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Machine Shops 1997 Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series 1997 Issued December 1999 EC97M-3327A U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU The staff of the Manufacturing and Con- struction Division prepared this report. Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Cen- sus and Related Programs, was respon- sible for the overall planning, manage- ment, and coordination. Kenneth Hansen, Chief, Manufactured Durables Branch, assisted by Mike Brown, Renee Coley, Raphael Corrado, and Milbren Thomas, Section Chiefs, Michael Zampo- gna, Former Chief, Manufactured Nondu- rables Branch, assisted by Allen Fore- man, Robert Miller, Robert Reinard, and Nat Shelton, Section Chiefs, and Tom Lee, Robert Rosati, and Tom Flood, Special Assistants, performed the planning and implementation. Stephanie Angel, Brian Appert, Stanis Batton, Carol Bea- sley, Chris Blackburn, Larry Blum- berg, Vera Harris-Bourne, Brenda Campbell, Suzanne Conard, Vance Davis, Mary Ellickson, Matt Gaines, Merry Glascoe, Kay Hanks, Karen Harshbarger, Nancy Higgins, James Hinckley, Walter Hunter, Jim Jamski, Evelyn Jordan, Robert Lee, John Line- han, Paul Marck, Keith McKenzie, Philippe Morris, Joanna Nguyen, Betty Pannell, Joyce Pomeroy, Venita Powell, Cynthia Ramsey, Chris Savage, Aronda Stovall, Sue Sundermann, Tha- nos Theodoropoulos, Dora Thomas, Ann Truffa, Ronanne Vinson, Keeley Voor, Denneth Wallace, Tempie Whit- tington, Lissene Witt, and Mike Yamaner provided primary staff assis- tance. Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief for Research and Methodology Programs, assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufac- turing Programs Methodology Branch, and Robert Struble, Section Chief, provided the mathematical and statistical tech- niques as well as the coverage operations. Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour pro- vided primary staff assistance. Mendel D. Gayle, Chief, Forms, Publica- tions, and Customer Services Branch, assisted by Julius Smith Jr. and Baruti Taylor, Section Chiefs, performed overall coordination of the publication process. Kim Credito, Patrick Duck, Chip Murph, Wanda Sledd, and Veronica White provided primary staff assistance. The Economic Planning and Coordination Division, Lawrence A. Blum, Assistant Chief for Collection Activities and Shirin A. Ahmed, Assistant Chief for Post- Collection Processing, assisted by Dennis Shoemaker, Chief, Post-Collection Census Processing Branch, Brandy Yarbrough, Section Chief, Sheila Proudfoot, Richard Williamson, Andrew W. Hait, and Jenni- fer E. Lins, was responsible for develop- ing the systems and procedures for data collection, editing, review, correction and dissemination The staff of the National Processing Center, Judith N. Petty, Chief, performed mailout preparation and receipt operations, clerical and analytical review activities, data key- ing, and geocoding review. The Geography Division staff developed geographic coding procedures and associ- ated computer programs. The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro- gramming Division, Charles P. Pautler Jr., Chief, developed and coordinated the computer processing systems. Martin S. Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen- nial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lam- bert and Christina Arledge were respon- sible for design and implementation of the computer systems. Gary T. Sheridan, Chief, Manufacturing and Construction Branch, Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith, Section Chiefs, supervised the preparation of the computer programs. Computer Services Division, Debra Will- iams, Chief, performed the computer pro- cessing. The staff of the Administrative and Cus- tomer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, performed planning, design, compo- sition, editorial review, and printing plan- ning and procurement for publications, Internet products, and report forms. Cynthia G. Brooks provided publication coordination and editing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Machine Shops 1997 Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series 1997 Issued December 1999 EC97M-3327A U.S. Department of Commerce William M. Daley, Secretary Robert L. Mallett, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Robert J. Shapiro, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Kenneth Prewitt, Director Paula J. Schneider, Principal Associate Director for Programs Frederick T. Knickerbocker, Associate Director for Economic Programs Thomas L. Mesenbourg, Assistant Director for Economic Programs William G. Bostic Jr., Chief, Manufacturing and Construction Division ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION Economics and Statistics Administration Robert J. Shapiro, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Kenneth Prewitt, Director William G. Barron, Deputy Director CONTENTS Introduction to the Economic Census 1 ............................. Manufacturing 5 ................................................. TABLES 1. Industry Statistics on NAICS Basis With Distribution Among 1987 SIC~Based Industries: 1997 7 ......................... 2. Industry Statistics for Selected States: 1997 7 ................. 3. Detailed Statistics by Industry: 1997 8 ........................ 4. Industry Statistics by Employment Size: 1997 9 ................ 5. Industry Statistics by Industry and Primary Product Class Specialization: 1997 9 ..................................... 6a. Products Statistics: 1997 and 1992 10 ......................... 6b. Product Class Shipments for Selected States: 1997 and 1992 ~~ . 7. Materials Consumed by Kind: 1997 and 1992 10 ................ APPENDIXES A. Explanation of Terms A–1 ..................................... B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1 ...................... C. Coverage and Methodology C–1 ................................ D. Geographic Notes ~~ ........................................ E. Metropolitan Areas ~~ ....................................... F. Footnotes for Products Statistics and Materials Consumed by Kind ~~ ................................................... G. Comparability of Product Classes and Product Codes: 1997 to 1992 G–1 ................................................... ~~ Not applicable for this report. MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 332710 iii U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Dec. 2, 1999 Introduction to the Economic Census PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS The economic census is the major source of facts about the structure and functioning of the Nation’s economy. It provides essential information for government, business, industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the United States Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Cen- sus Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years, covering years ending in 2 and 7. The economic census furnishes an important part of the framework for such composite measures as the gross domestic product estimates, input/output measures, pro- duction and price indexes, and other statistical series that measure short-term changes in economic conditions. Spe- cific uses of economic census data include the following: • Policymaking agencies of the Federal Government use the data to monitor economic activity and assess the effectiveness of policies. • State and local governments use the data to assess business activities and tax bases within their jurisdic- tions and to develop programs to attract business. • Trade associations study trends in their own and com- peting industries, which allows them to keep their mem- bers informed of market changes. • Individual businesses use the data to locate potential markets and to analyze their own production and sales performance relative to industry or area averages. ALL-NEW INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS Data from the 1997 Economic Census are published pri- marily on the basis of the North American Industry Classi- fication System (NAICS), unlike earlier censuses, which were published according to the Standard Industrial Classi- fication (SIC) system. NAICS is in the process of being adopted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Most economic census reports cover one of the following NAICS sectors: 21 Mining 22 Utilities 23 Construction 31-33 Manufacturing 42 Wholesale Trade 44-45 Retail Trade 48-49 Transportation and Warehousing 51 Information 52 Finance and Insurance 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 61 Educational Services 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 72 Accommodation and Foodservices 81 Other Services (except Public Administration) (Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting sector (NAICS 11), partially covered by the census of agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agri- culture, and the Public Administration sector (NAICS 92), covered by the census of governments conducted by the Census Bureau.) The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 96 subsectors (three-digit codes), 313 industry groups (four-digit codes), and, as implemented in the United States, 1170 industries (five- and six-digit codes). RELATIONSHIP TO SIC While many of the individual NAICS industries corre- spond directly to industries as defined under the SIC sys- tem, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particular care should be taken in comparing data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are sector titles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat dif- ferent groups of industries. The industry definitions dis- cuss the relationships between NAICS and SIC industries. Where changes are significant, it will not be possible to construct time series that include data for points both before and after 1997. For 1997, data for auxiliary establishments (those func- tioning primarily to manage, service, or support the activi- ties of their company’s operating establishments, such as a central administrative office or warehouse) will not be included in the sector-specific reports. These data will be published separately. GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING Accurate and complete information on the physical location of each establishment is required to tabulate the census data for the states, metropolitan areas (MAs), coun- ties, parishes, and corporate municipalities including cit- ies, towns, villages, and boroughs. Respondents were INTRODUCTION 1 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census required to report their physical location (street address, municipality, county, and state) if it differed from their mailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail (and those single-establishment companies that did not provide acceptable information on physical location), loca- tion information from Internal Revenue Service tax forms is used as a basis for coding. BASIS OF REPORTING The economic census is conducted on an establishment basis. A company operating at more than one location is required to file a separate report for each store, factory, shop, or other location. Each establishment is assigned a separate industry classification based on its primary activ- ity and not that of its parent company. DOLLAR VALUES All dollar values presented are expressed in current dol- lars; i.e., 1997 data are expressed in 1997 dollars, and 1992 data, in 1992 dollars. Consequently, when making comparisons with prior years, users of the data should consider the changes in prices that have occurred. All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars. AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA Reports in Print and Electronic Media All results of the 1997 Economic Census are available on the Census Bureau Internet site (www.census.gov) and on compact discs (CD-ROM) for sale by the Census Bureau. Unlike previous censuses, only selected highlights are published in printed reports. For more information, includ- ing a description of electronic and printed reports being issued, see the Internet site, or write to U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300, or call Customer Services at 301-457-4100. Special Tabulations Special tabulations of data collected in the 1997 Eco- nomic Census may be obtained, depending on availability of time and personnel, in electronic or tabular form. The data will be summaries subject to the same rules prohibit- ing disclosure of confidential information (including name, address, kind of business, or other data for individual business establishments or companies) that govern the regular publications. Special tabulations are prepared on a cost basis. A request for a cost estimate, as well as exact specifications on the type and format of the data to be provided, should be directed to the Chief of the division named below, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300. To discuss a special tabulation before submitting specifications, call the appropriate division: Manufacturing and Construction Division 301-457-4673 Service Sector Statistics Division 301-457-2668 HISTORICAL INFORMATION The economic census has been taken as an integrated program at 5-year intervals since 1967 and before that for 1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual com- ponents of the economic census were taken separately at varying intervals. The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810 Decennial Census, when questions on manufacturing were included with those for population. Coverage of economic activities was expanded for the 1840 Decennial Census and subsequent censuses to include mining and some commercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census was the first time a census was taken apart from the regular decennial population census. Censuses covering retail and wholesale trade and construction industries were added in 1930, as were some covering service trades in 1933. Cen- suses of construction, manufacturing, and the other busi- ness service censuses were suspended during World War II. The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to be fully integrated: providing comparable census data across economic sectors, using consistent time periods, con- cepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. It was the first census to be taken by mail, using lists of firms provided by the administrative records of other Fed- eral agencies. Since 1963, administrative records also have been used to provide basic statistics for very small firms, reducing or eliminating the need to send them cen- sus questionnaires. The range of industries covered in the economic cen- suses expanded between 1967 and 1992. The census of construction industries began on a regular basis in 1967, and the scope of service industries, introduced in 1933, was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a few transportation industries were covered as early as 1963, it was not until 1992 that the census broadened to include all of transportation, communications, and utilities. Also new for 1992 was coverage of financial, insurance, and real estate industries. With these additions, the economic census and the separate census of governments and cen- sus of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percent of all economic activity. Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earlier censuses provide historical figures for the study of long- term time series and are available in some large libraries. All of the census reports printed since 1967 are still avail- able for sale on microfiche from the Census Bureau. CD-ROMs issued from the 1987 and 1992 Economic Cen- suses contain databases including nearly all data pub- lished in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Code statistics, published only on CD-ROM. 2 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION More information about the scope, coverage, classifica- tion system, data items, and publications for each of the economic censuses and related surveys is published in the Guide to the 1997 Economic Census and Related Statistics at www.census.gov/econguide. More information on the methodology, procedures, and history of the censuses will be published in the History of the 1997 Economic Census at www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS The following abbreviations and symbols are used with the 1997 Economic Census data: A Standard error of 100 percent or more. D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies; data are included in higher level totals. F Exceeds 100 percent because data include establishments with payroll exceeding rev- enue. N Not available or not comparable. Q Revenue not collected at this level of detail for multiestablishment firms. S Withheld because estimates did not meet publication standards. V Represents less than 50 vehicles or .05 percent. X Not applicable. Y Disclosure withheld because of insufficient coverage of merchandise lines. Z Less than half the unit shown. a 0 to 19 employees. b 20 to 99 employees. c 100 to 249 employees. e 250 to 499 employees. f 500 to 999 employees. g 1,000 to 2,499 employees. h 2,500 to 4,999 employees. i 5,000 to 9,999 employees. j 10,000 to 24,999 employees. k 25,000 to 49,999 employees. l 50,000 to 99,999 employees. m 100,000 employees or more. p 10 to 19 percent estimated. q 20 to 29 percent estimated. r Revised. s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent. nec Not elsewhere classified. nsk Not specified by kind. – Represents zero (page image/print only). (CC) Consolidated city. (IC) Independent city. INTRODUCTION 3 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census This page is intentionally blank. 4 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Manufacturing SCOPE The 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing covers all manufacturing establishments with one or more paid employees. Manufacturing is defined as the mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials or sub- stances into new products. The assembly of components into new products is also considered manufacturing, except when it is appropriately classified as construction. Establishments in the manufacturing sector are often described as plants, factories, or mills and typically use power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment. Also included in the manufacturing sector are some estab- lishments that make products by hand, like custom tailors and the makers of custom draperies. While manufacturers typically do not sell to the public, some establishments like bakeries and candy stores that make products on the premises may be included. While logging and publishing are no longer in the scope of manufacturing, data for these industries are included in the manufacturing industry reports, but are not included in the manufacturing state, summary, and other reports. GENERAL This report, from the 1997 Economic Census – Manufac- turing, is one of a series of 480 industry reports and 51 geographic area reports, each of which provides statistics for individual industries or states, respectively. Seven of the industry reports are for industries no longer in the manufacturing sector but are included with manufacturing for the 1997 census year. Also included for this sector are General, Product, and Materials Consumed Summary reports, a special report on Concentration Ratios in Manu- facturing, and data files on Location of Manufacturing Plants. Each industry report presents data for a six-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry. A description of the particular NAICS industry may be found in Appendix B. These reports include such statistics as number of establishments, employment, payroll, value added by manufacture, cost of materials consumed, value of shipments, capital expenditures, etc. Explanations of these and other terms may be found in Appendix A. The industry reports also include data for states with 100 employees or more in the industry. State reports, which include the District of Columbia, present similar statistics at the ‘‘all manufacturing’’ level for each state and its metropolitan areas (MAs) with 250 employees or more, and for counties, consolidated cities, and places with 500 employees or more. The state reports also include six-digit NAICS level data for industries with 100 employees or more in the state. The General Summary report contains industry and geo- graphic area statistics summarized in one report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry and state reports, as well as revisions to the data made after the release of the industry and state reports. The Products and Materials Consumed reports summa- rize the products and materials data published in the industry reports. The Product Summary report also includes data from the Current Industrial Reports (CIR) and a special table with data for products that are primary to more than one industry, which are not in the industry reports. The Concentration Ratios report publishes data on the percentage of value of shipments accounted for by the 4-, 8-, 20-, and 50-largest companies for each manufacturing industry. Also shown in this report are Hirschmann- Herfindahl Indexes for each industry. The Location of Manufacturing data files contain statis- tics on the number of establishments for the three- and six-digit NAICS industry by state, county, place, and ZIP Code by employment-size of the establishment. GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED Statistics at the six-digit NAICS industry level are shown for states and the District of Columbia in both the state and industry reports for cells with 100 employees or more. The state reports also include data at the ‘‘all manufac- turing’’ level for a variety of geographies that meet the employment criteria. Data are available for the metropolitan areas (MAs) with 250 employees or more. The term MA is a general term used to encompass all of the specifically defined metro- politan areas. A consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) is made up of two or more contiguous primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs) with a combined population of at least 1 million. A PMSA is a subdivision of a CMSA that demonstrates very strong internal economic and social links separate from the ties to other portions of the CMSA. A metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is an inte- grated economic and social unit with a population of at least 50,000. An MA is made up of one or more counties meeting standards of metropolitan character. In New England, cities and towns, rather than counties, are the MANUFACTURING 5 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census component geographic units. Determination of the MAs was made by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June 30, 1997. The population estimates were from the 1990 Census of Population or a subsequent special census. When applicable, the make-up of an MA is included in Appendix E. Changes to geographical bound- aries are noted in Appendix D. The state reports include data for counties with 500 employees or more. These are the primary divisions of states, except in Louisiana where they are called parishes and in Alaska where they are called boroughs and census areas. Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia have one or more places that are independent of county organiza- tions. These places are treated as counties and places. The counties and places are defined as of January 1, 1997. The state reports include data for places with 500 employees or more. Places are typically cities, towns, and villages. They may be incorporated municipalities, semi- independent municipalities, special economic urban areas (SEUAs), or other place equivalents. The state reports also include data for consolidated cit- ies with 500 employees or more. Consolidated cities are made up of separately incorporated municipalities. COMPARABILITY OF THE 1992 AND 1997 CENSUSES The adoption of the North American Industry Classifica- tion System (NAICS) has had a major impact on the compa- rability of data between the 1992 and 1997 censuses. Approximately half of the industries in the manufacturing sector of NAICS do not have comparable industries in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system that was used in the past. If industries are not comparable between the two censuses, historic data are not shown. When appli- cable, Appendix G shows the product class and product comparability between the two systems. While most of the change affecting the manufacturing sector was change within the sector, some industries left manufacturing and others came into manufacturing. Prominent among those leaving manufacturing are logging and portions of publishing. Prominent among the indus- tries coming into the manufacturing sector are bakeries, candy stores where candy is made on the premises, cus- tom tailors, makers of custom draperies, and tire retread- ing. Data for the industries coming into manufacturing as well as those leaving manufacturing are included in the manufacturing industry report series for 1997. However, the state and summary reports only include data for industries in the NAICS definition of manufacturing. Another change resulting from the conversion to NAICS is that data for central administrative offices (CAOs) asso- ciated with manufacturing are not included along side the manufacturing data. This change affects data in the state reports and the general summary. DISCLOSURE In accordance with Federal law governing census reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data are published that would disclose the operations of an indi- vidual establishment or company. However, the number of establishments classified in a specific industry or geogra- phy is not considered a disclosure, and may be released even when other information is withheld. The disclosure analysis for the industry statistics files is based on the total value of shipments. When the total value of shipments cannot be shown without disclosing information for individual companies, the complete line is suppressed except for capital expenditures. However, the suppressed data are included in higher-level totals. A sepa- rate disclosure analysis is performed for capital expendi- tures that can be suppressed even though value of ship- ments data are published. AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMIC DATA The Census Bureau conducts the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) in each of the 4 years between the economic censuses. The ASM is a probability-based sample of approximately 58,000 establishments and col- lects many of the same industry statistics (including employment, payroll, value of shipments, etc.) as the eco- nomic census. However, there are selected statistics not included in the ASM. Among these are the number of com- panies and establishments, detailed product and materials data, and substate geographic data. In addition to the ASM, the Census Bureau conducts a Current Industrial Reports (CIR) program. The CIR pub- lishes detailed product statistics for selected manufactur- ing industries at the U.S. level annually and, in some cases, monthly and/or quarterly. For the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing, the annual CIR data are included in the Product Summary report. The Census Bureau also conducts the monthly Manufac- turers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders (M3) program, which publishes detailed statistics for manufacturing industries at the U.S. level. 6 MANUFACTURING 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Table 1. Industry Statistics on NAICS Basis With Distribution Among 1987 SIC~Based Industries: 1997 [NAICS codes appear in bold type. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] NAICS or SIC code Industry All employees Production workers Com~ panies1 All estab~ lish~ ments2 Number Payroll ($1,000) Number Hours (1,000) Wages ($1,000) Value added by manufacture ($1,000) Cost of materials ($1,000) Value of shipments ($1,000) Total capital expendi~ tures ($1,000) 332710 Machine shops 23 438 ............... 23 616 290 849 9 491 046 225 752 429 078 6 339 997 18 460 200 8 765 790 27 131 541 1 560 204 359910 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. (pt) N ........................ 23 616 290 849 9 491 046 225 752 429 078 6 339 997 18 460 200 8 765 790 27 131 541 1 560 204 1For the census, a company is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control. 2Includes establishments with payroll at any time during the year. Table 2. Industry Statistics for Selected States: 1997 [States that are disclosures or with less than 100 employees are not shown. For explanation of terms, see appendixes. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text] Industry and geographic area All establishments All employees Production workers E1 Total With 20 em~ ploy~ ees or more Number Payroll ($1,000) Number Hours (1,000) Wages ($1,000) Value added by manufacture ($1,000) Cost of materials ($1,000) Value of shipments ($1,000) Total capital expendi~ tures ($1,000) 332710, MACHINE SHOPS United States 1 .............. 23 616 3 773 290 849 9 491 046 225 752 429 078 6 339 997 18 460 200 8 765 790 27 131 541 1 560 204 Alabama 2 ........................... 374 67 4 775 125 991 3 705 6 435 85 386 241 635 128 988 370 113 22 338 Alaska 1 ............................. 18 1 106 3 928 86 146 2 678 7 243 3 915 11 032 308 Arizona 2 ............................ 314 56 3 826 134 003 2 927 5 716 87 152 253 814 104 486 353 336 26 003 Arkansas 2 ........................... 175 17 1 415 35 477 1 122 1 918 24 719 65 140 31 671 97 207 9 370 California 1 .......................... 3 357 512 37 674 1 319 261 29 733 57 405 885 005 2 647 853 1 098 207 3 726 900 218 430 Colorado 1 ........................... 333 34 3 139 100 480 2 492 4 761 70 506 202 618 119 839 318 971 24 719 Connecticut 1 ........................ 509 74 6 097 233 721 4 544 9 146 150 397 414 195 201 241 612 746 27 122 Delaware 2 .......................... 42 6 444 14 148 324 600 8 767 28 722 12 867 41 509 1 461 Florida 2 ............................. 627 69 5 569 151 262 4 345 7 229 102 547 282 127 123 282 402 950 27 696 Georgia 2 ............................ 427 53 4 525 133 691 3 393 5 746 83 460 272 116 161 975 438 426 19 948 Idaho 2 .............................. 92 9 699 16 481 567 858 11 843 30 514 12 249 42 873 3 402 Illinois 1 ............................. 1 252 254 18 204 640 300 14 198 28 933 430 908 1 219 309 568 507 1 773 876 101 939 Indiana 1 ............................ 666 125 8 745 269 951 6 840 13 098 179 990 514 934 263 002 775 754 48 192 Iowa – ............................... 216 40 3 222 86 507 2 687 5 090 64 391 206 328 115 269 320 647 19 759 Kansas 1 ............................ 236 34 3 066 94 350 2 277 4 097 59 162 192 050 107 209 299 866 14 388 Kentucky 1 ........................... 252 46 3 788 115 532 2 987 6 012 79 827 217 128 98 584 314 125 16 132 Louisiana 1 .......................... 289 52 3 879 121 614 3 037 5 996 84 774 216 199 110 893 325 021 20 518 Maine 1 ............................. 110 15 1 361 48 101 1 053 1 775 30 981 103 575 49 097 150 784 12 062 Maryland 1 ........................... 203 35 2 842 93 000 2 208 4 247 63 016 187 206 89 358 276 379 13 825 Massachusetts 1 ..................... 701 113 8 992 339 278 6 583 13 127 215 720 623 359 286 956 909 669 57 008 Michigan 1 ........................... 1 375 272 20 441 731 684 15 827 31 785 485 872 1 424 255 835 347 2 261 681 113 061 Minnesota 1 .......................... 610 113 8 966 313 103 6 894 13 695 210 986 672 663 319 758 995 605 70 601 Mississippi 3 ......................... 149 15 1 333 34 612 1 043 1 790 23 897 59 632 25 374 83 756 7 245 Missouri 1 ........................... 397 55 3 799 112 347 2 935 5 302 76 941 202 704 91 215 292 369 17 303 Montana 4 ........................... 57 1 259 5 849 190 290 3 721 9 788 4 826 14 394 568 Nebraska 2 .......................... 110 14 1 014 24 171 797 1 342 17 032 44 362 21 917 65 625 4 361 Nevada 4 ............................ 82 6 577 14 808 443 718 10 273 28 048 10 214 38 224 2 004 New Hampshire 2 ..................... 206 31 2 183 75 738 1 695 3 148 51 306 130 994 52 735 184 285 14 554 New Jersey 1 ........................ 637 81 6 595 247 907 4 776 9 418 152 260 435 404 278 192 731 310 29 755 New Mexico 1 ........................ 92 8 858 25 168 667 1 012 16 393 42 125 18 965 60 855 3 237 New York 1 .......................... 911 129 10 758 348 154 8 229 15 641 227 773 676 482 291 947 954 976 57 986 North Carolina 2 ...................... 632 72 6 325 182 206 4 967 8 992 121 593 329 821 166 606 496 659 29 599 Ohio 1 ............................... 1 692 322 24 461 786 309 19 222 37 777 536 097 1 527 137 678 040 2 188 863 108 732 Oklahoma 1 .......................... 359 42 3 852 103 232 3 057 5 370 73 948 215 528 105 148 317 172 26 284 Oregon 1 ............................ 339 49 3 553 114 790 2 706 5 015 76 863 224 174 106 412 329 428 24 552 Pennsylvania 1 ....................... 1 220 240 18 105 578 738 14 132 26 807 389 510 1 130 829 478 685 1 613 599 85 307 Rhode Island 2 ....................... 95 10 904 28 245 690 1 160 18 589 52 062 23 522 74 501 5 928 South Carolina 2 ...................... 318 48 3 737 107 912 2 853 5 018 68 616 201 305 82 822 283 841 13 401 South Dakota 2 ....................... 45 5 526 13 012 438 824 9 801 25 185 15 700 41 130 1 805 Tennessee 1 ......................... 411 63 4 851 153 756 3 793 6 611 100 503 278 372 128 764 405 722 19 099 Texas 2 ............................. 1 699 261 19 149 612 504 14 795 27 925 406 163 1 199 153 583 315 1 771 802 90 095 Utah 3 ............................... 159 22 1 446 40 528 1 109 1 927 28 783 82 820 33 750 116 792 7 008 Vermont 2 ........................... 41 6 412 12 697 322 669 9 331 25 686 9 672 35 681 2 172 Virginia 2 ............................ 348 44 3 809 120 178 2 995 5 415 82 094 209 634 78 902 287 949 15 336 Washington 1 ........................ 483 57 5 821 181 851 4 609 7 981 122 676 386 284 158 778 531 581 39 096 West Virginia 3 ....................... 142 30 1 780 44 115 1 424 2 250 30 459 82 753 39 138 121 880 5 338 Wisconsin 1 .......................... 724 159 12 336 383 955 9 542 18 134 256 121 804 791 422 815 1 222 144 79 254 Wyoming 2 ........................... 39 2 249 5 597 197 264 3 820 11 271 6 019 17 252 395 * Hawaii has no incorporated places in the sense of functioning governmental units; however, in agreement with Hawaiian law, the Bureau of the Census reports data for census designated places (CDPs) which have been designated as place equivalents. Those CDPs, only for the state of Hawaii, with 2,500 or more population are recognized. 1Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. This technique was also used for a small number of other establishments whose reports were not received at the time data were tabulated. The following symbols are shown where estimated data based on administrative~record data account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 332710 7 U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Dec. 2, 1999 Table 3. Detailed Statistics by Industry: 1997 [For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] Item Value 332710, MACHINE SHOPS Companies1 number.. ................................................ 23 438 All establishments number.. ........................................... 23 616 Establishments with 1 to 19 employees number.. ....................... 19 843 Establishments with 20 to 99 employees number.. ..................... 3 492 Establishments with 100 employees or more number.. .................. 281 All employees number.. ............................................... 290 849 Total compensation2 $1,000.. .......................................... 11 295 332 Annual payroll $1,000.. .............................................. 9 491 046 Total fringe benefits $1,000.. ......................................... 1 804 286 Production workers, average for year number.. .......................... 225 752 Production workers on March 12 number.. ............................ 222 879 Production workers on May 12 number.. .............................. 224 535 Production workers on August 12 number.. ............................ 226 782 Production workers on November 12 number.. ......................... 228 812 Production~worker hours 1,000.. ....................................... 429 078 Production~worker wages $1,000.. ...................................... 6 339 997 Total cost of materials $1,000.. ......................................... 8 765 790 Cost of materials, parts, containers, etc., consumed $1,000.. ............. 6 389 323 Cost of resales $1,000.. ............................................. 742 850 Cost of fuels $1,000.. ............................................... 83 285 Cost of purchased electricity $1,000.. ................................. 253 479 Cost of contract work $1,000.. ....................................... 1 296 853 Quantity of electricity purchased for heat and power 1,000 kWh.. ........... 3 827 792 Quantity of electricity generated less sold for heat and power 1,000 kWh.. ... 4 091 Total value of shipments $1,000.. ...................................... 27 131 541 Primary products value of shipments $1,000.. .......................... 23 295 510 Secondary products value of shipments $1,000.. ....................... 1 543 329 Total miscellaneous receipts $1,000.. ................................. 2 292 702 Value of resales $1,000.. .......................................... 1 612 795 Contract receipts $1,000.. ......................................... 326 621 Other miscellaneous receipts $1,000.. .............................. 353 286 Primary products specialization ratio percent.. ........................... 93 Value of primary products shipments made in all industries $1,000.. ........ 24 704 828 Value of primary products shipments made in this industry $1,000.. ....... 23 295 510 Value of primary products shipments made in other industries $1,000.. ................................................. 1 409 318 Coverage ratio percent.. .............................................. 94 Item Value 332710, MACHINE SHOPSmCon. Value added $1,000.. ................................................. 18 460 200 Total inventories, beginning of year $1,000.. ............................. 2 954 364 Finished goods inventories, beginning of year $1,000.. .................. 607 094 Work~in~process inventories, beginning of year $1,000.. ................. 1 669 473 Materials and supplies inventories, beginning of year $1,000.. ............ 677 797 Total inventories, end of year $1,000.. .................................. 3 116 845 Finished goods inventories, end of year $1,000.. ....................... 603 278 Work~in~process inventories, end of year $1,000.. ...................... 1 767 738 Materials and supplies inventories, end of year $1,000.. ................. 745 829 Gross book value of total assets at beginning of year $1,000.. .............. 12 277 421 Total capital expenditures (new and used) $1,000.. ..................... 1 560 204 Capital expenditures for buildings and other structures (new and used) $1,000.. ......................................... 179 872 Capital expenditures for machinery and equipment (new and used) $1,000.. .............................................. 1 380 332 Total retirements2 $1,000.. .......................................... 628 327 Gross book value of total assets at end of year $1,000.. ................... 13 209 298 Total depreciation during year2 $1,000.. ................................. 1 071 162 Total rental payments2 $1,000.. ........................................ 832 695 Buildings and other structures rental payments2 $1,000.. ................ 381 789 Machinery and equipment rental payments2 $1,000.. .................... 450 906 Cost of purchased services for the repair of buildings and other structures3 $1,000.. .................................................. 52 808 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased services for the repair of machinery and equipment3 $1,000.. ................................................. 173 977 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased communications services3 $1,000.. .................... 61 062 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased legal services3 $1,000.. .............................. 30 238 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased accounting and bookkeeping services3 $1,000.. ......... 55 466 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased advertising services3 $1,000.. ......................... 44 686 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased software and other data processing services3 $1,000.. ................................................... 26 062 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 Cost of purchased refuse removal (including hazardous waste) services3 $1,000.. ................................................... 37 321 Response coverage ratio4 percent.. .................................. 68 1For the census, a company is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control. 2These items are collected in the ASM and estimated for the remaining establishments; therefore, the levels of estimation are higher than for other items in the table. 3Based on ASM sample data. 4A response coverage ratio is derived for this item by calculating the ratio of the weighted employment (establishment data multiplied by sample weight) for those ASM establishments that reported to the weighted total employment for all ASM establishments classified in this industry. Note: The amounts shown for purchased services reflect only those services that establishments purchase from other companies. 8 NAICS 332710 MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Dec. 2, 1999 Table 4. Industry Statistics by Employment Size: 1997 [For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] Employment size class All establishments All employees Production workers E1 Total With 20 em~ ploy~ ees or more Number Payroll ($1,000) Number Hours (1,000) Wages ($1,000) Value added by manufacture ($1,000) Cost of materials ($1,000) Value of shipments ($1,000) Total capital expendi~ tures ($1,000) 332710, MACHINE SHOPS All establishments 1 ......... 23 616 3 773 290 849 9 491 046 225 752 429 078 6 339 997 18 460 200 8 765 790 27 131 541 1 560 204 Establishments with 1 to 4 employees 8 ........................ 10 484 – 21 995 531 805 18 315 25 844 362 023 971 657 402 701 1 375 023 80 978 Establishments with 5 to 9 employees 3 ........................ 5 316 – 35 837 989 428 27 627 44 640 673 780 1 863 830 740 452 2 605 067 150 555 Establishments with 10 to 19 employees 1 ........................ 4 043 – 54 719 1 717 093 42 170 76 602 1 143 175 3 264 384 1 338 111 4 591 677 267 736 Establishments with 20 to 49 employees 1 ........................ 2 793 2 793 84 920 2 940 124 65 716 132 579 1 954 442 5 627 291 2 377 237 7 974 133 472 883 Establishments with 50 to 99 employees 1 ........................ 699 699 47 700 1 706 463 36 891 75 463 1 135 550 3 319 465 1 671 053 4 945 796 310 127 Establishments with 100 to 249 employees – ........................ 253 253 36 580 1 309 425 28 101 59 247 873 278 2 788 603 1 733 646 4 501 064 241 557 Establishments with 250 to 499 employees – ........................ 27 27 D D D D D D D D D Establishments with 500 to 999 employees – ........................ 1 1 D D D D D D D D D Establishments with 1,000 to 2,499 employees – ........................ – – – – – – – – – – – Establishments with 2,500 employees or more – ........................... – – – – – – – – – – – Administrative records2 9 .............. 10 036 – 32 484 699 255 26 262 34 294 475 466 1 241 802 521 018 1 763 291 94 374 1Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. This technique was also used for a small number of other establishments whose reports were not received at the time data were tabulated. The following symbols are shown where estimated data based on administrative~record data account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. Data are also included in respective size classes shown. Table 5. Industry Statistics by Industry and Primary Product Class Specialization: 1997 [For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] NAICS industry or product class code Industry or primary product class All employees Production workers All estab~ lish~ ments Number Payroll ($1,000) Number Hours (1,000) Wages ($1,000) Value added by manufacture ($1,000) Cost of materials ($1,000) Value of shipments ($1,000) Total capital expendi~ tures ($1,000) 332710 Machine shops 23 616 ........... 290 849 9 491 046 225 752 429 078 6 339 997 18 460 200 8 765 790 27 131 541 1 560 204 MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 332710 9 U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Dec. 2, 1999 Table 6a. Products Statistics: 1997 and 1992 [Includes quantity and value of products of this industry produced by (1) establishments classified in this industry (primary) and (2) establishments classified in other industries (secondary). Transfers of products of this industry from one establishment of a company to another establishment of the same company (interplant transfers) are also included. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] NAICS product code Product 1997 1992 Product shipments Product shipments Number of companies with shipments of $100,000 or more Quantity of production for all purposes Quantity Value ($1,000) Number of companies with shipments of $100,000 or more Quantity of production for all purposes Quantity Value ($1,000) 332710 Machine shop work ............ N ................... X X 24 704 828 N X X N 3327100 Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs .......................... N ................... X X 24 704 828 N X X N 33271000 Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs ..................... N ................... X X 20 824 856 N X X N 3327100000 Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs ............... 10 502 ................... X X 20 824 856 9 364 X X 12 483 808 3327100Y Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs, nsk, total ............ N ................... X X 3 879 972 N X X N 3327100YWW Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs, nsk, for nonadministrative~record establishments..................... N ................... X X 2 289 610 N X X N 3327100YWY Receipts for machine shop job work and job order repairs, nsk, for administrative~record establishments . N ................... X X 1 590 362 N X X N # Additional information is available for this item; see Appendix F. @ Additional data are available for these codes at the aggregate U.S. level in the Current Industrial Report (CIR) series; see Appendix F for the CIR survey number and title. $ This product is primary to more than one industry; see Appendix F for a listing of the related product codes. Note: For some establishments, data have been estimated from central unit values which are based on quantity~value relationships of reported data. The following symbols are used when percentage of each quantity figure estimated in this manner equals or exceeds 10 percent of published figure: p 10 to 19 percent estimated; q 20 to 29 percent estimated. If 30 percent or more is estimated, figure is replaced by S. Table 6b. Product Class Shipments for Selected States: 1997 and 1992 [Not applicable for this report] Table 7. Materials Consumed by Kind: 1997 and 1992 [Includes quantity and cost of materials consumed or put into production by establishments classified only in this industry. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes] NAICS material code Material consumed 1997 1992 Quantity Delivered cost ($1,000) Quantity Delivered cost ($1,000) 332710 MACHINE SHOPS 33272203 Metal bolts, nuts, screws, washers, rivets, and other screw machine products ........................................................... X ................... 222 578 X N 33200097 Other fabricated metal products (except forgings) ........................ X ................... 450 718 X N 33210001 Forgings............................................................ X ................... 124 549 X N 33151001 Iron and steel castings (rough and semifinished) ......................... X ................... 678 992 X N 33152005 Aluminum and aluminum~base alloy castings (rough and semifinished) ..... X ................... 200 504 X N 33152003 Other nonferrous castings (rough and semifinished) ...................... X ................... 56 417 X N 33120007 Steel bars, bar shapes, and plates (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products)..................................................... X ................... 637 123 X N 33120017 Steel sheet and strip, including tin plate................................. X ................... 125 465 X N 33120019 Steel structural shapes and sheet piling (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products) ........................................... X ................... 39 402 X N 33120091 All other steel shapes and forms (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products)..................................................... X ................... 104 243 X N 33142105 Copper and copper~base alloy rod, bar, and mechanical wire, including extruded and/or drawn shapes ....................................... X ................... 49 106 X N 33142137 All other copper and copper~based alloy shapes and forms (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products) ............................... X ................... 26 484 X N 33131501 Aluminum and aluminum~base alloy sheet, plate, foil, and welded tubing .... X ................... 213 275 X N 33100055 All other aluminum and aluminum~base alloy shapes and forms (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products) ....................... X ................... 138 919 X N 33100083 Other nonferrous shapes and forms (except castings, forgings, and fabricated metal products) ........................................... X ................... 66 878 X N 33351503 Cutting tools for machine tools......................................... X ................... 302 384 X N 00190090 Fluid power products ................................................. X ................... 124 173 X N 00970099 All other materials and components, parts, containers, and supplies ........ X ................... 724 908 X N 00971000 Materials, ingredients, containers, and supplies, n.s.k. .................... X ................... 2 103 205 X N # Additional information is available for this item; see Appendix F. Note: For some establishments, data have been estimated from central unit values which are based on quantity~value relationships of reported data. The following symbols are used when percentage of each quantity figure estimated in this manner equals or exceeds 10 percent of published figure: p 10 to 19 percent estimated; q 20 to 29 percent estimated. If 30 percent or more is estimated, figure is replaced by S. 10 NAICS 332710 MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Dec. 2, 1999 Appendix A. Explanation of Terms BEGINNING- AND END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES Respondents were asked to report their beginning-of- year and end-of-year inventories at cost or market. Effec- tive with the 1982 Economic Census, this change to a uni- form instruction for reporting inventories was introduced for all sector reports. Prior to 1982, respondents were per- mitted to value inventories using any generally accepted accounting method (FIFO, LIFO, market, to name a few). Beginning in 1982, LIFO users were asked to first report inventory values prior to the LIFO adjustment and then to report the LIFO reserve and the LIFO value after adjust- ment for the reserve. Inventory Data by Stage of Fabrication Total inventories and three detailed components (1) fin- ished goods, (2) work-in-process, and (3) materials, sup- plies, fuels, etc., were collected. When using inventory data by stage of fabrication for ‘‘all industries’’ and at the three-digit subsector level, it should be noted that an item treated as a finished product by an establishment in one industry may be reported as a raw material by an establishment in a different industry. For example, the finished-product inventories of a steel mill would be reported as raw materials by a stamping plant. Such differences are present in the inventory figures by stage of fabrication shown for all publication levels. COST OF MATERIALS This term refers to direct charges actually paid or pay- able for items consumed or put into production during the year, including freight charges and other direct charges incurred by the establishment in acquiring these materials. It includes the cost of materials or fuel consumed, whether purchased by the individual establishment from other companies, transferred to it from other establish- ments of the same company, or withdrawn from inventory during the year. Included in this item are: 1. Cost of parts, components, containers, etc.—Includes all raw materials, semifinished goods, parts, contain- ers, scrap, and supplies put into production or used as operating supplies and for repair and maintenance during the year. 2. Cost of products bought and sold in the same condi- tion. 3. Cost of fuels consumed for heat and power—Includes the cost of materials or fuel consumed, whether pur- chased by the individual establishment from other companies, transferred to it from other establishments of the same company, or withdrawn from inventory during the year. 4. Cost of purchased electricity—The cost of purchased electric energy represents the amount actually used during the year for heat and power. In addition, infor- mation was collected on the quantity of electric energy generated by the establishment and the quan- tity of electric energy sold or transferred to other plants of the same company. 5. Cost of contract work—This term applies to work done by others on materials furnished by the manu- facturing establishment. The actual cost of the mate- rial is to be reported on the cost of materials, parts, and containers line of this item. The term ‘‘Contract Work’’ refers to the fee a company pays to another company to perform a service. Specific Materials Consumed In addition to the total cost of materials, which every establishment was required to report, information also was collected for most manufacturing industries on the consumption of major materials used in manufacturing. The inquiries were restricted to those materials which were important parts of the cost of production in a par- ticular industry and for which cost information was avail- able from manufacturers’ records. If less than $25,000 of a listed material was consumed by an establishment, the cost data could be reported in the ‘‘Cost of all other mate- rials...,’’ Census material code 00970099. Also, the cost of materials for small establishments for which administra- tive records or short forms were used was imputed into the ‘‘Materials not specified by kind,’’ Census materials code 00971000. Duplication in Cost of Materials and Value of Shipment The aggregate of the cost of materials and value of shipments figures for industry groups and for all manufac- turing industries includes large amounts of duplication since the products of some industries are used as materi- als by others. This duplication results, in part, from the addition of related industries representing successive APPENDIX A A–1 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census stages in the production of a finished manufactured prod- uct. Examples are the addition of flour mills to bakeries in the food group and the addition of pulp mills to paper mills in the paper and allied products group of industries. Estimates of the overall extent of this duplication indicate that the value of manufactured products exclusive of such duplication (the value of finished manufactures) tends to approximate two-thirds of the total value of products reported in the survey. Duplication of products within individual industries is significant within a number of industry groups, e.g., machinery and transportation industries. These industries frequently include complete machinery and their parts. In this case, the parts made for original equipment are mate- rials consumed for assembly plants in the same industry. Even when no significant amount of duplication is involved, value of shipments figures are deficient as mea- sures of the relative economic importance of individual manufacturing industries or geographic areas because of the wide variation in ratio of materials, labor, and other processing costs of value of shipments, both among industries and within the same industry. Before 1962, cost of materials and value of shipments were not published for some industries which included considerable duplication. Since then, these data have been published for all industries at the U.S. level and beginning in 1964, for all geographic levels. COST OF PURCHASED SERVICES Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) establishments were requested to provide information on the cost of pur- chased services for the repair of buildings and other struc- tures, the repair of machinery, communication services, legal services, accounting and bookkeeping services, advertising, software and other data processing services, and refuse removal. Each of these items reflects the costs paid directly by the establishment and excludes salaries paid to employees of the establishment for these services. Included in the cost of purchased services for the repair of buildings and machinery are payments made for all maintenance and repair work on buildings and equipment. Payments made to other establishments of the same com- pany and for repair and maintenance of any leased prop- erty also are included. Extensive repairs or reconstruction that was capitalized is considered capital expenditures and is, therefore, excluded from this item. Repair and maintenance costs provided by an owner as part of a rental contract or incurred directly by an establishment in using its own work force also are excluded. Included in the cost of purchased advertising services are payments for printing, media coverage, and other advertising services and materials. Included in the cost of purchased software and other data processing services are all purchases by the estab- lishment from other companies. Excluded are services pro- vided by other establishments of the same company (such as by a separate data processing unit). Included in the cost of purchased refuse removal ser- vices are all costs of refuse removal services paid by the establishment, including costs for hazardous waste removal or treatment. Excluded are all costs included in rental payments or as capital expenditures. Response Coverage Ratio A response coverage ratio is a measure of the extent to which respondents report for an item. The estimate is made by calculating the ratio value of the weighted total employment data for all the ASM establishments that report the item to the weighted total employment data for all ASM establishments classified in an industry (reporters and non-reporters). DEPRECIATION CHARGES FOR FIXED ASSETS This item includes depreciation and amortization charged during the year against assets. Depreciation charged against fixed assets acquired since the beginning of the year and against assets sold or retired during the year are components of this category. Respondents were requested to make certain that they did not report accu- mulated depreciation. EMPLOYEES This item includes all full-time and part-time employees on the payrolls of operating manufacturing establishments during any part of the pay period which included the 12th of the months specified on the report form. Included are all persons on paid sick leave, paid holidays, and paid vacations during these pay periods. Officers of corpora- tions are included as employees; proprietors and partners of unincorporated firms are excluded. The ‘‘all employees’’ number is the average number of production workers plus the number of other employees in mid-March. The number of production workers is the average for the payroll peri- ods including the 12th of March, May, August, and Novem- ber. Production Workers This item includes workers (up through the line- supervisor level) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, pack- ing, warehousing, shipping (but not delivering), mainte- nance, repair, janitorial and guard services, product devel- opment, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with these production operations at the estab- lishment covered by the report. Employees above the working-supervisor level are excluded from this item. All Other Employees This item covers nonproduction employees of the manufacturing establishment including those engaged in factory supervision above the line-supervisor level. It A–2 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census includes sales (including driver-salespersons), sales deliv- ery (highway truck drivers and their helpers), advertising, credit, collection, installation and servicing of own prod- ucts, clerical and routine office functions, executive, pur- chasing, financing, legal, personnel (including cafeteria, medical, etc.), professional, and technical employees. Also included are employees on the payroll of the manufactur- ing establishment engaged in the construction of major additions or alterations utilized as a separate work force. FRINGE BENEFITS Fringe benefits are divided into legally required expen- ditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legisla- tion whether they were employer initiated or the result of collective bargaining. They include the employer portion of such plans as insurance premiums, premiums for supplemental accident and sickness insurance, pension plans, supplemental unemployment compensation, wel- fare plans, stock purchase plans on which the employer payment is not subject to withholding tax, and deferred profit-sharing plans. They exclude such items as company- operated cafeterias, in-plant medical services, free parking lots, discounts on employee purchases, and uniforms and work clothing for employees. GROSS BOOK VALUE OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR (BOY) AND END OF YEAR (EOY) Total value of depreciable assets is collected on all cen- sus forms. It shows the value of depreciable assets for the beginning of year and end of year. The data encompass all fixed depreciable assets on the books of establishments. The values shown (book value) represent the actual cost of assets at the time they were acquired, including all costs incurred in making the assets usable (such as trans- portation and installation). Included are all buildings, structures, machinery, and equipment (production, office, and transportation equipment) for which depreciation reserves are maintained. Excluded are nondepreciable capital assets including inventories and intangible assets, such as timber and mineral rights. The definition of fixed depreciable assets is consistent with the definition of capital expenditures. For example, expenditures include actual capital outlays during the year rather than the final value of equipment put in place and buildings completed during the year. Accordingly, the value of assets at the end of the year includes the value of construction in progress. In addition, respondents were requested to make cer- tain that assets at the beginning of the year plus capital expenditures, less retirements, equaled assets at the end of the year. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND COMPANIES A separate report was required for each manufacturing establishment (plant) with one employee or more. An establishment is defined as a single physical location where manufacturing is performed. A company, on the other hand, is defined as a business organization consist- ing of one establishment or more under common owner- ship or control. If the company operated at different physical locations, even if the individual locations were producing the same line of goods, a separate report was requested for each location. If the company operated in two or more distinct lines of manufacturing at the same location, a separate report was requested for each activity. An establishment not in operation for any portion of the year was requested to return the report form with the proper notation in the ‘‘Operational Status’’ section of the form. In addition, the establishment was requested to report data on any employees, capital expenditures, inven- tories, or shipments from inventories during the year. PAYROLL This item includes the gross earnings of all employees on the payrolls of operating manufacturing establishments paid in the calendar year. Respondents were told they could follow the definition of payrolls used for calculating the Federal withholding tax. It includes all forms of com- pensation, such as salaries, wages, commissions, dis- missal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind, prior to such deductions as employ- ees’ social security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds. The total includes salaries of officers of corporations; it excludes payments to proprietors or partners of unincorporated concerns. Also excluded are payments to members of Armed Forces and pensioners carried on the active pay- rolls of manufacturing establishments. The census definition of payrolls is identical to that rec- ommended to all Federal statistical agencies by the Office of Management and Budget. It should be noted that this definition does not include employers’ social security con- tributions or other nonpayroll labor costs, such as employ- ees’ pension plans, group insurance premiums, and work- ers’ compensation. The ASM provides estimates of employers’ total supple- mental labor costs (those required by Federal and state laws and those incurred voluntarily or as part of collective bargaining agreements). PRODUCT CODES AND CLASSES OF PRODUCTS NAICS United States industries are identified by a six- digit code, in contrast to the four-digit SIC code. The longer code accommodates the large number of sectors and allows more flexibility in designing subsectors. Each APPENDIX A A–3 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census product or service is assigned a ten-digit code. The prod- uct coding structure represents an extension by the Cen- sus Bureau of the six-digit industry classifications of the manufacturing and mining sectors. The classification sys- tem operates so that the industrial coverage is progres- sively narrower with the successive addition of digits. This is illustrated as follows: NAICS level NAICS code Description Industry . . . . . . . . . . 33461 Manufacturing and reproduction of magnetic and optical media U.S. industry. . . . . . 334612 Reproduction of software Product class . . . . . 3346120 Prerecorded compact disc (except software), tape, and record repro- ducing BLS link code . . . . . 3346120X Product code . . . . . 3346120XXX As in previous censuses, data were collected for most industries on the quantity and value of individual products shipped. In the 1997 census program, information was collected on the output of almost 10,000 individual prod- uct items. In the new system, there are about 1,500 product classes (seven-digit codes), about 6,000 census products (ten-digit codes), and an additional 3,700 CIR products (ten-digit codes). The ten-digit products are considered the primary products of the industry with the same first six digits. The list of products for which separate information was collected was prepared after consultation with industry and government representatives. Comparability with pre- vious figures was given considerable weight in the selec- tion of product categories so that comparable 1992 infor- mation is presented for most products. Typically, both quantity and value of shipments infor- mation were collected. However, if quantity was not sig- nificant or could not be reported by manufacturers, only value of shipments was collected. Shipments include both commercial shipments and transfers of products to other plants of the same com- pany. For industries in which a considerable portion of the total shipments is transferred to other plants of the same company, separate information on interplant transfers also was collected. Moreover, for products that are used to a large degree within the same establishment as materials or components in the fabrication of other products, total production and often consumption of the item within the plant (quantity produced and consumed) was collected. Typically, the information on production also was collected for products for which there are significant differences between total production and shipments in a given year because of wide fluctuations in finished goods invento- ries. Other measures of output of products with long pro- duction cycles were used as appropriate and feasible. PRIMARY PRODUCT CLASS CODE This file presents selected statistics for establishments according to their degree of specialization in products pri- mary to their industry. This field contains either the six- digit North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) industry code corresponding to all establishments in the industry, or the seven-digit NAICS product class code for all establishments within the industry that are specialized in a particular product class. Product class spe- cialization is determined by evaluating the ratio of the largest primary product class shipments to total product shipments (primary plus secondary, excluding miscella- neous receipts) for the establishment. PRODUCTION-WORKER HOURS This item covers hours worked or paid for at the plant, including actual overtime hours (not straight-time equiva- lent hours). It excludes hours paid for vacations, holidays, or sick leave. QUANTITY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMED FOR HEAT AND POWER Data on the cost of purchased electric energy were col- lected on all census forms. However, data on the quantity of purchased electric energy were collected only on the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) form. In addition, information is collected on the quantity of electric energy generated by the establishment and the quantity of elec- tric energy sold or transferred to other plants of the same company. RENTAL PAYMENTS Total rental payments are collected on all census forms. However, the breakdown between rental payments for buildings and other structures and rental payments for machinery and equipment is collected only on the ASM forms. This item includes rental payments for the use of all items for which depreciation reserves would be main- tained if they were owned by the establishment, e.g., structures and buildings, and production, office, and transportation equipment. Excluded are royalties and other payments for the use of intangibles and depletable assets and land rents where separable. When an establishment of a multiestablishment com- pany was charged rent by another part of the same com- pany for the use of assets owned by the company, it was instructed to exclude that cost from rental payments. However, the book value (original cost) of these company- owned assets was to be reported as assets of the estab- lishment at the end of the year. If there were assets at an establishment rented from another company and the rents were paid centrally by the head office of the establishment, the company was instructed to report these rental payments as if they were paid directly by the establishment. A–4 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census RETIREMENTS OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS Included in this item is the gross value of assets sold, retired, scrapped, destroyed, etc., during the calendar year. When a complete operation or establishment changed ownership, the respondent was instructed to report the value of the assets sold at the original cost as recorded in the books of the seller. The respondent also was requested to report retirements of equipment or structures owned by a parent company that the establish- ment was using as if it were a tenant. TOTAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES (NEW AND USED) For establishments in operation and any known plants under construction, manufacturers were asked to report their new and used expenditures for (1) permanent addi- tions and major alterations to manufacturing establish- ments and (2) machinery and equipment used for replace- ment and additions to plant capacity if they were of the type for which depreciation accounts were ordinarily main- tained. Totals for expenditures include the costs of assets leased from nonmanufacturing concerns through capital leases. New facilities owned by the Federal Government but operated under contract by private companies and plant and equipment furnished to the manufacturer by communities and nonprofit organizations are excluded. Also excluded are expenditures for land and cost of main- tenance and repairs charged as current operating expenses. For any equipment or structure transferred for the use of the reporting establishment by the parent company or one of its subsidiaries, the value at which it was trans- ferred to the establishment was to be reported. If an establishment changed ownership during the year, the cost of the fixed assets (building and equipment) was to be reported. VALUE ADDED This measure of manufacturing activity is derived by subtracting the cost of materials, supplies, containers, fuel, purchased electricity, and contract work from the value of shipments (products manufactured plus receipts for services rendered). The result of this calculation is adjusted by the addition of value added by merchandising operations (i.e., the difference between the sales value and the cost of merchandise sold without further manufac- ture, processing, or assembly) plus the net change in fin- ished goods and work-in-process between the beginning- and end-of-year inventories. For those industries where value of production is col- lected instead of value of shipments, value added is adjusted only for the change in work-in-process invento- ries between the beginning and end of year. For those industries where value of work done is collected, the value added does not include an adjustment for the change in finished goods or work-in-process inventories. ‘‘Value added’’ avoids the duplication in the figure for value of shipments that results from the use of products of some establishments as materials by others. Value added is considered to be the best value measure avail- able for comparing the relative economic importance of manufacturing among industries and geographic areas. VALUE OF SHIPMENTS This item covers the received or receivable net selling values, f.o.b. plant (exclusive of freight and taxes), of all products shipped, both primary and secondary, as well as all miscellaneous receipts, such as receipts for contract work performed for others, installation and repair, sales of scrap, and sales of products bought and sold without fur- ther processing. Included are all items made by or for the establishments from material owned by it, whether sold, transferred to other plants of the same company, or shipped on consignment. The net selling value of products made in one plant on a contract basis from materials owned by another was reported by the plant providing the materials. In the case of multiunit companies, the manufacturer was requested to report the value of products transferred to other establishments of the same company at full eco- nomic or commercial value, including not only the direct cost of production but also a reasonable proportion of ‘‘all other costs’’ (including company overhead) and profit. In addition to the value for NAICS defined products, aggregates of the following categories of miscellaneous receipts are reported as part of a total establishment’s value of product shipments: 1. Reported contract work—Receipts for work or services that a plant performed for others on their materials. 2. Value of resales—Sales of products brought and sold without further manufacture, processing, or assembly. 3. Other miscellaneous receipts—Such as repair work, installation, sales of scrap, etc. Industry primary product value of shipments represents one of the three components of value of shipments. These components are: 1. Primary products value of shipments. 2. Secondary product value of shipments. 3. Total miscellaneous receipts. Primary product shipments is used in the calculations of industry specialization ratio and industry coverage ratio. The term ‘‘Value of primary products shipments made in this industry’’ is used in this publication and refers to the same data. APPENDIX A A–5 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Duplication in Cost of Materials and Value of Shipment The aggregate of the cost of materials and value of shipments figures for industry groups and for all manufac- turing industries includes large amounts of duplication since the products of some industries are used as materi- als by others. This duplication results, in part, from the addition of related industries representing successive stages in the production of a finished manufactured prod- uct. Examples are the addition of flour mills to bakeries in the food group and the addition of pulp mills to paper mills in the paper and allied products group of industries. Estimates of the overall extent of this duplication indicate that the value of manufactured products exclusive of such duplication (the value of finished manufactures) tends to approximate two-thirds of the total value of products reported in the annual survey. Duplication of products within individual industries is significant within a number of industry groups, e.g., machinery and transportation industries. These industries frequently include complete machinery and their parts. In this case, the parts made for original equipment are mate- rials consumed for assembly plants in the same industry. Even when no significant amount of duplication is involved, value of shipments figures are deficient as mea- sures of the relative economic importance of individual manufacturing industries or geographic areas because of the wide variation in ratio of materials, labor, and other processing costs of value of shipments, both among industries and within the same industry. Before 1962, cost of materials and value of shipments were not published for some industries which included considerable duplication. Since then, these data have been published for all industries at the U.S. level and beginning in 1964, for all geographic levels. Specialization and Coverage Ratios These items are not collected on the report forms but are derived from the data shown in Table 3. An establish- ment is classified in a particular industry if its shipments of primary products of that industry exceed in value its shipments of the products of any other single industry. An establishment’s shipments include those products assigned to an industry (primary products), those consid- ered primary to other industries (secondary products), and receipts for miscellaneous activities (merchandising, con- tract work, resales, etc.). Specialization and coverage ratios have been developed to measure the relationship of primary product shipments to the data on shipments for the industry shown in Tables 1a through 5 and data on product shipments shown in Tables 6a and 6b. Specialization ratio represents the ratio of primary product shipments to total product shipments (primary and secondary, excluding miscellaneous receipts) for the establishments classified in the industry. Coverage ratio represents the ratio of primary products shipped by the establishments classified in the industry to the total shipments of such products that are shipped by all manufacturing establishments wherever classified. A–6 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Appendix B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions 332710 MACHINE SHOPS This U.S. industry comprises establishments known as machine shops primarily engaged in machining metal parts on a job or order basis. Generally machine shop jobs are low volume using machine tools, such as lathes (including computer numerically controlled); automatic screw machines; and machines for boring, grinding, and milling. The data published with NAICS code 332710 include the following SIC industry: 3599 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. (pt) APPENDIX B B–1 MANUFACTURING—INDUSTRY SERIES U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Appendix C. Coverage and Methodology MAIL/NONMAIL UNIVERSE The manufacturing universe includes about 400,000 establishments. This number includes those industries in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) definition of manufacturing, but not those industries leav- ing the manufacturing sector in the classification change. The amounts of information requested from manufactur- ing establishments were dependent upon a number of fac- tors. The more important considerations were the size of the company and whether it was included in the annual survey of manufactures (ASM). The methods of obtaining information for the various subsets of the universe to arrive at the aggregate figures shown in the publication are described below: 1. Small single-establishment companies not sent a report form. Approximately 40 percent of the manufacturing establishments were small single-establishment com- panies that were excused from filing a census report. Selection of these establishments was based on two factors: annual payroll and our ability to assign the correct six-digit NAICS industry classification to the establishment. For each four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry code, an annual payroll cutoff was determined. These cutoffs were derived so that the establishments with payroll less than the cut- off were expected to account for no more than 3 per- cent of the value of shipments for the industry. Gener- ally, all single-establishment companies with less than 5 employees were excused, while all establishments with more than 20 employees were mailed forms. Establishments below the cutoff that could not be directly assigned a six-digit NAICS code were mailed a classification report which requested information for assigning NAICS industry codes. Establishments below the cutoff that could be directly assigned a six-digit NAICS code were excused from filing any report. For below cutoff establishments, information on the physical location, payroll, and receipts was obtained from the administrative records of other Federal agen- cies under special arrangements that safeguarded their confidentiality. Estimates of data for these small establishments were developed using industry averages in conjunc- tion with the administrative information. The value of shipments and cost of materials were not distributed among specific products and materials for these establishments but were included in the product and material ‘‘not specified by kind’’ (nsk) categories. The industry classification codes included in the administrative-record files were assigned on the basis of brief descriptions of the general activity of the establishment. As a result, an indeterminate number of establishments were erroneously coded to a four- digit SIC industry and then erroneously re-coded to a six-digit NAICS industry. This was especially true whenever there was a relatively fine line of demarca- tion between industries or between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing activity. Sometimes the administrative-record cases had only two- or three-digit SIC group classification codes available in the files. For the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing, these establishments were sent a separate classification form, which requested informa- tion on the products and services of the establish- ment. This form was used to code many of these establishments to the appropriate six-digit NAICS level. Establishments that did not return the classifica- tion form were coded later to those six-digit NAICS industries identified as ‘‘All other’’ industries within the given subsector. As a result of these situations, a number of small establishments may have been misclassified by indus- try. However, such possible misclassification has no significant effect on the statistics other than on the number of companies and establishments. The total establishment count for individual indus- tries should be viewed as an approximation rather than a precise measurement. The counts for establish- ments with 20 employees or more are far more reli- able than the count of total number of establishments. 2. Establishments sent a report form. The establishments covered in the mail canvass were divided into three groups: a. ASM sample establishments. This group accounts for approximately 15 per- cent of all manufacturing establishments. The ASM panel covers all the units of large manufacturing establishments as well as a sample of the medium and smaller establishments. The probability of selection was proportionate to size. For more infor- mation, see the Description of the ASM Survey Sample. APPENDIX C C–1 MANUFACTURING U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census In an economic census year, the ASM report form (MA-1000) replaces the first page of the regular census form for those establishments included in the ASM. In addition to information on employ- ment, payroll, and other items normally requested on the regular census form, establishments in the ASM sample were requested to supply additional information on gross book value of assets and capital expenditures. ASM establishments were also requested to provide information on retirements, depreciation, rental payments, and supplemental labor costs. For establishments not included in the ASM, these additional items were estimated using relationships observed in the ASM establishment data. The census statistics for these variables are a sum of the ASM establishment data and the esti- mated data for non-ASM establishments. ASM establishments were also requested to provide information for selected purchased services. The census statistics for the purchased service items were derived solely from the ASM establishments. See Appendix A, Explanation of Terms for an expla- nation of these items. The census part of the report form is 1 of 220 versions containing product, mate- rial, and special inquiries. The diversity of manufac- turing activities necessitated the use of this many forms to canvass the 480 manufacturing industries. Each form was developed for a group of related industries. Appearing on each form was a list of products primary to the group of related industries as well as secondary products and miscellaneous services that establishments classified in these industries were likely to perform. Respondents were requested to identify the products, the value of each product, and, in many cases, the quantity of the product shipped during the survey year. Space also was provided for the respondent to describe products not specifically identified on the form. The report form also contained a materials- consumed inquiry which varied from form to form depending on the industries being canvassed. The respondents were asked to review a list of materi- als generally used in their production processes. From this list, each establishment was requested to identify those materials consumed during the sur- vey year, the cost of each, and, in certain cases, the quantity consumed. Once again, space was pro- vided for the respondent to describe significant materials not identified on the form. A wide variety of special inquiries was included to measure activities peculiar to a given industry, such as operations performed and equipment used. b. Large and medium establishments (non-ASM). Approximately 30 percent of all manufacturing establishments were included in this group. A vari- able cutoff, based on administrative-record payroll data and determined on an industry-by-industry basis, was used to select those establishments that were to receive 1 of the 220 economic census – manufacturing regular forms. The first page, requesting establishment data for items such as employment and payroll, was standard but did not contain the detailed statistics included on the ASM form. The product, material, and special inquiry sections supplied were based on the historical industry classification of the establishment. c. Small single-establishment companies (non-ASM). This group includes approximately 15 percent of all manufacturing establishments. For those indus- tries where application of the variable cutoff for administrative-record cases resulted in a large num- ber of small establishments being included in the mail canvass, an abbreviated or short form was used. These establishments received 1 of the 31 versions of the short form, which requested sum- mary product and material data and totals but no details on employment, payroll, cost of materials, inventories, and capital expenditures. Use of the short form has no adverse effect on published totals for the industry statistics because the same data were collected on the short form as on the long form. However, detailed information on products and materials consumed was not col- lected on the short form; thus, its use would increase the value of the nsk categories. INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS Each of the establishments covered in the 1997 Eco- nomic Census – Manufacturing was classified in 1 of 480 industries (473 manufacturing industries and 7 former manufacturing industries) in accordance with the industry definitions in the 1997 NAICS Manual. This is the first edi- tion of the NAICS Manual and it is a major change from the 1987 SIC Manual that was used previously. Appendix A of the 1997 NAICS Manual notes the comparability between the 1987 SIC and 1997 NAICS classification systems. When applicable, Appendix G of this report shows the product class and product comparability between the two systems for data in this report. In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined as a group of establishments that have similar production processes. To the extent practical, the system uses supply- based or production-oriented concepts in defining indus- tries. The resulting group of establishments must be sig- nificant in terms of number, value added by manufacture, value of shipments, and number of employees. C–2 APPENDIX C MANUFACTURING U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census The coding system works in such a way that the defini- tions progressively become narrower with successive additions of numerical digits. In the manufacturing sector for 1997, there are 21 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 86 industry groups (four-digit NAICS), 184 NAICS industries (five-digit NAICS) that are comparable with Canadian and Mexican classification, and 473 U.S. industries (six-digit NAICS). This represents an expansion of the four-digit SIC- based U.S. industries from 459 in 1987. Product classes and products of the manufacturing industries have been assigned codes based on the industry from which they originate. In the new system, there are about 1,500 prod- uct classes (seven-digit codes), about 6,000 census prod- ucts, and an additional 3,700 CIR products (ten-digit codes). The ten-digit products are considered the primary products of the industry with the same first six digits. These counts do not include the seven former manufactur- ing industries that are included in the 1997 Economic Cen- sus – Manufacturing. For the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing, all establishments were classified in particular industries based on the products they produced. If an establishment made products of more than one industry, it was classified in the industry with the largest product value. For 1997, there were no ‘‘resistance rules’’ or ‘‘frozen industries.’’ In ASM years, establishments included in the ASM sample with certainty weights are reclassified by industry only if the change in the primary activity from the prior year is significant or if the change has occurred for 2 suc- cessive years. This procedure prevents reclassification when there are minor shifts in product mix. In ASM years, establishments included in the ASM sample with noncertainty weight are not shifted from one industry classification to another. They are retained in the industry where they were classified in the base census year. However, in the following census year, these ASM plants are allowed to shift from one industry to another. The results of these rules covering the switching of plants from one industry classification to another are that some industries comprise different mixes of establish- ments in different survey years. Hence, comparisons between prior-year and current-year published totals, par- ticularly at the six-digit NAICS level, should be viewed with caution. This is particularly true for the comparison between the data shown for a census year versus the data shown for the previous ASM year. As previously noted, the small establishments that may have been misclassified by industry are usually administrative-record cases whose industry codes were assigned on the basis of incomplete descriptions of the general activity of the establishment. Such possible mis- classifications have no significant effect on the statistics other than on the number of companies and establish- ments. Establishments frequently make products classified both in their industry (primary products) and other indus- tries (secondary products). Industry statistics (employ- ment, payroll, value added by manufacture, value of ship- ments, etc.) reflect the activities of the establishments which may make both primary and secondary products. Product statistics, however, represent the output of all establishments without regard for the classification of the producing establishment. For this reason, when relating the industry statistics, especially the value of shipments, to the product statistics, the composition of the industry’s output should be considered. The extent to which industry and product statistics may be matched with each other is measured by the primary product specialization ratio and the coverage ratio. The primary product specialization ratio is the proportion of industry shipments accounted for by the primary products of establishments classified in the industry. The coverage ratio is the proportion of product shipments accounted for by establishments classified in the industry. ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTING The economic census – manufacturing is conducted on an establishment basis. A company operating at more than one location is required to file a separate report for each location or establishment. The ASM also is conducted on an establishment basis, but separate reports are filed for just those establishments selected in the sample. Com- panies engaged in distinctly different lines of activity at one location are requested to submit separate reports if the plant records permit such a separation and if the activities are substantial in size. In 1997, as in earlier years, a minimum size limit was set for inclusion of establishments in the census. All estab- lishments employing one person or more at any time dur- ing the census year are included. The same size limitation has applied since 1947 in censuses and annual surveys of manufactures. In the 1939 and earlier censuses, establish- ments with less than $5,000 value of products were excluded. The change in the minimum size limit in 1947 does not appreciably affect the historical comparability of the census figures except for data on number of establish- ments for a few industries. The 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing excludes data for central administrative offices (CAOs). These would include separately operated administrative offices, warehouses, garages, and other auxiliary units that ser- vice manufacturing establishments of the same company. These data are published in a separate report series. DESCRIPTION OF THE ASM SURVEY SAMPLE The annual survey of manufactures (ASM) sample is drawn for the second survey year after a census. The most recent sample was drawn for the 1994 survey year based on the 1992 Census of Manufactures. This sample will be in place through the 1998 ASM. APPENDIX C C–3 MANUFACTURING U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census In 1992, there were approximately 370,000 individual manufacturing establishments. For sample efficiency and cost considerations, the 1992 manufacturing population was partitioned into two components for developing esti- mates within the ASM; a mail stratum and a nonmail stra- tum. Mail stratum. The mail stratum of the survey is com- prised of larger single-location manufacturing companies and all manufacturing establishments of multiunit compa- nies (companies that operate at more than one physical location). Approximately 230,000 of the 370,000 estab- lishments in the 1992 census were assigned to the mail stratum. On an annual basis, the mail stratum is supple- mented with larger, newly active single-location compa- nies identified from a list provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and new manufacturing locations of multiunit companies identified from the Census Bureau’s Company Organization Survey (COS). For the 1994 survey, a new sample of approximately 58,000 individual establishments was selected from the mail stratum assembled from the 1992 census. Supple- mental samples representing both 1993 and 1994 births (newly active establishments that were not included in the 1992 census) were also selected. Establishments selected for the sample are mailed an ASM survey questionnaire for each year through 1998. The 1994-98 ASM sample design is similar to the one used since 1984. Companies in the 1992 Census of Manu- factures with manufacturing shipments of at least $500 million were defined as company certainties. For these large companies, each manufacturing establishment is included in the mail sample. For the 1994-98 sample, there are approximately 650 certainty companies collec- tively accounting for over 18,000 establishments. For the remaining portion of the mail component of the survey, the establishment was defined as the sample unit. All establishments with 250 employees or more were defined as employment certainties. In addition, all estab- lishments producing products in SIC 3571 (Electronic Computers) were defined as certainties. Across these three arbitrary certainty classes, there were approximately 25,000 establishments included in the sample with cer- tainty. Collectively, these certainty establishments accounted for approximately 80 percent of the total value of shipments in the 1992 Census of Manufactures. Smaller establishments in the remaining portion of the mail stratum were sampled with probabilities ranging from .02 to 1.00. The initial probabilities of selection assigned to these establishments were proportionate to a measure-of-size determined for each establishment. The measure-of-size was a function of the establishment’s 1992 industry classification, its 1992 product class data, and the historical variability of the year-to-year estimates of the product class estimates. For each product class (1,755) and four-digit industry (459), a desired reliability constraint was specified. Using a technique developed by Dr. James R. Chromy of the Research Triangle Institute, the initial establishment probabilities were optimized such that the expected sample satisfied all industry and prod- uct class reliability constraints while the sample size was minimized. This technique reduces the likelihood of selecting nonrepresentative samples for individual product classes or industries. This method of assigning probabilities based on prod- uct class shipments is motivated by our primary desire to produce reliable estimates of both product class and industry shipments. The high correlation between ship- ments and employment, value-added, and other general statistics assures that these variables will also be well rep- resented by the sample. The actual sample selection pro- cedure uses an independent chance of selection method (Poisson sampling) which permits us to prevent small establishments from being selected in consecutive samples without introducing a bias into the survey esti- mates. Nonmail component. The initial nonmail component of the survey was comprised of approximately 140,000 small, single-establishment companies that were tabulated as administrative records in the 1992 Census of Manufac- tures. The nonmail stratum is also supplemented annually using the list of newly active single-location companies provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and payroll cutoffs. Companies with payroll below the payroll cutoff are added to the nonmail stratum. For this portion of the population, sampling is not used. The data for this group are estimated based on selected information obtained annually from the administrative records of the IRS and Social Security Administration (SSA). This administrative information, which includes payroll, total employment, industry classification, and physical location, is obtained under conditions which safeguard the confidentiality of both tax and census records. DESCRIPTION OF THE ASM ESTIMATING PROCEDURE Most of the ASM estimates derived for the mail stratum are computed using a difference estimator. At the estab- lishment level, there is a strong correlation between the current-year data values and the corresponding 1992 (base) data values. Therefore, within the mailed stratum, for each item at each level of aggregation, an estimate of the ‘‘difference’’ between the current year and the base year is computed from sample cases and added to the cor- responding base-year values. For the 1993-1997 ASM esti- mates, the 1992 Census of Manufactures values serve as the base year. For the 1998 ASM, the base will be updated to be the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing. Due to the positive year-to-year correlation, estimates derived using this methodology are generally more reli- able than comparable estimates developed from the cur- rent sample data alone. Estimates for the capital expendi- tures variables are not generated using the difference C–4 APPENDIX C MANUFACTURING U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
