Economy of Malaysia Economy of Malaysia Currency 1 Ringgit = 100 sen Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organisations APEC, ASEAN, WTO Statistics [1][2] GDP ranking 29th GDP $397.5 billion (2008 est.) GDP growth 4.6% (2008) GDP per capita $15,700 (2008 est.) GDP by sector agriculture: 9.7% in- dustry: 44.6% services: 45.7% (2008 est.) Inflation 5.8% (2008 est.) Pop below poverty line 3.5% (2007 est.) Labour force 11.2 million (2008 est.) Labour force by occupation agriculture: (13%), in- dustry: (36%), services: (51%) (2005 est.) Unemployment 3.7% (2008 est.) Main industries Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and palm oil processing and manu- facturing, light manu- facturing industry, elec- tronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber Sabah - Palm oil farm- ing, tourism, petroleum production, logging Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refin- ing, logging Trading Partners [3] Exports $195.7 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) Main partners United States 15.6%, Singapore 14.6%, Japan 9.1%, People’s Republic of China 8.8%, Thailand 5%, Hong Kong 4.6% (2007) Imports $156.2 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) Main Partners Japan 13%, People’s Re- public of China 12.9%, Singapore 11.5%, Un- ited States 10.8%, Taiwan 5.7%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 4.9%, Germany 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2% Public finances [4] Public debt 42.7% of GDP (2008 est.) Revenues $44.32 billion (2008 est.) Expenditures $55.01 billion (2008 est.) Economic aid $31.6 million (2005) Malaysia is a growing and relatively open economy. In 2007, the economy of Malaysia was the 29th largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity with gross domestic product for 2007 was estimated to be $357.9 billion with a growth rate of 5% to 7% since 2007[1] The Southeast Asian nation experi- enced an economic boom and underwent rap- id development during the late 20th century and has a GDP per capita of $14,400, being considered a newly industrialized coun- try.[2][3] On the income distribution, there are 5.8 million households in 2007. Of that, 8.6% have an monthly income below RM1,000, 29.4% had between RM1,000 and RM2,000, while 19.8% earned between RM2,001 and RM3,000; 12.9% of the house- holds earned between RM3,001 and RM4,000 and 8.6% between RM4,001 and RM5,000. Finally, around 15.8% of the households have an income of between RM5,001 and RM10,000 and 4.9% have an income of RM10,000 and above.[4] As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy.[5] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 1 palm oil in the world.[6] Manufacturing has a large influence in the country’s economy.[7] Background Early and colonial history The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a center for trade for centur- ies. Various items such as porcelain and spice were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence. The Malacca Sultanate controlled the Straits of Malacca from its founding in 1402 to the 1511 invasion by Portugal. All the trade in the Straits, and especially the spices from the Celebes and the Moluccas, moved under its protection and through its markets.[8] In the 17th century, large deposits of tin were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British started to take over as adminis- trators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world’s largest producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities along with other raw materials firmly set Malaysia’s economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Post-independence During the 1970s, Malaysia followed the foot- steps of the original four Asian Tigers and committed itself to transition from reliance on mining and agriculture to manufacturing. With Japan’s assistance, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysi- an exports became the country’s primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s. Current GDP per capita grew 31% in the Sixties and an amazing 358% in the Seven- ties but this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 36% in the Eighties rising again to 59% in the Nineties led primarily by export-oriented industries.[9] The rate of poverty in Malaysia also fell dra- matically over the years. However, its precip- itous drop has been questioned by critics who suggest that the poverty line has been drawn at an unreasonably low level.[10] Central planning has been a major factor in the Malaysian economy, as government ex- penditure was often used to stimulate the economy. Since 1955, with the commencement of the First Malayan Five Year Plan, the government has used these plans to intervene in the economy to achieve such goals as redistribution of wealth and in- vestment in, for instance, infrastructure pro- jects.[11] A legacy of the British colonial system was the division of Malaysians into three groups according to ethnicity. The Malays were con- centrated in their traditional villages, focus- ing mainly on agricultural activities, while the Chinese dominated Malaysian commerce. Educated Indians took up professional roles such as those of doctors or lawyers, while the less better-off worked the plantations.[12][13] The Reid Commission which drafted the Malaysian Constitution made a provision for limited affirmative action through Article 153, which gave the Malays special priv- ileges, such as 60% of university entrance (quota). However, after the May 13 incident of racial rioting in the federal capital of Kuala Lumpur, the government initiated more ag- gressive programmes aimed at actively estab- lishing a Malay entrepreneurial class through direct intervention in the economy. The first five year plan that implemented these goals was the Second Malaysia Plan; its perceived heavy-handedness led to a new emphasis in the Third Malaysia Plan on a growing eco- nomic pie, so as to avoid robbing Peter to pay Paul. As of 2006, the most recent five year plan is the Ninth Malaysia Plan. The five year plans have been criticised for resembling the central planning of Soviet communism; the five-year time frame has been attacked for being insufficient in dealing with short-term crises and long-term trends.[14] The effective- ness of the plans has also been disputed; at the beginning of 2005, the last year of the Eighth Malaysia Plan, almost 80% of the funds allocated under the plan had not been disbursed.[15] There has also been a trend towards gov- ernment involvement in the economy through government-linked companies (GLCs). Their purpose was to "[level] the economic playing field" and "serve as the vehicles for Malay entry into the private sector" according to one commentator. However, several GLCs were reportedly taken over by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the ruling party, through nominees, resulting in criticism that they were vehicles for corrup- tion.[16] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 2 Tiger economy Macro-economic trend This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Malaysia at market prices[17] es- timated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Malaysian Ringgit. Year GDP (in millions) Exchange (1 USD to MYR) Inflation Index (2000=100) 1980 54,285 2.17 51 1985 78,890 2.48 64 1990 119,082 2.70 70 1995 222,473 2.50 85 2000 343,216 3.80 100 2005 494,544 3.78 109 For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 1.70 Ringgit only. Average wages in 2007 hover around $30-37 per day. From 1988 to 1997, the economy experi- enced a period of broad diversification and sustained rapid growth averaging 9% annually. By 1999, nominal per capita GDP had reached $3,238. New foreign and domestic investment played a significant role in the transformation of Malaysia’s economy. Manu- facturing grew from 13.9% of GDP in 1970 to 30% in 1999, while agriculture and mining which together had accounted for 42.7% of GDP in 1970, dropped to 9.3% and 7.3%, re- spectively, in 1999. Manufacturing accounted for 30% of GDP (1999). Major products in- clude electronic components – Malaysia is one of the world’s largest exporters of semi- conductor devices – electrical goods and appliances. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with a controversial race-conscious positive pro- gram called New Economic Policy (NEP). First established in 1971 following race riots, commonly known in Malaysia as the May 13 Incident, it sought to eradicate poverty and end the identification of economic function with ethnicity. In particular, it was designed to improve the distribution of wealth among the country’s population.. The NEP ostensibly ended in 1991, however the policies persist in the form of other programmes such as the National Development Policy. The policies are enforced overtly through race-based quotas for low-cost housing units, university placement, business equity ownership, etc. Rapid growth was achieved partly through privatisation of inefficient state owned enter- prises, thus subjecting them to commercial pressures and forcing them to better utilise their resources. Many deals were done be- hind closed doors and put through rather quickly. In one example Khazanah Nasional alienated shares in DRB Hicom to Mega Con- solidated. This led to such deals being la- belled mega projects. Foreign funds were attracted to invest making the local money market and bourse li- quid. This created opportunity for local busi- nesses to raise capital on the KLSE, and carry out infrastructure development in areas like telecommunications, highways and power generation to meet bottlenecks caused by rapid industrialisation. An intense labor shortage created employment for millions of foreign workers. Subsequent events show that more than 50% were illegal. The influx of foreign investment led to the KLSE Composite index trading above 1,300 in 1994 and the Ringgit trading above 2.5 in 1997. At various times the KLSE was the most active exchange in the world, with trad- ing volume exceeding even the NYSE. The stock market capitalisation of listed compan- ies in Malaysia was valued at $181,236 mil- lion in 2005 by the World Bank.[18] Some of the more visible projects from that period are Putrajaya, a new international airport (Kuala Lumpur International Airport), a hydroelectric dam (Bakun dam), the Petro- nas Towers and the Multimedia Super Cor- ridor. Proposals that were eventually can- celed include the 95 km Sumatra-Malaysia bridge (would have been world’s longest), the Mega International Sea and Air port on re- claimed land in Kedah (would have been world’s biggest) and the KL Linear City (would have been the world’s longest mall and the world’s first city built over a river). Concerns were raised during the time about the sustainability of the rapid growth and the ballooning current account. The mainstream opinion prevalent at that time was that the deficit was temporary and would reverse once imported equipment started producing for export. In spite of that, meas- ures were taken to moderate growth espe- cially when it threatened to overheat into the double digits. The main target was asset From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 3 prices, and restrictions were further tightened on foreign ownership of local as- sets. Exposure of local banks to real estate loans were also capped at 20%. As was widely expected, the current ac- count deficit did narrow steadily, year to year, from 9% to 5% of GDP. Malaysia has the largest operational stock of industrial robots in the Muslim world.[19] Asian financial crisis and recovery Further information: Asian financial crisis The year 1997 saw drastic changes in Malay- sia. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and the Ringgit depreciated substantially from MYR 2.50 per USD to much levels lower (up to MYR 4.80 per USD at its bottom) as capital flowed out. The Ku- ala Lumpur Stock Exchange’s composite in- dex fell from approximately 1300 to nearly merely 400 points in a few short weeks. In re- sponse, the Malaysian government imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian Ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar while refusing economic aid from International Monetary Fund (IMF) which came with austere lending conditions. By refusing aid and thus the con- ditions attached thereof from the IMF, Malaysia was not affected to the same degree in the Asian Financial Crisis as Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Regardless, the GDP suffered a sharp 7.5% contraction in 1998. It however reboun- ded to grow by 5.6% in 1999. The Govern- ment of Malaysia predicted 5.8% real GDP growth in the year 2000, but most analysts predicted growth will exceed 8% for the year. In order to rejuvenate the economy, massive government spending was made and Malaysia continuously recorded budget defi- cits in the years that followed. Economic re- covery has been led by strong growth in ex- ports, particularly of electronics and electric- al products, to the United States, Malaysia’s principal trade and investment partner. Infla- tionary pressures remained benign, and, as a result, Bank Negara Malaysia, the central bank, had been able to follow a low interest rate policy. Later, the country enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbors though in many ways, the level of pre-1997 affluence has yet to be achieved. The fixed exchange rate regime was aban- doned in July 2005 in favor of a managed floating system within an hour of China’s an- nouncing of the same move. In the same week, the Ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was ex- pected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, there has been no further appreciation of the Ringgit. In spite of the large positive current account surplus, foreign reserves have started to fall at a rapid rate. Official statistics released in March 2006, confirmed capital flight of more than USD 10 billion. However, as of the 4th fiscal year, a surge of FDI has pushed the KLSE above 1200 points, and is expected to strengthen to pre 1997 levels. As of 21 May 2007, the Ringgit touched a nine-year high record at 3.39 against the US dollar. Bank Negara governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz says the Ringgit moves up on its own merit and in line with the Malaysian eco- nomy and not in tandem with the Chinese Yuan. Malaysia has shown the ability to ab- sorb the crude oil price increases and most economies have shown high resilience in ab- sorbing higher energy prices. Economic policies Like many other independent nations, Malay- sia’s economic policies were shaped by vari- ous events in the nation’s history since independence. Monetary Policy Prior to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the Malaysian ringgit was an internationalized currency, which was freely traded around the world. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Due to speculat- ive activities, the Ringgit fell as much as RM5.00 to the dollar in matter of weeks. Bank Negara Malaysia, the nation’s central banks decided to impose capital controls to prevent the outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit is not traded internation- ally, a traveler needs to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself was pegged at RM3.80 to the US dollar. The fixed change rate was abandoned to floating exchange rate in July 2005, hours after People’s Republic of China announced the same move.[20] At this point, the Ringgit is still not internationalized. The Ringgit con- tinue to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 4 March 2008. Meanwhile, many aspect of the capital control has been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. However, the govern- ment continues to not internalized the Ring- git. The government stated that the Ringgit will be internationalized once it is ready.[21] Affirmative Action This affirmative action policy is a direct res- ult of the May 13 Incident in 1969.[22] Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among Malays were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly to- wards the Chinese, who controlled 34% of the economy at the time.[23][24] Through NEP, Bumiputera quotas are placed in housing developments, scholarship admission and also for ownership of publicly listed companies. The quota system has been relaxed recently since the March 8 2008 Gen- eral election. Bumiputera equity requirement for publicly listed companies has been re- laxed since 12 November 2008 by allowing those companies to remove the quota once after IPO has been done.[25] Further liberaliz- ation in the retail sector is expected to re- move the present 30% Bumiputera listing re- quirements. According to the Secretary-Gen- eral of Ministry of Domestic Trade and Con- sumer Affairs Datuk Mohd Zain Mohd Dom said, the amendments is reflective of Malay- sia "moving towards progressive liberalisa- tion"[26] The Malaysian New Economic Policy was created in 1971 with the aim of bringing Malays a 30% share of the economy of Malay- sia and eradicating poverty amongst Malays, primarily through encouraging enterprise ownership by Bumiputeras. After 30 years of the program, the NEP had somewhat met some of its goals. Bumiputera ownership in- creased to 18.9% in 2004 against 2.4% in 1970 and poverty decreased to 8.3% in 2004 against 64.8% in the 1970s.[27][23][28] The NEP is accused of creating an olig- archy, and creating a ’subsidy mentality’.[29] Political parties such as Parti Keadilan Raky- at and Democratic Action Party have pro- posed a new policy which will be equal for every Malaysian, regardless of race.[30] When the Democratic Action Party was elec- ted in the state of Penang in 2008, it an- nounced that it will do away with the NEP, claiming that it "... breeds nepotism, corrup- tion and systemic inefficiency".[31] On April 21 2009, the prime minister Najib Tun Razak has announce liberalisation of 27 services sub-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. The move is seen as the government efforts to increase investment the service sector of the eco- nomy. According to the premier, many more sectors of the economy will be liberalized.[32] Subsidies and Price Controls • See Also: Gas Subsidies The Malaysian government subsidizes and control prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Items such as palm oil cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and oth- er essentials has been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low. In 2008, the government announced that it has spent RM40.1 billion in 2007 in subsidies to keep prices leveled.[33] Smuggling and hoarding, which leds to shortages, is a prominent problem in Malay- sia due to the subsidies. For example, cook- ing oil is subsidised for domestic use only. This situation creates an environment where industrial players hoard domestic cooking oil for industrial use. During shortage time, such as the January 2008 cooking oil crisis, the government impose a 5 kg limit for each pur- chase to relief domestic demand. However, the limited purchase has created more panic buying, which prompt the Government to ne- gotiate with cooking oil manufacturers to in- crease their production capacity, and situ- ation revert to normal within one week time.[34] Another example is where vehicles in Thailand come to Malaysia to smuggle cheap petrol and diesel out of the country. The government also looking into restructur- ing the fuel subsidy so that the selected needy group will get the subsidy. The govern- ment is considering to remove subsidy on diesel on general consumers while maintain- ing subsidies for the right groups, for ex- ample those involved in public transport.[35] On May 5, 2008 the Malaysia government raised the price of petrol by 41 percent from MYR1.92 to MYR2.70, (87 cents) a liter, or 10.23 Ringgit ($3.30) a gallon. The govern- ment stated that the spiraling fuel subsidy bill that could have been more than 56 billion Ringgit ($17 billion) this year due to rising world oil prices. Diesel prices also were raised upwards of 63 percent to 2.58 Ringgit (80 cents) per liter. In addition to the fuel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 5 hike, Malaysia also increased electricity tar- iffs starting in July by as much as 26 percent for some consumers. The government in the meantime promised cash rebates for owners of vehicles with engine capacities of 2 liters or less, and diesel subsidies for truck and bus operators. According to the Malaysian gov- ernment the revised energy prices would save the government 13.7 billion Ringgit ($4.4 billion), part of which will be used to help subsidize rising food prices.[36] Before the price revision, Malaysia was spending 7.5 percent of total economic output on fuel sub- sidy, the highest percentage in the world.[37] The government has considered to remove the subsidies but a formal plan had yet to ma- terialized as of 2007.[38] In 2008, the govern- ment is considering to remove price controls on construction materials such as cement and steel bars while banning exports to en- sure steady supply.[39] The government is ex- perimenting with the idea through allowing Sabah and Sarawak construction players to import steel and cement since February 2008.[40] The government then, on May 12, 2008 removed ceiling prices on steel bars and billets and removed import duties on se- lected items under HS Code 7214.10 110 and 7214.20 910, which do not fully cover steel bars use by the construction industry.[41] The government then further liberalized the ce- ment industry by abolishing ceiling prices on June 5, 2008.[42] Another strategic item which Malaysia is heavily subsidize but moving towards a mar- ket based approach is Natural Gas which is used in the industrial sector. Beginning July 1, 2008, the government is expected to re- duce the gas subsidy 5% to 10% per annum over 11 years, in which the gas price will re- flect market price.[43] Sovereign Wealth Funds The government owns and operates several sovereign wealth funds that invests in local companies and also foreign companies. One such funds are Khazanah Nasional Berhad which was established in 1993.[44] Its object- ive is to help shape selected strategic indus- tries in Malaysia and develop those invest- ment for the benefit of Malaysia.[45] The fund invest in major companies in Malaysia such as Proton Holdings in the automotive sector, CIMB in the banking sector, Pharmaniaga in the medical sector, UEM Group in the construction sector, Telekom Malaysia in the communications industry and many other companies in many other industries.[46] It is estimated that the fund size of Khazanah Na- sional stands at around 19 billion USD.[44] Another fund that is owned by the Malay- sian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is claimed to be the fourth largest state run pension fund in Asia.[47] Like Khazanah Nasional, the EPF invests and sometimes owns several major companies in Malaysia such as RHB Bank.[47] EPF invest- ment is diversified over a number of sectors but almost 40% of their investment are in the services sector.[48] Fund size in 2007 is es- timated at 100 billion USD.[49] Pemodalan Nasional Berhad is a major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers capital guaranteed mu- tual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumi- putera and Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020 which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, Bumiputeras.[50] As of April 2008, it manages MYR120 billion of funds (36 billion USD), of which MYR76 million is unit trust funds.[51] The fund manager is a sizable investor in strategic companies such as MMC Corporation Berhad,[52] Maxis Communica- tions Berhad[53] and TM International Ber- had[54] among others. Government Influence Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the eco- nomy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government though five years development plans since in- dependence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government- linked wealth funds such as Khazanah Na- sional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad. The government’s development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the Ninth Malaysia Plan, started in 1950 during the British colonial rule.[55] The plans were largely centered around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively invest- ing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said sec- tors.[55] For example, in the current national plan, three sectors - agriculture, manufactur- ing and services, will receive special atten- tion to promote the transition to high value- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 6 added activities in the respective areas.[56] Other than the generalized plans like the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the government also have a development plan that are targeted to improve the manufacturing sector which is called the Industrial Master Plan. Currently, the plan is called the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) which covers a period from 2006 to 2020. The industrial plans aim to make Malaysia a major trading nation and build up the country’s economy and human capital.[57] Economic Planning Unit (Malay: Majilis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara), established in 1961[58] was instrumental in steering Malay- sia to recovery from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The unit is an agency under the Prime Minister’s Department responsible for steer- ing Malaysia’s socio-economic development towards achieving a developed-nation status by the year 2020 through various measures such as preparing policies and strategies for socio-economic development, prepare medi- um and long term plans for the government and most importantly, advise the government on economic issues.[59] Government-linked investment vehicles such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employ- ees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad invest and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy. For example, Khanazah Nasional is a major shareholder in Proton Holdings, an automaker and CIMB banking group in the financial sector.[60] The government, however, is keen to sell stakes in their com- panies such as Malaysia Airlines to let the companies remain globally competitive[61] Currency System Ringgit The only legal tender in Malaysia is the Malaysian Ringgit. As of 20 March, 2008, the Ringgit is traded at MYR 3.18 at the dol- lar.[62] The Ringgit was not internationalised since September 1998, an effect due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which the cent- ral bank impose capital controls on the cur- rency.[63] As a part of series of capital con- trols, the currency was pegged between September 1998 to 21 July 2005 at MYR 3.80 to the dollar.[64] In recent years, Bank Negara Malaysia beginning to relax certain rules to the capital controls although the cur- rency itself is still not traded internationally yet. According to the Bank Governor, the Ringgit will be internationalised when it’s ready.[65] Natural resources Malaysia is well-endowed with natural re- sources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malay- sia is one of the top exporters of natural rub- ber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pine- apple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nine- teenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expan- sion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country’s forest re- sources. However, in line with the Govern- ment’s commitment to protect the environ- ment and the ecological system, forestry re- sources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline. In addition, substantial areas are being sil- viculturally treated and reforestation of de- graded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilo- metres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan un- der natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further en- rich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the main- stay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia’s leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main min- eral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world’s largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 7 Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has de- clined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Tereng- ganu have contributed much to the Malaysi- an economy. Oil and Gas resources are man- aged by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia’s oil reserves stood at 4.84 bil- lion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%. As of January 1, 2007, Petronas repor- ted that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[66] The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to pro- duce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the fed- eral government.[67] Other minerals of some importance or sig- nificance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. Business Environment According to World Bank, Malaysia ranks 24th in Ease of doing business. Malaysia’s strengths in the rank includes getting credit (rank 3rd), protecting investor (ranked 4th) and doing trade across borders (ranked 21st). Weaknesses include dealing with li- censes (ranked 105th). The study ranks 178 countries in all aspect of doing business.[68] In the investor protection category of the sur- vey, Malaysia had scored a perfect 10 for the extent of disclosure, nine for director liability and seven for shareholder suits. Malaysia is behind Singapore, Hong Kong and New Zeal- and in investor protection category of the survey[69] The government is moving towards a more business friendly environment by setting up a special task force to facilitate business called PEMUDAH, which means "simplifier" in Malay.[70] Highlights includes easing restric- tions and requirement to hire expatriates, shorten time to do land transfers and increas- ing the limit of sugar storage (a controlled item in Malaysia) for companies.[71] The Government aims to be in the top 10 in the Ease of doing business survey before 2010 in order to attract even more foreign in- vestors.[72] The efforts of PEMUDAH is beginning to show fruits as their ranking improved to number 20 in 2009, with marked improve- ment in four ares: getting credit; dealing with construction permits; paying taxes; and en- forcing contracts.[73] External trade Malaysian exports in 2006 Malaysia is an important trading partner for the United States. In 1999, two-way bilateral trade between the U.S. and Malaysia totaled U.S. $30.5 billion, with U.S. exports to Malaysia totaling U.S.$9.1 billion and U.S. imports from Malaysia increasing to U.S.$21.4 billion. Malaysia was the United States’ 10th-largest trading partner and its 12th-largest export market. During the first half of 2000, U.S. exports totaled U.S.$5 bil- lion, while U.S. imports from Malaysia reached U.S.$11.6 billion. The Malaysian Government encourages Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). According to Malaysian statistics, in 1999, the U.S. ranked first among all countries in approved FDI in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector with approved new manufacturing investments totaling RM5.2 billion (US$1.37 billion). Prin- cipal U.S. investment approved by the Malay- sian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) was concentrated in the chemicals, electronics, and electrical sectors. The cumu- lative value of U.S. private investment in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 8 Malaysia exceeded $10 billion, 60% of which is in the oil and gas and petrochemical sec- tors with the rest in manufacturing, espe- cially semiconductors and other electronic products. In the first six months of 2007, Malaysia’s total trade increased by 2.2% to RM522.38 billion, compared with RM511.11 billion in the same period of 2006. Free trade efforts See also: Malaysia-United States Free Trade Agreement Malaysia is the founding member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area which was estab- lished in 1992 to promote trade among ASEAN members. Most tariffs among the first generation member states were scrapped in 2007. ASEAN itself is increas- ingly playing a large role in free trade negoti- ation on behalf of its members. ASEAN as a group hopes to establish a free trade agree- ment with the European Union by 2009.[74] The Malaysian Government is negotiating free trade deals with Australia, New Zealand, United States, Chile and India.[75] Officials have expressed desire for free trade agree- ments their ASEAN members Singapore and Thailand. The Malaysian Trade Ministry re- leased a statement in Vietnam saying that the FTA "has the potential to increase trade, in- vestment cross flows and economic coopera- tion between the two countries. The agree- ment would also serve to make Chile a gate- way for Malaysia’s exports to the Latin Amer- ican market."[76] Malaysia signed a Japan-Malaysia Eco- nomic Partnership Agreement with Japan on 13 December, 2005.[77] This leads to a Free trade agreement which was in effect from 13 July, 2006 and expected to be fully realized in 2016.[78] The agreement itself is an extension of an FTA between ASEAN and Japan, which is called Asean-Japan Comprehensive Eco- nomic Partnership.[79] On 8 November, 2007, Malaysian and Pakistan signed a bilateral Free Trade Agree- ment which will come in force on 1 January, 2008. Malaysia will cut tariffs on 140 lines while Pakistan will cut 124 lines. Most tariffs and duty is expected to be eliminated by 2012.[80] Other conutries that showing interest to establish a free trade agreement with Malay- sia are the European Union and Hong Kong. However, before any talks can be made re- grading the FTA, Joint Economic Cooperation deal has to be inked and signed first. Interna- tional Trade and Industry Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin hope that talks will be con- cluded by end of 2008.[81] Sectors Industry Malaysia industrial sector accounts for 48.1 percent of total GDP or 63.4 billion US dol- lars. The industrial output is ranked 32nd in the world.[82] The industrial sector is regu- lated and promoted by Malaysia Industrial Development Authority.[83] Malaysia have 15 companies that rank in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2008.[84] World Rank Company Industry Revenue (billion $) Pr (b $) 623 Malayan Banking Banking 4.16 0.9 625 Tenaga Nasional Utilities 6.66 1.1 691 Sime Darby Conglomerates 7.94 0.7 704 Bumiputra- Commerce Holdings Banking 3.82 0.8 780 Telekom Malaysia Telecommunications Services 5.35 0.7 822 Public Bank Banking 2.79 0.6 1038 MISC Transportation 3.24 0.8 1198 Genting Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure 2.54 0.6 1326 IOI Group Food Drink & Tobacco 2.60 0.4 1518 PPB Group Food Drink & Tobacco 0.89 2.0 1648 RHB Bank Banking 1.83 0.2 1679 Cahya Mata Sarawak Banking 1.75 0.0 1771 AMMB Holdings Banking 1.60 -0. 1780 Hong Leong Banking 1.07 0.1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 9 Financial Group 1791 Petronas Gas Oil & Gas Operations 0.86 0.36 2.75 6.26 Finance & Banking Finance and Banking sector in Malaysia is regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia. The central bank limits foreign participation through licensing limits. The central bank launched a Financial Sector Master plan in 2001 to revamp the finance sector following the Asian Financial Crisis. The master plan calls for emphasis on Islamic Banking.[85] Maybank is Asia-Pacific the largest Islamic banking service provider with US$6.4 billion (RM22.48 billion) Syariah-compliant as- sets.[86] Malaysia also accounts for two thirds of global $82.2 billion sukuk market in 2007.[87] Khazanah Nasional owns the largest retakaful company in the world, ACR Retakaful Holdings Limited, with capital base amounting to 300 million US Dollars.[88] A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 48,000 dollar millionaires in Malaysia (over twice that of China).[89] In April 2009, the government announce new licenses will be issued for investment banking Islamic banking, takaful and insur- ance business between 2009 to 2011. It also announced that the threshold foreign equity ownership has been raised from 49% to 70% and allowed foreign banks to open up new branches and micro-credit facilities. This move was done as an attempt to put Malaysia in as center for Islamic banking and also to liberalize the financial sector.[90] Oil and Gas Malaysia has a vibrant Oil and Gas industry. The national oil company, Petronas, provides 32% of the federal budget in taxes, dividends and royalties.[91] The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list.[92] The company has move up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia.[93][94] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal govern- ment revenue.[95] Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Cur- rently, many major oil companies such as Exxon-Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such con- tracts.[96] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[97] Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[98] See also • Islamic banking in Malaysia • Poverty in Malaysia References [1] "Malaysia resilient against global economic slump". The Edge. http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/ content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_7a3ef830 c1186f00-95cc4df1. 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External links • Mahathir bin Mohamad’s interview with the PBS series "Commanding Heights" on the subject of East Asian economic development. • Key Statistics for Malaysia • Economic Outlook by Economist Intelligence Unit • http://www.matrade.gov.my/matrade/ matradeMedia072007.htm Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" Categories: Economy of Malaysia, World Trade Organization member economies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 14 This page was last modified on 14 May 2009, at 07:39 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia 15