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<p> Page 1 of 13 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2104.141415 Global Avian Influenza Surveillance in Wild Birds: A Strategy to Capture Viral Diversity Technical Appendix Global Avian Influenza Surveillance in Wild Birds Methods We analyzed data from 1) a survey of the Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) member countries conducted by OIE, 2) official OIE animal health reports from member countries by using the World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) interface (http://oie.int/wahid) and the WAHID-Wild interface (http://oie.int/wahidwild); 3) reports of avian influenza wild bird surveillance results published in the peer-reviewed literature by using the Web of Knowledge; and 4) the Influenza Research Database (http://www.fludb.org). OIE Member Survey Influenza caused by H7N5 subtype virus that is affecting humans in China is not causing clinical disease in birds. Thus, more proactive approaches to surveillance in birds are necessary to detect viral infection. To determine the scope of current surveillance activities in wild birds, in April 2013, the OIE asked all 178 member countries to provide information on surveillance activities for avian influenza (caused by low pathogenic and highly pathogenic influenza viruses) during the previous 12 months. Results received from 46 of 178 member countries were reviewed. OIE WAHID Interface Data We also reviewed avian influenza reporting from the disease timeline database on the WAHID interface (www.oie.int/wahid) during 2008–2012 by using data provided by OIE member countries (data for 2013 were was not available at the time of analysis). Reporting of Page 2 of 13 avian influenza virus subtypes H5, H7, and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus identified in wild birds to OIE is mandated, and reporting of other subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza virus is voluntary as part of the OIE Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animals. For the purposes of identifying countries reporting surveillance activities for this analysis, we included countries reporting any of the following occurrence categories: confirmed infection but not clinical disease, suspected, confirmed clinical disease, infection/infestation in ≥1 zones, or clinical disease limited to ≥1 zones, disease suspected but not confirmed limited to ≥1 zones, or absent. Influenza Research Database To determine other sources of information on avian influenza surveillance in wild birds from outside sources (or potentially in conjunction with) reporting to OIE, we collected wild avian surveillance data from the Influenza Research Database (http://www.fludb.org/) by using a 2-step approach. First, we conducted a search on November 26, 2013, on the Avian Surveillance Summary Search (an option under Search Data→Animal Surveillance) refined for the host type parameter Wild. The search excluded avian surveillance records categorized as captive wild or domestic host type. Total wild bird counts per country were summed. Entries for countries with n = 0 wild bird counts were excluded. By our definition (n>0 wild bird counts per country), reports of avian influenza viruses originating from 40 countries were found. Second, by using the Animal Surveillance Search page, we set display type to customizable summary table. Country was selected as the primary y-axis attribute, and collection year was selected as the primary x- axis attribute. The remaining default search settings were used. The resulting table displayed years with sampling data for each country. For the 40 countries from which there were reports of n>0 wild bird counts, data records were reviewed to determine if wild birds were sampled during January 2008–June 2013 (collection date). Individual collection records were reviewed to ensure that the records reflected n>0 wild birds as opposed to captive wild or domestic birds (noted as behavior classification in the collection record) during the time frame. Most of total effort (sample collection) for countries was reported during 2008–2013. Page 3 of 13 Web of Knowledge To explore the extent of reporting on avian influenza surveillance in wild birds in the scientific literature, we searched the Thompson Reuters Web of Knowledge system (www. webofknowledge.com) version 5.12 (all databases) on November 27, 2013, topic search term [Avian Influenza] with publication date parameters for 2008–2013. The search yielded 20,757 results. The search was refined for search term wild bird and yielded 1,220 results. The search was further refined for surveillance, which yielded 431 results. We limited inclusion of reports to those conducting surveillance during 2008–2013. Abstracts were reviewed for surveillance time frames and to confirm n>0 wild bird sampling in the country(s). When results were not clear, full texts were reviewed. Papers needing more review without full-text online versions were searched by using Google Scholar (www.scholar.google.com); if not available on either system, they were not included. Publications focused on surveillance of domestic animals involving experimental infection or investigating surveillance or testing method validation were excluded. In general, information was not included from review papers, except where it was explicit that wild birds had been sampled in a given country within the specified time frame. The list of countries from which reports of conducting wild bird surveillance during January 2008–January 2013 by an article available on Web of Knowledge was compiled (online Appendix Table). Information matching the headings of the OIE survey was also extracted for a subset of 26 countries not responding to the OIE survey but still reporting in the literature available on Web of Knowledge to gain a sense of their sampling, testing, and reporting approaches. Table. Current and recent surveillance for avian influenza virus in wild birds, by country and income level, reported surveillance by country* Income level, country OIE survey Reporting to OIE Web of Knowledge Influenza Research Database High Australia X NR X (1,2) X Austria NR X X (3) NR Bahrain NR X NR NR Belgium X X NR NR Canada X X X (4,5) X Chile NR X NR NR Taiwan X X NR X Croatia NR X NR NR Czech Republic X X X (6) NR Denmark X X X (7) NR Equatorial Guinea NR X NR NR Estonia NR X NR NR Finland X X NR NR France NR X X (8) NR Germany NR X X (3,9) NR Guadeloupe NR NR X (10) NR Page 4 of 13 Income level, country OIE survey Reporting to OIE Web of Knowledge Influenza Research Database Hong Kong NR NR X (11,12) NR Ireland NR X NR NR Israel NR X NR NR Italy X X X (13,14) NR Japan X X X (15–21) X South Korea X X X (22–28) NR Kuwait NR X NR NR Latvia NR NR NR X Lithuania NR NR X (29) X the Netherlands NR X X (30) X New Caledonia NR X NR NR New Zealand X X NR NR Norway X X X (31) NR Oman NR NR NR X Poland X X X (32,33) NR Portugal X X X (34,35) NR Russia NR NR X (36–38) X San Marino NR X NR NR Saudi Arabia NR X NR NR Singapore X X NR NR Slovakia NR X X (39) NR Slovenia X X X (40) NR Spain X X X (41) NR Sweden NR X NR NR Switzerland NR NR X (3,42) NR United Kingdom X X X (43,44) NR United States X X X (5,44–51) X Uruguay NR X NR NR Upper middle Algeria NR X NR NR Argentina X X X (52) NR Azerbaijan NR X NR NR Bosnia and Herzegovina X X NR NR Botswana NR X X (53,54) NR Brazil NR X NR NR Bulgaria NR X X (55) X China NR X X (56,57) X Colombia X NR NR X Greece X NR NR X Greenland NR NR X (7) X Hungary X X NR X Iceland NR X NR X Iraq X NR NR NR Kazakhstan X NR X (38) NR Lebanon NR NR NR X Libya NR X NR NR Malaysia X X NR NR Mauritius X NR NR NR Mexico NR X X (5,58) NR Montenegro NR X NR NR Namibia NR X NR NR Peru X X X (59) NR Romania NR X NR X Serbia X X NR NR South Africa NR X X (53,54) NR Thailand X X X (60) X Tunisia X X NR NR Turkey X NR X (61) X Lower middle Armenia NR X NR NR Bhutan NR NR NR X Cameroon NR NR NR X Côte d'Ivoire X X NR NR Egypt NR NR X (62,63) X El Salvador NR X NR NR Georgia NR NR X (64) X Ghana NR NR X (65) X Guatemala NR NR X (66) X Page 5 of 13 Income level, country OIE survey Reporting to OIE Web of Knowledge Influenza Research Database India NR X X (67) NR Lesotho NR X NR NR Mauritania NR NR X (54) NR Mongolia X X X (21,38,68,69) X Morocco NR X NR NR Nigeria NR X X (70) NR Pakistan NR NR X (71) NR Papua New Guinea NR NR NR X Paraguay NR X NR NR Moldova NR X NR NR Republic of the Congo NR NR NR X Senegal NR X X (54) NR Sri Lanka NR NR NR X Sudan NR X NR X Swaziland NR X NR NR Ukraine NR NR X (72) NR Vanuatu NR X NR NR Vietnam X NR X (73,74) X Yemen X NR NR NR Zambia NR NR X (75) NR Low Bangladesh X X X (76) X Benin NR X NR X Cambodia NR NR X (77) X Central African Republic NR NR NR X Eritrea NR X NR NR Ethiopia NR X NR NR Guinea NR X NR NR Haiti NR X NR NR Kenya NR NR X (76) NR North Korea X NR NR NR Madagascar NR X NR NR Mali NR NR X (54) NR Mozambique NR NR X (53,54) NR Nepal NR X NR NR Tanzania NR X NR NR Uganda NR X NR X Zimbabwe NR X X (53,54) X *Reported surveillance by country as per 1) responses to OIE survey confirming surveillance activity; 2) official reports to OIE indicating surveillance activities, 2008–2012; 3) Web of Knowledge literature indicating surveillance activities during 2008–2013; and 4) information reported to the Influenza Research Database. 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