US, Europe and Asia made up of Deans and Chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program. Kodak owns the visual effects film post- production facilities Cinesite, in Los Angeles and London, and also LaserPacific in Los Angeles. Kodak also owns Pro-Tek Media Pre- servation Services in Burbank, California. Pro-Tek is the world’s premier film storage company. Technical Support Aside from technical phone support for their products, Kodak offers onsite service for oth- er devices such as printers, microfilm and mi- crofiche machines, and photocopiers, for which they dispatch technicians who make repairs in the field. Consumer inkjet printers and ink cartridges Kodak entered into consumer inkjet photo printers in a joint venture with manufacturer Lexmark in 1999 with the Kodak Personal Picture Maker. In February 2007, Kodak re-entered the market with a new product line of All-In-One (AiO) inkjet printers, which employ Kodacolor Technology.[15] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 3 Digital transformation In an effort to reduce costs, Kodak accom- panied its shift toward digital products with a series of layoffs and facility closures, cutting 12,000–15,000 jobs around the world since 2000, a 20–25 percent reduction in its workforce. Kodak Gallery In June 2001, Kodak purchased the photo-de- veloping website Ofoto. It was later re-named the Kodak Gallery. At the website, users can upload their photos into albums, publish them into prints, and create mousepads, cal- endars, etc. Kodak says the website is the "leading online digital photo developing service". Company history 2009 • In January 2009, Kodak posted quarterly loss and plan to cut up to 4,500 jobs.[16]. January 29, 2009. 2008 • Kodak Graphic Communications wins the British Columbia Technology Industry Association Impact Award[17] for Excellence in Product Innovation. The winning product was an advanced manufacturing tool that uses laser imaging to produce color filters for Liquid Crystal Displays (specifically, large LCD televisions) in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. • In October 2008, Kodak Graphic Communications Canada Co. was named one of "Canada’s Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean’s newsmagazine. Later that month, it was also named one of BC’s Top Employers, which was announced by The Vancouver Sun, The Province and the Victoria Times-Colonist.[18] 2007 • On June 14, Kodak announced a two to fourfold increase in sensitivity to light (from one to two stops) compared to current sensor designs. This design is a departure from the classic "Bayer filter" by adding panchromatic, or “clear” pixels to the RGB elements on the sensor array. Since these pixels are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, they collect a significantly higher proportion of the light striking the sensor. In combination with advanced Kodak software algorithms optimized for these new patterns, photographers benefit from an increase in photographic speed (improving performance in low light), faster shutter speeds (reducing motion blur for moving subjects), and smaller pixels (higher resolutions in a given optical format) while retaining performance. The technology is credited to Kodak scientists John Compton and John Hamilton.[19] Initially targeted for consumer markets such as digital still cameras and camera phones, the technology is expected to be available in early 2008. 2006 • Kodak EasyShare V570 Dual Lens Digital Camera: In January 2006, the world’s first dual-lens digital still camera was unveiled at the CES. It was also the world’s smallest ultra-wide-angle optical zoom digital camera. Using proprietary Kodak Retina Dual Lens technology, the V570 wrapped an ultra-wide angle lens (23 mm) and a second optical zoom lens (39 – 117 mm) into a body less than an inch thick. • Kodak EasyShare V610 Dual Lens Digital Camera: The world’s smallest 10× (38–380 mm) optical zoom camera at less than an inch thick. 2005 • Kodak EasyShare-One Digital Camera: The world’s first Wi-Fi consumer digital camera, and the world’s first camera that could e-mail pictures was unveiled at the January 2005 CES 2004 • Eastman Kodak Company is removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on April 8, 2004; having been listed for the past 74 years.[20] 2003 • Kodak EasyShare LS633 Digital Camera: The world’s first digital camera to feature a full-color, active-matrix organic light- emitting diode (OLED) display. The display measured 2.2 inches (56 mm) and had a 165° viewing angle. OLED technology was developed by Kodak. The retail price was $399 USD. • Kodak EasyShare Printer Dock 6000: The world’s first printer-and-camera dock combination, enabled users to print borderless 4 × 6 in (152 mm) laminated, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 4 waterproof, photos directly from the EasyShare digital camera with no computer required in 90 seconds. The printer dock could also charge the camera’s battery or be connected to a computer to offer one-touch picture transfer. The printer dock used thermal dye-sub technology (a paper-and-ribbon system) that provided continuous tone color ink that dried instantly. The retail price was $199 USD. 1994 • Eastman Chemical, a Kodak subsidiary founded by George Eastman to supply Kodak’s chemical needs, is spun-off as a separate corporation. Eastman is now a Fortune 500 company in its own right. 1987 • Dr. Ching Tang, a senior research associate, and his colleague, Steven Van Slyke, developed the first multi-layer OLEDs at the Kodak Research Laboratories, for which he later became a Fellow of the Society for Information Display (SID) • OLED displays comprise self-luminous pixels, which are thinner, clearer, and do not require power-consuming backlights as compared to LCD displays. 1986 • Kodak scientists invented the world’s first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels, capable of producing a photo-quality 5×7 inch print. 1921 camera 1976 • The Bayer Pattern color filter array (CFA) invented by Eastman Kodak researcher Bryce Bayer. The order in which dyes are placed on an image sensor photosite, is still in use today. 1975 • The invention of the digital camera by Steven Sasson, then an electrical engineer at Eastman Kodak. 1936 • Eastman Kodak introduces Kodachrome, the first 35mm color film. 1930 • Eastman Kodak Company is added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on July 18, 1930. The company would remain listed for the next 74 years.[20] 1920 • Tennessee Eastman is founded as a wholly-owned subsidiary. The company’s primary purpose is the manufacture of chemicals, such as acetyls, needed for Kodak’s film photography products. 1888 • George Eastman registered Kodak as a trademark and coined the phrase "You Press The Button and We Do The Rest." 1885 • George Eastman invented roll film, the basis for the invention of motion picture film, as used by early filmmakers and Thomas Edison. Acquisitions 2005 Kodak announced agreement to ac- quire Creo Inc., a Canadian supplier of prepress systems used by commercial print- ers worldwide. Based in Burnaby, British Columbia, Creo was an important provider of workflow software used by printers to man- age efficiently the movement of text, graph- ics and images from the computer screen to the printing press. Creo’s flagship workflow product was Prinergy, which is still distrib- uted and maintained by Kodak. Creo’s key strengths were in imaging, software, and di- gital printing plate technology, with a range of technology solutions aimed at commercial, publication, on demand, packaging, newspa- per printers, and creative professionals, in part the result of Creo’s acquisition of the graphics arts bisiness from Scitex Corpora- tion in April 2000. Creo product lines in- cluded software and hardware for computer- to-plate imaging, systems for digital photo- graphy, scanning, and proofing, as well as printing plates and proofing media. Creo also supplied on-press imaging technology, com- ponents for digital presses, color servers and high-speed digital printers. Creo had more From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 5 than 25,000 customers and offices in 30 countries worldwide. Kodak announced on April 5 that it com- pleted its acquisition of Kodak Polychrome Graphics (KPG) through redemption of Sun Chemical Corporation’s 50% interest in the joint venture. KPG is now part of Kodak’s graphic communications group. Kodak pur- chased KPG for $817 million. 2004 Kodak announced agreement to ac- quire two lines of business from Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, the world’s largest maker of offset printing machines. Kodak purchased Heidelberg’s 50% interest in NexPress Solutions L.L.C., a 50/50 joint venture of Kodak and Heidelberg that made digital color printing systems, and the equity of Heidelberg Digital L.L.C., a leading maker of digital black-and-white printing systems. Kodak also announced agreement to acquire NexPress GmbH, Heidelberg’s German sub- sidiary, and certain inventory and assets held by Heidelberg’s regional operations, or mar- ket centers, as well as offer employment to sales and service employees currently with Heidelberg’s market centers. NexPress and Heidelberg Digital were leading suppliers of high-end, on-demand color printing systems and black-and-white variable-data printing systems, respectively. NexPress had installed more than 300 NexPress 2100 digital presses throughout the world, making it a leader in high-end, on-demand color printing. Heidel- berg Digital had 4,000 Digimaster black and white systems installed worldwide, serving a variety of customer applications. Combined, the businesses acquired employed approxim- ately 2,000 people. Kodak planned to locate the combined headquarters at Heidelberg Di- gital’s Manitou Road facilities in Rochester. Kodak announced agreement to acquire the Imaging business of National Semi- conductor Corp. based in Santa Clara, Cali- fornia, which developed and manufactured complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor image sensor (CIS) devices. The acquired as- sets, including intellectual property and equipment, and 50 employees who supported National’s Imaging business became part of Kodak’s Image Sensor Solutions organiza- tion, which designs and manufactures image sensors for professional and industrial ima- ging markets. Through this acquisition, Kodak added additional resources and tech- nologies (including advanced mixed-signal circuit design) to strengthen their ability to design next generation CIS devices that promise improved image quality with complex on-chip image processing circuitry. This move was intended to accelerate Kodak’s longer term goal of providing CIS devices that offer the image quality of CCD sensors while still taking advantage of the power, integration and cost benefits tradi- tionally associated with CMOS technology. Kodak opened a new office for the Image Sensor Solutions organization in Sunnyvale, CA. 2003 Kodak announced agreement to ac- quire Applied Science Fiction Technolo- gies with operations in Austin, Texas (now referred to as Kodak Austin Development Center). Applied Science Fiction, formed in 1995, was the creator of Digital ICE and Di- gital ICE3 technologies, a leader in automatic photo restoration applications, and the in- ventor of the digital dry film processing sys- tem: Digital PIC. Digital PIC in minutes would develop standard color negative film without chemical mixing or plumbing. The process would simultaneously render a digit- al image file used to print photographs or write images on a CD. Kodak intended to in- tegrate these technologies into its Photo Kiosks. Kodak announced agreement to acquire Scitex Digital Printing, the world leader in ultra-high-speed, variable data inkjet printing systems, from Scitex Corporation Ltd. Based in Dayton, Ohio, Scitex Digital Printing was the leading supplier of high-speed, continu- ous inkjet printing systems, primarily serving the commercial and transactional printing sectors. Scitex Digital Printing’s product in- cluded the monochrome, spot and full-color VersaMark page printing systems and the Dijit family of narrow-format printers. These systems are used primarily to print utility bills, banking and credit card statements, dir- ect mail marketing materials, as well as in- voices, financial statements and other trans- actional documents. The company employed 733 people. The acquisition of Scitex provided Kodak with additional capabilities in the transactional printing and direct mail sectors, as well as an industry-leading patent portfolio for continuous inkjet printing tech- nology. Scitex Digital Printing had over 9,000 system installations worldwide in a variety of applications ranging from addressing, per- sonalization and variable messaging, to dir- ect mail and bill and statement printing. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 6 Kodak renamed the company Kodak Ver- samark, Inc. and subsequently brought the facility into the Kodak Graphic Communica- tions Group as its Inkjet Printing Solutions area. Scitex Digital Printing had originally been acquired by Scitex from Kodak in June 1993 and was then known as Kodak’s Dayton Operations. Kodak announced agreement to acquire Laser-Pacific Media Corporation, a leading Hollywood-based post-production company. Laser-Pacific operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Kodak, reporting to the company’s Entertainment Imaging products and services operation. Founded in 1990, Laser-Pacific is well recognized in the Holly- wood entertainment community. A winner of six Emmy awards for outstanding achieve- ment in engineering development, Laser-Pa- cific provides post-production services for television, home video and motion pictures. These services include high-quality film processing, state-of-the-art film transfer, edit- ing, mastering, digital preview services, and DVD compression and authoring. The acquisi- tion allowed Kodak to establish a major pres- ence in television post-production and further extend the company’s current digital services capabilities in the feature film market. 2001 Kodak announced the completion of the acquisition of Emeryville, California- based, Ofoto, Inc., a leading online photo- graphy service. Ofoto was to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Kodak, and served to complement Kodak’s existing infra- structure and Internet photography services. Financial terms of the acquisition were not disclosed. Founded in 1999, Ofoto had 1.2 million registered members. The company employed 121 people. Kodak indicated that no layoffs were planned at Ofoto. Kodak said they planned to use Ofoto mainly to make prints of the digital images uploaded by con- sumers or with the help of retail photofinish- ing partners. With 18 million members, Ofoto announced in 2005 that the service would change its name to Kodak EasyShare Gallery. Kodak announced it would acquire ENCAD, Inc., a San Diego manufacturer of wide-format inkjet printers, for approxim- ately $25 million on November 15. The ac- quisition was finalized January 24, 2002 and ENCAD became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kodak. The acquisition made Kodak one of the top three sellers of wide-format inkjet products in the commercial inkjet market. The transaction was expected to contribute to earnings beginning in 2003. The acquisi- tion leveraged Kodak’s core capabilities in inks and media, and opened markets ranging from retail point-of-sale to office decor. Partnerships 2006 Motorola, Inc. and Kodak announced a 10-year global product, cross licensing and marketing alliance intended to fulfill the promise of mobile imaging for the benefit of consumers. By incorporating Kodak’s image science and system integration expertise with Motorola’s mobile device design, the two companies goal is to greatly improve the ease-of-use and image capture experience of camera phones. The collaboration covers li- censing, sourcing, software integration, mar- keting, and extends to co-development of image-rich devices with joint engineering teams. For example, Kodak expects to supply its CMOS sensors to Motorola for use in its camera phones, as well as in any future devices the companies co-develop. Addition- ally, the cooperation to seamlessly integrate millions of Motorola mobile devices with Kodak home printers, retail kiosks, and the Kodak EasyShare Gallery will provide a solu- tion to consumers who want a quick and easy way to get their images out of the phone for sharing. Under the alliance, Motorola and Kodak plan to initially expand access to and awareness of mobile-imaging services – in- cluding retail programs, online services and customized operator-led initiatives that deliv- er a seamless, easy experience for con- sumers. Later plans are to launch handsets and co-created mobile devices with integ- rated software to enable consumers to access and manage their mobile images seamlessly and conveniently. This cross-licensing agree- ment between Kodak and Motorola delivers royalty revenues to Kodak. Kodak announced a partnership with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. for a line of custom, personalized photo products. The products are intended to blend Martha Stewart’s "how-to" style with Kodak’s photo quality expertise, combining online photography with offline products. The photo products include individualized Photo Books, stationery, stickers, and cards, customized for holidays, weddings, and thank-you notes. The products were available by the end of the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 7 year and found on www.kodakgallery.com and www.marthastewart.com. There was also partnerships with Kodak Fc in Harrow, where in the season of 03/04 a bright left footed striker by the name of Jack Dennehy ermerged from the ranks scoring 73 goals in the one season before the tragic event that lead to his football career being trashed, when he broke his leg in 6 places in a tragic skiing incident in the Torino Olympic Trials. Kodak Canada, Ryerson University Ryerson University located in Toronto has re- cently acquired two significant collections. Kodak Canada has recently donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University . The Library will also soon ac- quire an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. & Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester , New York . The Kodak Archives, which begin in 1909, contain his- toric photos, files, trade circulars, Kodak magazines, price lists, daily record books, cameras, equipment and other ephemera.[21] Agreements 2007 Kodak announced a cross licensing agreement May 25 with Chi Mei Optoelec- tronics and Chi Mei EL (CMEL) of Taiwan. CMEL plans to incorporate Kodak’s active matrix OLED display technology in small pan- el, mobile displays. The license, which is roy- alty bearing to Kodak, enables CMEL to use Kodak technology (intellectual property, manufacturing know-how, and materials) for active matrix OLED modules in a variety of small to medium size display applications such as mobile phones, digital cameras and portable media players. The agreement also enables CMEL to purchase Kodak’s patented OLED materials for use in manufacturing dis- plays. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. On September 4, Kodak announced a five- year extension of its partnership with Lexar Media[22]. 2006 Kodak announced an agreement August 1 in which Flextronics Internation- al Ltd. would manufacture and distribute Kodak consumer digital cameras and manage certain camera design and development func- tions. Flextronics would also manage the op- erations and logistics services for Kodak’s di- gital still cameras. Kodak continues to devel- op the high-level system design, product look and feel and user experience, and conducts advanced research and development for its digital still cameras. Under the agreement, Kodak divested its entire digital camera manufacturing opera- tions to Flextronics; assembly, production, and testing. Flextronics thus acquired a sig- nificant portion of the Kodak Digital Product Center, Japan, Ltd. (“KDPC”) in Chino and Yokohama, Japan, (camera design functions and employees) and Kodak Elec- tronics Products, Shanghai Co. Ltd. (“KEPS”) in China (camera manufacturing, assembly, warehousing, and employees). Ap- proximately 550 Kodak personnel were trans- ferred to Flextronics facilities. The agreement served to drive profitabil- ity, efficiency, and streamline digital camera operations by bringing "camera products to market more quickly, with greater predictab- ility, flexibility, and cost efficiency while maintaining the innovative ease-of-use for which the Kodak brand is renowned."[23] He added that the new strategy would enable Kodak to sustain innovation be focusing on advanced development and other areas to achieve the greatest competitive differenti- ation and advantage. Kodak would retain all intellectual prop- erty and patents as part of the transaction as well as Kodak trademarks, Kodak trade names, Kodak customers, customer informa- tion and customer relationships, Kodak fea- ture specifications, Kodak digital camera designs and Kodak digital camera technologies. Greg Westbrook, President of Flextronics’ Consumer Digital market segment, was formerly General Manager of digital capture at Kodak. 2004 Kodak signed an exclusive long-term agreement with Lexar Media Inc. of Fre- mont, California to help market digital memory cards by putting its brand name on cards designed, manufactured and sold/dis- tributed by Lexar such as Compact Flash and Secure Digital cards. The agreement was to give Kodak a broader role in a rapidly grow- ing market. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed, however a source of revenue would be provided to Kodak. The agreement From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 8 would also help Lexar to crack new channels of distribution worldwide. At the time, Lexar products were sold in about 48,000 retail out- lets, whereas Kodak was doing business with a half-million storefronts in roughly 70 na- tions.[24] Environmental record Kodak has been widely criticized by environ- mentalists and researchers as one of the worst corporate polluters in the United States. According to scorecard.org, a web site that collects information on corporate pollution, Kodak is New York State’s number one polluter, releasing 4,433,749 pounds of chemicals into the air and water supply.[25] The Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts, author of the Toxic 100, ranked Kodak the fifth largest polluter in the United States in 2002.[26] In 2004, the Citizens’ Environmental Coalition’s (CEC) of New York awarded Kodak one of its "Dirty Dozen" awards to highlight its consist- ently high rates of pollution.[27] However, in 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) selected Kodak to receive the EnergyStar Sustained Excellence Award for "outstanding and continued leader- ship in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through superior energy management." As an example of the company’s environ- mental stewardship efforts, Kodak has hosted a pair of Peregrine falcons since 1998. An en- dangered species in New York State, Pereg- rines were de-listed from the federal En- dangered Species list in 1999, but are still considered threatened. The female falcon, Mariah, and her mates Cabot-Sirocco (1998–2001) and Kaver (2002-present) have raised 35 young from a man-made nest box placed at the top of the company’s world headquarters building in Rochester, New York. From 1998–2006 the Kodak Birdcam website transmitted images from the nest box. In 2007 Kodak ceded primary responsib- ility for hosting the website to the Genesee Valley Audubon Society under the new name Rochester Falconcam.[28] Kodak details its annual progress in Glob- al Sustainability, as well as Health, Safety, and Environment, in a Global Sustainability report.[29] Divestitures 2007 Kodak announced on January 10 an agree- ment to sell its Health Group Onex Health- care Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Toronto-based Onex Corporation for $2.55 billion.[30] The sale was completed May 1.[31] Kodak received $2.35 billion in cash, and would receive up to $200 million in additional future payments if Onex achieved certain re- turns with the Health Group investment. Kodak used the proceeds to fully repay its ap- proximately $1.15 billion of secured term debt, and is studying options for the remain- ing cash as it sharpens strategic focus on consumer and professional imaging and the graphic communications industry. About 8,100 Kodak Health Group employees trans- ferred to the Onex-acquired business, con- tinuing under the name Carestream Health, Inc. Included in the sale are manufacturing operations focused on the production of health imaging products, as well as an office building in Rochester, N.Y. Kodak’s Health Group had revenue of $2.54 billion for the latest 12 reported months (through Septem- ber 30, 2006). It was a worldwide leader in information technology, molecular imaging systems, medical and dental imaging; includ- ing digital x-ray capture, medical printers, and x-ray film. Onex Corporation is a diversi- fied company and one of Canada’s largest corporations, with global operations in health care, service, manufacturing and technology industries. The health care operations in- clude emergency care facilities and diagnost- ic imaging clinics. Goldman, Sachs & Co. ac- ted as financial advisor to Kodak on the sale of its Health Group and Sullivan & Cromwell LLP provided legal counsel. Lazard Freres & Co. provided a fairness opinion in relation to the transaction. On April 19, Kodak announced it had reached a deal to sell its Light Manage- ment Film group (a portion of its display business) to Rohm and Haas Co., based in Philadelphia. Light management film is used as layers on flat panel TVs and displays to im- prove effectiveness and control brightness. The group comprised 125 workers world- wide, with about 100 located in Rochester. Rohm and Haas would license technology and purchase equipment from Kodak, and lease Building 318 at Kodak Park. The sale price was not disclosed. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 9 1994 Kodak’s chemical subsidiary, Tennessee Eastman, was spun-off as a separate corpora- tion, Eastman Chemical. Tennessee Eastman had been founded in 1920 by George East- man to provide Kodak with the chemicals needed for its film-based photography busi- ness. Since the spin-off, Eastman Chemical has diversified its product portfolio, and is now a Fortune 500 corporation in its own right. Better Business Bureau expulsion proceedings On 26 March 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) announced that Eastman Kodak had advised it that the com- pany was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initi- ated by the CBBB Board of Directors.[32] In 2006, Kodak had notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them. In prior years, Kodak had respon- ded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company’s position. The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cam- eras, as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service. Among other com- plaints, consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse. Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired. Kodak said its customer service and cus- tomer privacy teams concluded that 99 per- cent of all complaints forwarded by the BBB already had been handled directly with the customer. Brian O’Connor, Kodak chief pri- vacy officer, said the company was surprised by the news release distributed by the Better Business Bureau: It is inaccurate in the facts presen- ted as well as those the BBB chose to omit. Ironically, we ultimately de- cided to resign our membership be- cause we were extremely unhappy with the customer service we re- ceived from the local office of the BBB. After years of unproductive discussions with the local office re- garding their Web site postings about Kodak, which in our view were consistently inaccurate, we came to the conclusion that their process added no value to our own. Our commitment to our customers is unwavering. That will not change. What has changed is that, for us, the BBB’s customer complaint process has become redundant, given the multiple and immediate ways that customers have to address their con- cerns directly with Kodak. —[33], Kodak See also • List of products manufactured by Kodak References [1] ^ "KODAK CAMERA HISTORY". http://www.paralumun.com/ camkodak.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [2] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/ 3394183.stm [3] "Certificate of amendment to the restated certificate of incorporation of Eastman Kodak company" (PDF). New Jersey division of revenue. June 8, 2005. http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/ irol/11/115911/reports/certofinc1.PDF. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [4] Gordon, John Steele (October 2003). "What digital camera makers can learn from George Eastman". American Heritage. http://www.americanheritage.com/ articles/magazine/ah/2003/5/ 2003_5_23.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [5] "Evolution of our brand logo". Eastman Kodak. http://www.kodak.com/global/en/ corp/historyOfKodak/ evolutionBrandLogo.jhtml. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. [6] Helm, Merry (October 11, 2003). "Kodak from Nodak-David Houston". Dakota datebook. Prairie public. http://www.prairiepublic.org/programs/ datebook/bydate/03/1003/101103.jsp. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [7] "Houston, David Henderson". North Dakota visual artist archive. http://www.state.nd.us/arts/ artist_archive/H/ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 10 Houston_DavidHenderson.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [8] http://photo.net/film-and-processing- forum/00JZTH [9] "KODAK, Esprida offer Remote Business Manager for photo kiosks". Kiosk Marketplace. October 10, 2006. http://www.kioskmarketplace.com/ article.php?id=16331. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [10] "Kodak to Stop Making Black-and-White Paper". Fox News. June 16, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/ 0,2933,159782,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [11]BBC NEWS | Business | Kodak embraces digital revolution [12] "Weave Innovations StoryBox". Gadget Central. April 4, 2000. http://www.gadgetcentral.com/ weave_storybox.htm. [13]Scoblete, Greg (March 12, 2001). "Digital Frames Make Inroads In Consumer Market". Twice. http://www.twice.com/article/ CA66632.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [14] "Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co.". October 12, 1990. http://www.bustpatents.com/ kodak0.htm. [15] "Kodak Revolutionizes the Inkjet Industry". Eastman Kodak. February 6, 2007. http://www.kodak.com/eknec/ PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=2709&pq- locale=en_US&gpcid=0900688a80671462. [16]Kodak to cut up to 4,500 jobs [17]2008 TIA Award Winners. BCTIA. Retrieved on 07-11-08. [18] "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada’s Top 100 Employers Competition". http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-kodak- graphic-communications-canada- company. [19] "Color Filter Array 2.0". June 14, 2007. http://johncompton.1000nerds.kodak.com/ default.asp?item=624876. [20]^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average History" (PDF). Dow Jones Indexes. http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/ downloads/DJIA_Hist_Comp.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-15. [21] "Ryerson University Library acquires significant collections in Photography". Press release. Ryerson University. March 28, 2005. http://www.ryerson.ca/library/ info/pr/28mar05.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-15. [22] "Press Release: Kodak and Lexar Announce New Extended Five-Year Agreement". Eastman Kodak. 2007-09-04. http://www.kodak.com/ eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq- path=2709&pq- locale=en_US&gpcid=0900688a807a3433. Retrieved on 2008-12-09. [23] "Kodak Announces Agreement With Flextronics for Design, Production and Distribution of its Consumer Digital Cameras". Eastman Kodak. August 6, 2006. http://www.kodak.com/eknec/ PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=2709&pq- locale=en_US&gpcid=0900688a80589ba7. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [24]Rand, Ben (May 18, 2004). "Kodak, Lexar to sell digital memory cards". Democrat & Chronicle. http://www.democratandchronicle.com/ news/extra/kodak/ 05182449P52_business.shtml. [25] "Facilities Releasing TRI Chemicals to the Environment". http://www.scorecard.org/ranking/rank- facilities.tcl?how_many=100&drop_down_name=Tot Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [26] "Detailed Company Report: Kodak". Toxic 100. http://www.rtknet.org/new/ tox100/toxic100.php?company1=7709. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [27] "2005 Dirty Dozen Awards". Citizens’ Environmental Coalition. http://www.cectoxic.org/ 2005dirtydozen.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [28] "GVAS and Kodak". Rochester Falconcam. http://rfalconcam.com/rfc- main/gvasAndKodak.php. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [29] "Corporate Citizenship". Eastman Kodak. http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/ corpRespHub.jhtml?pq-path=2/8/2879. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [30] "Kodak to Sell Health Group to Onex for up to $2.55 billion". Eastman Kodak. January 10, 2007. http://www.kodak.com/ eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq- path=2709&gpcid=0900688a8064b37b&ignoreLoca locale=en_US&_requestid=405. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [31] "Kodak Completes Sale of Health Group to Onex". Eastman Kodak. May 1, 2007. http://www.kodak.com/eknec/ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eastman Kodak 11 PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=2709&pq- locale=en_US&gpcid=0900688a806e5a56. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [32] "Eastman Kodak Resigns from Council of Better Business Bureaus After Expulsion Proceedings are Initiated". Better Business Bureau. March 26, 2007. http://bbb.com/alerts/ article.asp?ID=753. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. [33]Rochester Business Journal, March 26, 2007 External links • Kodak Official Website • First Kodak Camera Ad 1888 • Kodak EasyShare Gallery • 2008 Moment of Thanks video by CEO Jeff Hazlett about Kodak’s involvement in US war efforts • Kodak Launches a Printer Offensive • Kodak’s New Battle: Cheap Printer Ink • Kodak enters Inkjet Printer Market • Kodak Offers Cheap Printer Ink with New Printer Line • Kodak Company History and Time Line • Kodak camera manuals, Kodakery camera booklets • Kodak camera manuals, camera instruction booklets • What happened to Kodak in the shift to digital imaging Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Battery manufacturers, Con- sumer battery manufacturers, Electronics companies of the United States, Former compon- ents of the DJIA, Computer printer companies, Manufacturing companies of the United States, Photography companies, Photographic film makers, History of Rochester, New York, Compan- ies based in Rochester, New York, Companies established in 1881, Kodak, Dental companies, Worldwide Olympic sponsors, Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners This page was last modified on 16 May 2009, at 10:34 (UTC). 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