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e BU DDHANET'SBOOK LIBRA RY E-mail: bdea@buddhanet.net Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. A Collection of Ajahn Chah's Similes A Tree in a Forest A Tree in A Forest A C A C’ S C E D G T G Y K P H Y K T Y J H F F D F F D Offer the gift of Dhamma to others as freely as it has been offered to you. Following the wish of Ajahn Chah that his Dhamma teachings not be sold in any way or form, this book is published for free distribution only. © Copyright Dhamma Garden 1994 First Printing 1994 All rights reserved. Any reproduction, in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or gain, is prohibited. However, copies of this book, or permission to reprint for free distribution, may be obtained upon notification from: Yuan Kuang Publishing House No. 11, Lane 888, Sect. 1, San Ter Road Chungli, Taiwan, R.O.C. Printed in Taiwan, Republic of China ISBN 957-8895-05-0 People have asked about my practice. How do I prepare my mind for meditation? ere is nothing special. I just keep it where it always is. ey ask, “en are you an arahant?” Do I know? I am like a tree in a forest, full of leaves, blossoms and fruit. Birds come to eat and nest, and animals seek rest in its shade. Yet the tree does not know itself. It follows its own nature. It is as it is. A C v Ajahn Chah Ajahn Chah was born in 1918 in a village located in the north-eastern part of ailand. He became a novice at a young age and received higher ordination at the age of twenty. He followed the austere Forest Tradition for years, living in forests and begging for almsfood as he wandered about on mendicant pilgrimage. He practised meditation under a number of masters, among whom was Ajahn Mun, a highly respected and accomplished medita- tion teacher of the time. Ajahn Mun had an indelible influence on Ajahn Chah, giving his meditation practice the direction and clarity that it lacked. Ajahn Chah later became an accomplished meditation teacher in his own right, sharing his realization of the Dhamma with those who sought it. e essence of his teaching was rather simple: be mindful, don’t hang on to anything, let go and surrender to the way things are. Ajahn Chah passed away in peace after a long bout of illness on January 16, 1992, at his home monastery, Wat Pah Pong, in Ubon Ratchatani. For more information on books on Ajahn Chah write to: Wat Pah Nanachat, Bahn Bung Wai, Warinchamrab, Ubol Rajathani, ailand. Editor’s Note Due to popular demand, we have decided to separate the English and Mandarin parts of the original bilingual publications of A Tree in a Forest, Vols. I & II, and publish them under separate covers. Each new language edition has been divided into two parts: Part I consists of the 75 similes that appeared in the first volume of A Tree in a Forest, and Part II consists of the 108 similes that appeared in the second volume. vi Foreword e teachings of Ajahn Chah were originally made available to the English-speaking public by the efforts of his Western disciples who were able to translate from ai or Lao, the languages that Ajahn Chah taught in. Although for some time now these English publica- tions have been circulating in Chinese-speaking communities, partic- ularly in Singapore and Malaysia, and more recently in Taiwan, they have remained accessible only to those with an adequate knowledge of the English language. ese readers, inspired by Ajahn Chah’s teach- ings, have often expressed regret that those among their compatriots with little or no knowledge at all of English shouldn’t have the chance to benefit from the wisdom of Ajahn Chah’s words. For this reason, a joyfully willing and dedicated group made up of members from both the Buddhist monastic community and laity, decided to translate the works of Ajahn Chah. ey come from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, and all are blessed with the facility to work in both the English and Chinese languages. Also, and more importantly, they all have adequate experience and understanding of the Dhamma coupled with the “feel” and genuine appreciation of Ajahn Chah’s teachings. It is a credit to their goodness and sincere wish to spread the Dhamma in whatever way they can, that this work is now in your hands. We would like to acknowledge gratitude to all who took part in any aspect of the production of this book, be it designing, proofread- ing, copying, contributing toward the cost of its printing, and so on. May the Light of the Triple Gem continue to shine in their hearts and give them the peace and happiness they deserve. You will note that no one’s name has been mentioned and none given any special credit. is is just a way of following Ajahn Chah’s teaching of “not trying to be anything: not an arahant, not a bodhi- satta, nothing…” not even a translator. A vii Translators’ Note It is said that if a person should find a bright star, he has no right to put it into his pocket and keep the light all to himself, but should bring it out and let it shine for the good of everyone. For this reason, we are pleased that we have been able to take part in translating Ajahn Chah’s teachings into Chinese so that others, as well, may benefit from the light of wisdom that shines from his Dhamma talks. Translating the works of Ajahn Chah has not been an entirely easy task. ere ran the risk of using an over-literal approach which could sometimes end up sounding clumsy, or using a freer approach which although would read more smoothly, could turn out to be less accurate. ere was too the risk of sounding too academic which is not at all the style of Ajahn Chah. He himself read very little. In fact, when once asked which books of Buddhism he would recommend people to read, he replied, “Only one.” He then proceeded to point to his heart. So, each of us has had to compromise in different ways, but not in a way that has sacrificed the clear simplicity of Ajahn Chah’s talks nor their profound meaning. If the Dhamma “star” of Ajahn Chah has lost some of its original luster in the translation process, we hum- bly apologise. Yet we cannot help but feel that it is better to have a star out in the open to shine on everyone than for it to be shining, be it ever so brightly, in somebody’s pocket. In the end, there is never a best or last translation of anyone’s works, only different styles. As long as the essential meaning of what is being translated is captured and conveyed effectively, that is what matters. To you holding this book in your hands, even if it be only a mere glimmer of light that you catch from that “star” of Dhamma which shone so brightly from Ajahn Chah’s heart, and that glimmer of light should bring direction and inspiration into your life, we will feel that we have accomplished our task. T viii Introduction Ajahn Chah reminded us that the Buddha himself could only point out the way and could not do the practice for us, be- cause, the truth is something that cannot be put into words or given away. “All the teachings,” Ajahn Chah taught, “are merely similes and comparisons, means to help the mind see the truth. If we establish the Buddha within our mind, then we see everything, we contemplate everything, as no different from ourselves.” Many of the similes that Ajahn Chah himself used to teach came out of his vast experience of living in the forest. His practice was simply to watch, all the while being totally open and aware of everything that was happening both inside and outside himself. He would say that his practice was nothing special. He was, in his own words, like a tree in a forest. “A tree is as it is,” he’d say. And Ajahn Chah was as he was. But out of such “nothing specialness” came a profound understanding of himself and the world. Ajahn Chah used to say, “e Dhamma is revealing it- self in every moment, but only when the mind is quiet can we understand what it is saying, for the Dhamma teaches without words.” Ajahn Chah had this uncanny ability to take that wordless Dhamma and convey its truth to his listeners in the form of a simile that was fresh, easy to follow, sometimes humorous, sometimes poetic, but always striking a place in the heart where it would jar or inspire the most: “We are like mag- gots; life is like a falling leaf; our mind is like rain water.” ix e teachings of Ajahn Chah teem with similes and com- parisons like these. We thought it would be a good idea to col- lect them all in the form of a book as a source of inspiration for those who may want some respite from the “heat of the world” and seek some rest in the cool and abundant shade of “a tree in the forest.” (ese similes have been gleaned from the following publications: Bodhinyana, A Taste of Freedom, Our Real Home, Samadhibhavana, Living Dhamma, Food for the Heart, A Still Forest Pool, and from a recently published book entitled Vener- able Father, A Life With Ajahn Chah, that was written by Paul Breiter.) In the olden days, they taught that we should gradually, ca-a-arefully gather in the net, feel our way with it, with- out losing it. is is how we practise. F S A C x C page A C ................................................................................. v E’ N ............................................................................. v F ................................................................................... vi T’ N .............................................................. vii I ........................................................................ viii P I 1 A W ....................................................... 17 2 B P ...................................................................... 17 3 B M ......................................................................... 18 4 B M .................................................... 18 5 C P ................................................................ 19 6 C ................................................................................... 20 7 C S ............................................................. 21 8 C .............................................................................. 22 9 C M ........................................................................ 22 10 C W ................................................................... 23 11 D ........................................................................................ 24 12 D H .......................................................................... 25 13 D C ................................................................ 26 14 D G .............................................................. 26 15 D .................................................................................... 27 16 D ....................................................................................... 27 17 E S ...................................................................... 28 18 F ................................................................................... 29 19 F .......................................................................... 29 20 F ........................................................................................ 29 21 F ......................................................................................... 30 22 F F ................................................................... 31 23 F T ............................................................................. 31 24 F ......................................................................... 32 25 F ........................................................................ 33 xi 26 F ............................................................................... 34 27 F ....................................................................................... 35 28 F T ......................................................................... 36 29 G P ..................................................................... 37 30 G ........................................................................................ 37 31 G .................................................................................... 39 32 H ..................................................................................... 39 33 H ...................................................................................... 40 34 H .................................................................................... 41 35 H .......................................................................... 41 36 J ................................................................................... 42 37 K ..................................................................................... 43 38 K ...................................................................................... 43 39 L .................................................................................... 44 40 L ....................................................................................... 44 41 L R .................................................................... 45 42 L ................................................................................... 45 43 L .......................................................................................... 45 44 L ................................................................................ 46 45 M ................................................................................. 47 46 M ................................................................................... 47 47 M F .......................................................... 48 48 M ....................................................................... 49 49 O W ..................................................................... 50 50 O ................................................................................ 50 51 O C ................................................................................ 51 52 P ....................................................................................... 52 53 R W ....................................................................... 52 54 R F ......................................................................... 53 55 R ....................................................................................... 53 56 R ...................................................................................... 54 57 S ..................................................................................... 55 xii 58 S .............................................................................. 56 59 S K ...................................................................... 56 60 S .................................................................................... 57 61 S ................................................................................... 57 62 S, F W ................................................ 58 63 S F ...................................................................... 59 64 T B ........................................................... 59 65 T M .................................................................... 59 66 T ................................................................................... 60 67 T ........................................................................................ 61 68 T ........................................................................... 61 69 T ..................................................................................... 62 70 T .................................................................................. 63 71 T R ................................................................... 63 72 U R ......................................................... 64 73 W B ............................................................... 64 74 W C ............................................................... 65 75 Y F A ................................................ 66 P II 1 A H E ..................................... 68 2 A’ N ......................................................................... 68 3 A O .............................................................. 69 4 A .................................................................................. 70 5 B S .............................................................. 70 6 B S, L S .............................................. 71 7 B P ................................................................... 71 8 B I C ................................................. 71 9 B R ...................................................................... 72 10 B O ........................................................................ 72 11 B .................................................................................. 73 12 B S ............................................................... 73 xiii 13 B H D C .................... 74 14 C ........................................................................................ 74 15 C ........................................................................................... 74 16 C C ......................................................... 75 17 C ...................................................................................... 75 18 C T .................................................................. 76 19 D T .......................................................................... 76 20 D, U ............................................... 77 21 D W ............................................................. 77 22 D ...................................................................................... 78 23 E ...................................................................... 78 24 E O ....................................................... 78 25 E O .......................................................... 79 26 E S ................................................................ 79 27 F T ................................................... 80 28 F L ................................................................. 81 29 F M ......................................................... 81 30 F ............................................................................ 82 31 F ................................................................................ 82 32 F H ................................................................. 83 33 F T ......................................................................... 83 34 G C ................................................................... 83 35 G A ................................................................... 84 36 G I T .......................................................... 84 37 G D ............................................................. 85 38 G C S .......................................... 85 39 H I Y S ....................................................... 86 40 H H M ............................... 86 41 H ...................................................................................... 87 42 H M ........................................................... 87 43 H R ........................................................... 87 44 H M ......................................................... 88 xiv 45 H G ................................................................ 89 46 H I B ................................................................. 89 47 H I B C .............................................. 89 48 H ................................................................................... 90 49 H ................................................................... 90 50 I C .............................................................. 91 51 I .................................................................................... 91 52 I H ......................................................................... 91 53 K .......................................................................................... 92 54 L G ................................................................ 92 55 L O F ............................................. 92 56 L S B ................................................. 93 57 L .................................................................................. 93 58 L S ............................................................ 94 59 L L ......................................................................... 94 60 L ............................................................................... 95 61 L I ....................................................................... 95 62 M .................................................................................. 95 63 M L ................................................................... 96 64 M ..................................................................................... 96 65 M B Y T .................................... 97 66 M .......................................................................... 98 67 M C ................................................. 98 68 M, W, C D ............................. 98 69 M ............................................................................... 99 70 N R A ....................................................... 100 71 O G ................................................................... 100 72 O L ........................................................................... 101 73 O R ............................................................................ 101 74 P W ............................................................... 102 75 P R .......................................................... 102 76 P S M ........................................... 102 xv 77 P C ............................................................. 103 78 P F T ........................................... 103 79 P I ............................................... 104 80 P P ............................................................... 104 81 R T ............................................................... 105 82 R-H C B ........................................... 106 83 R M ..................................................... 106 84 R S ..................................................... 107 85 R .................................................................................. 107 86 S S .................................................................. 107 87 S .................................................................... 108 88 S ......................................................................... 108 89 S Y F .......................................... 109 90 S H ....................................................... 110 91 S ............................................................................... 110 92 S D ........................................................... 110 93 S M .............................................................. 111 94 S P ............................................................ 111 95 T R .......................................................... 111 96 T B ............................................................ 112 97 T M ........................................... 112 98 T W N ................................................ 113 99 T .................................................................................. 113 100 T G O ................................... 113 101 V .............................................................................. 114 102 V ................................................................................... 114 103 V .......................................................................... 115 104 W U ...................................................... 115 105 W-B .......................................................... 116 106 W O ..................................................... 116 107 W L ................................................................ 117 108 W R ............................................................... 117 Part I We have to talk about the Dhamma like this, using similes, because the Dhamma has no form. Is it square or is it round? You can’t say. e only way to talk about it is through similes like these. A C 17 A W When we have no real home, we’re like an aimless wanderer out on the road, going this way for a while and then that way, stopping for a while and then setting off again. Until we return to our real home, whatever we do we feel ill-at-ease, just like somebody who’s left his village to go on a journey. Only when he gets home again can he really relax and be at ease. Nowhere in the world is any real peace to be found. at’s the nature of the world. Look within yourself and find it there instead. When we think of the Buddha and how truly he spoke, we feel how worthy he is of reverence and respect. Whenever we see the truth of some thing, we see his teachings, even if we’ve never actually practised Dhamma. But even if we have knowledge of the teaching, have studied and practised them, but still have not seen their truth, then we’re still homeless like the aimless wanderer. B P When you see things in the world like banana peels that have no great value for you, then you’re free to walk in the world without being moved, without being bothered, without being hurt in any way by all of the various kinds of things that come and pass away, whether pleasant or unpleasant. is is the path that leads you to freedom. 18 B M Both the body and mind are constantly arising and ceasing, conditions are in a state of constant turmoil. e reason we can’t see this in line with the truth is because we keep believ- ing the untrue. It’s like being guided by a blind man. How can we travel with him in safety? A blind man will only lead us into forests and thickets. How could he lead us to safety when he can’t see? In the same way, our mind is deluded by condi- tions, creating suffering in the search for happiness, creating difficulty in the search for ease. Such a mind can have only difficulty and suffering. Really we want to get rid of suffering and difficulty, but instead we create those very things. All we can do is complain. We create bad causes, and the reasons we do so is because we don’t know the truth of appearances and conditions and try to cling to them. B M We can compare practice to a bottle of medicine a doctor leaves for his patient. On the bottle are written detailed instructions on how to take the medicine, but no matter how many hun- dred times the patient may read the directions, he is bound to die if that is all he does. He will gain no benefit from the medi- cine. And before he dies, he may complain bitterly that the doctor wasn’t any good, that the medicine didn’t cure him. He 19 will think that the doctor was a fake or that the medicine was worthless, yet he had only spent his time examining the bottle and reading the instructions. He hadn’t followed the advice of the doctor and taken the medicine. However, if the patient had actually followed the doctor’s advice and taken the medicine regularly as prescribed, he would have recovered. Doctors prescribe medicine to eliminate diseases from the body. e Teachings of the Buddha are prescribed to cure diseases of the mind and to bring it back to its natural healthy state. So the Buddha can be considered to be a doctor who pre- scribes cures for the illnesses of the mind which are found in each one of us without exception. When you see these illnesses of the mind, does it not make sense to look to the Dhamma as support, as medicine to cure your illnesses? C P When we have contemplated the nature of the heart many times, then we will come to understand that this heart is just as it is and can’t be otherwise. We will know that the heart’s ways are just as they are. at’s its nature. If we see this clearly, then we can detach from thoughts and feelings. And we don’t have to add on anything more if we constantly tell ourselves that “that’s just the way it is.” When the heart truly understands, it lets go of everything. inking and feeling will still be there, but that very thinking and feeling will be deprived of power. 20 It’s like at first being annoyed by a child who likes to play in ways that annoy us so much that we scold or spank him. But later we understand that it’s natural for a child to play and act like that, so we leave him alone. We let go and our troubles are over. Why are they over? Because we now accept the natural ways of children. Our outlook has changed and we now accept the true nature of things. We let go and our heart becomes more peaceful. We now have right understanding. C Mental activity is like a deadly poisonous cobra. If we don’t interfere with a cobra, it simply goes its own way. Even though it may be extremely poisonous, we are not affected by it. We don’t go near it or take hold of it, and so it doesn’t bite us. e cobra does what is natural for a cobra to do. at’s the way it is. If you are clever, you’ll leave it alone. Likewise, you let be that which is not good — you let it be according to its own nature. You also let be that which is good. Don’t grab onto liking and disliking, just as you wouldn’t interfere with the cobra. One who is clever will have this kind of attitude towards the various moods that arise in his mind. When goodness arises, we let it be good. We understand its nature. In the same way, we let be the not-good. We let it be according to its nature. We don’t take hold of it because we don’t want anything. We don’t want evil. We don’t want good. We don’t want heaviness 21 nor lightness, happiness nor suffering. When our wanting is at an end, peace is firmly established. C S Desire is a defilement, but we must first have desire in order to start practising the Way. Suppose you went to buy coco- nuts at the market and while carrying them back someone asked: “Why did you buy those coconuts?” “I bought them to eat.” “Are you going to eat the shells too?” “Of course not!” “I don’t believe you. If you’re not going to eat the shells, then why did you buy them?” Well, what do you say? How are you going to answer that question? We practise with desire to begin with. If we didn’t have desire, we wouldn’t practise. Contemplating in this way can give rise to wisdom, you know. For example, those coconuts: Are you going to eat the shells as well? Of course not. en why do you take them? ey’re useful for wrapping up the coco- nuts in. If after eating the coconuts, you throw the shells away, there is no problem. Our practice is like this. We’re not going to eat the shells, but it’s not yet time to throw them away. We keep them first, just like we do with desire. is is how the practice is. If some- 22 body wants to accuse us of eating coconut shells, that’s their business. We know what we’re doing. C At first, we train the body and speech to be free of unwhole- someness which is virtue. Some people think that to have virtue you must memorize Pali phrases and chant all day and all night, but really all you have to do is make your body and speech blameless, and that’s virtue. It’s not so difficult to un- derstand. It’s just like cooking food — put in a little bit of this and a little bit of that till it’s just right and it’s delicious. And once it is delicious, you don’t have to add anything else to it. e right ingredients have already been added. In the same way, taking care that our actions and speech are proper will give us delicious virtue — virtue that is just right. C M Suppose one morning, you’re walking to work and a man yells insults at you. As soon as you hear his insults, your mind changes from its usual state. You don’t feel so good. You feel angry and hurt. You want to get even! A few days later, another man comes to your house and tells you, “Hey, that man who abused you the other day, he’s crazy! Has been for years! He abuses everybody like that. No- body takes notice of anything he says.” As soon as you hear this, 23 you are suddenly relieved. at anger and hurt that you’ve pent up within you all these days melt away completely. Why? Be- cause now you know the truth. Before, you didn’t. You thought that man was normal, so you were angry at him and that caused you to suffer. As soon as you found out the truth, however, eve- rything changed: “Oh, he’s mad! at explains everything!” When you understand this, you feel fine because you know for yourself. Having known, then you can let go. If you don’t know the truth, you cling right there. When you thought that the man who abused you was normal, you could have killed him. But when you found out the truth, that he’s mad, you felt much better. is is knowledge of the truth. Someone who sees the Dhamma has a similar experience. When attachment, aversion and delusion disappear, they disap- pear in the same way. As long as we don’t know these things, we think, “What can I do? I have so much greed and aver- sion.” is is not clear knowledge. It’s just the same as when we thought the madman was sane. When we finally see that he was mad all along, we’re relieved of worry. No one could show you this. Only when the mind sees for itself, can it uproot and relinquish attachment. C W Many of those who come to see me have a high standing in the community. Among them are merchants, college graduates, teachers, and government officials. eir minds are filled with 24 opinions about things. ey are too clever to listen to others. It is like a cup of water. If a cup is filled with stale, dirty water, it is useless. Only after the old water is thrown out can the cup become useful. You must empty your minds of opinions, then you will see. Our practice goes beyond cleverness and stupidity. If you think that you are clever, wealthy, important, or an ex- pert in Buddhism, you cover up the truth of non-self. All you will see is self — I and mine. But Buddhism is letting go of self. ose who are too clever will never learn. ey must first get rid of their cleverness, first empty their “cup.” D e training in concentration is practice to make the mind firm and steady. is brings about peacefulness of mind. Usu- ally our minds are moving and restless, hard to control. e mind follows sense distractions wildly, just like water flowing this way and that. Men, though, know how to control water so that it is of greater use to mankind. Men are clever. ey know how to dam water, make large reservoirs and canals — all of this merely to channel water and make it more useable, so that it doesn’t run wild and eventually settle down into a few low spots, its usefulness wasted. So, too, the mind which is dammed and controlled, trained constantly, will be of immeasurable benefit. e Buddha himself taught, “e mind that has been controlled brings true happiness, so train your minds well for the highest 25 benefits.” Similarly, the animals we see around us — elephants, horses, buffalos, and so on — must be trained before they can be useful for work. Only after they have been trained is their strength of benefit to us. In the same way, the mind that has been trained will bring many times the blessings of that of an untrained mind. e Buddha and his Noble Disciples all started out in the same way as us — with untrained minds. But, afterwards, look how they became the subjects of reverence for us all. And see how much benefit we can gain from their teachings. Indeed see what benefits have come to the entire world from these men who had gone through the training of the mind to reach the freedom beyond. e mind controlled and trained is better equipped to help us in all professions, in all situations. e disciplined mind will keep our lives balanced, make work easier, and develop and nurture reason to govern our actions. In the end our happiness will increase accordingly as we follow the proper mind training. D H Most people just want to perform good deeds to make merit, but they don’t want to give up wrongdoing. It’s just that “the hole is too deep. Suppose there was a hole and there was something at the bottom of it. Now anyone who put his hand into the hole and didn’t reach the bottom would say the hole was too deep. If a 26 hundred or a thousand people put their hands down that hole, they’d all say the hole was too deep. No one would say that his arm was too short! We have to come back to ourselves. We have to take a step back and look at ourselves. Don’t blame the hole for being too deep. Turn around and look at your own arm. If you can see this, then you will make progress on the spiritual path and will find happiness. D C It is only natural that when we put on dirty clothes and our bodies are dirty that our minds, too, will feel uncomfortable and depressed. However, if we keep our bodies clean and wear clean, neat clothes, it makes our minds light and cheerful. So, too, when morality is not kept, our bodily actions and speech are dirty, and this is a cause for making the mind unhappy, distressed, and heavy. We are separated from right practice and this prevents us from penetrating into the essence of the Dhamma in our minds. e wholesome bodily actions and speech themselves depend on the mind properly trained, since mind orders body and speech. erefore, we must con- tinue to practice by training our minds. D G How can you find right understanding? I can answer you sim- ply by using this glass of water I am holding. It appears to us as 27 clean and useful, something to drink from and keep for a long time. Right understanding is to see this as broken glass, as if it has already been shattered. Sooner or later, it will be shattered. If you keep this understanding while you are using it — that all it is — is a combination of elements which come together in this form and then break apart — then no matter what happens to the glass, you will have no problem. Similarly, the body is like the glass. It is also going to break apart and die. You have to understand that. Yet when you do, it doesn’t mean you should go and kill yourself, just as you shouldn’t take the glass and break it or throw it away. e glass is something to use until it falls apart in its own natural way. Similarly, the body is a vehi- cle to use until it goes its own way. Your task is to see what the natural way of things is. is understanding can make you free in all the changing circumstances of the entire world. D Anyone attached to the senses is like a drunk whose liver is not yet destroyed. He doesn’t know when he has had enough. He continues to indulge and drink carelessly. He’s caught and later suffers illness and pain. D Your practice is like raising a duck. Your duty is to feed it and give it water. If it grows fast or slow is the duck’s business, not 28 yours. Let it go and just do your own work. Your business is to practise. If it’s fast or slow, just know it. Don’t try to force it. is kind of practice has a good foundation. E S People want to go to nibbana but when you tell them that there is nothing there, they begin to have second thoughts. But there’s nothing there, nothing at all! Look at the roof and floor here. ink of the roof as a “becoming” and the floor as a “becoming” too. You can stand on the roof and you can stand on the floor, but in the empty space between the roof and the floor there is no place to stand. Where there is no becoming, that’s where there’s emptiness, and to put it bluntly, we say that nibbana is this emptiness. People hear this and they back up a bit. ey don’t want to go. ey’re afraid that they won’t see their children or relatives. at’s why whenever we bless the laity by saying, “May you have long life, beauty, happiness and strength,” they be- come very happy. But if you start talking about letting go and emptiness they don’t want to hear about it. But have you ever seen a very old person with a beautiful complexion or a lot of strength or a lot of happiness? No! But we say, “Long life, beauty, happiness and strength,” and they are all pleased. ey’re attached to becoming, to the cycle of birth and death. ey prefer to stand on the roof or on the floor. Few are they who dare to stand in the empty space between. 29 F If you want to find Dhamma, it has nothing to do with the for- ests or the mountains or the caves. It’s only in the heart. It has its own language of experience. ere is a great difference be- tween concepts and direct experience. With a glass of hot water, whoever puts his finger into it will have the same experience — hot — which can be called by many words in different lan- guages. Similarly, whoever looks deeply into the heart will have the same experience, no matter what his nationality, culture, or language may be. If in your heart you come to that taste of truth, of Dhamma, then you become like one big family — like mother and father, sisters and brothers — because you’ve tasted that essence of the heart which is the same for all. F Our defilements are like fertilizer for our practice. It’s the same as taking filthy stuff like chicken manure and buffalo dung to fertilize our fruit trees, so that the fruit will be sweet and abundant. In suffering, there is happiness; in confusion there is calm. F Nothing happens immediately, so in the beginning we can’t see any results from our practice. is is like the example that I have often given you of the man who tries to make fire by rub- 30 bing two sticks together. He says, “ey say there’s fire here!” He then begins rubbing energetically. He’s very impetuous. He rubs on and on, but his impatience doesn’t end. He wants to have that fire, but the fire just doesn’t come, so he gets discour- aged and stops to rest for a while. He starts again, but by then the initial heat he had has disappeared, so the going is slow. He just doesn’t keep at it long enough. He rubs and rubs until he is tired and then stops altogether. Not only is he tired, but he becomes more and more discouraged. “ere’s no fire here!” he finally decides and gives up completely. Actually he was doing the work, but there wasn’t enough heat to start the fire. e fire was there all the time, but he didn’t carry on to the end. Until we are able to reach peace, the mind will continue as before. For this reason the teacher says, “Just keep on doing it. Keep on with the practice!” Maybe we think, “If I don’t, yet understand, how can I do it?” Until we are able to practise properly, wisdom won’t arise. So we say just keep on with it. If we practise without stopping, we’ll begin to think about what we are doing, and consider our practice. F We don’t want desire, but if there is no desire why practise? We must have desire to practise. Wanting and not-wanting are both defilements, both are problems, delusions, lacking wis- dom. Buddha had desire too. It’s there all the time, only a con- dition of the mind. ose with wisdom, however, have desire 31 but no attachment. Our desires are like catching a big fish in a net — we must wait until the fish loses strength and then we can catch it easily. But all the time we keep on watching it so that it doesn’t escape. F F If you attach to the senses, you’re the same as a fish caught on a hook. When the fisherman comes, struggle all you want, but you can’t get loose. Actually you’re not caught like a fish, but more like a frog. A frog gulps down the whole hook right to its guts. A fish just gets it caught in its mouth. F T If you see clearly the harm and the benefit of something, you won’t have to wait for others to tell you about it. Consider the story of the fisherman who finds something in his fish trap. He knows something is in there. He can hear it flopping about inside. inking it’s a fish, he reaches his hand into the trap, only to find a different kind of animal. He can’t see it, so he’s not sure what it is. It could be an eel, but it could also be a snake. If he throws it away, he may regret it. It could be an eel, something nice for dinner. On the other hand, if he keeps on holding onto it and it turns out to be a snake, it may bite him. He’s just not sure. But his desire is so strong that he holds on, just in case it’s an eel. e minute he brings it out and sees that 32 it’s a snake, however, he doesn’t hesitate to fling it away from him. He doesn’t have to wait for someone to call out, “Hey, it’s a snake! Let go!” e sight of the snake tells him what to do more clearly than words could do. Why? Because he sees the danger — snakes can bite and make you very sick or kill you. Who has to tell him about that? In the same way, if we practise until we see things as they are, we won’t meddle with things that are harmful. F Our practice of contemplation will lead us to understanding. Let us take the example of a fisherman pulling in his net with a big fish in it. How do you think he feels about pulling it in? If he’s afraid that the fish will escape, he’ll rush and start to strug- gle with the net, grabbing and tugging at it. Before he knows it, the big fish has escaped. e fisherman was trying too hard. In the olden days, they taught that we should do it grad- ually, carefully gathering it in without losing it. is is how it is in our practice. We gradually feel our way with it, carefully gathering it in without losing it. Sometimes it happens that we don’t feel like doing it. Maybe we don’t want to look, or maybe we don’t want to know, but we keep on with it. We continue feeling for it. is is the practice. If we feel like doing it, we do it. If we don’t feel like doing it, we do it just the same. We just keep on doing it. If we are enthusiastic about our practice, the power of our faith will give energy to what we are doing. But at this 33 stage, we are still without wisdom. Even though we are very energetic, we will not derive much benefit from our practice. We may continue with it for a long time and a feeling will arise that we are not going to find the Way. We may feel that we cannot find peace, or that we are not sufficiently equipped to do the practice. Or maybe we feel that this Way just isn’t pos- sible any more. So we give up! At this point, we must be very, very careful. We must use patience and endurance. It’s just like pulling in the big fish — we gradually feel our way with it, we carefully pull it in. e struggle won’t be too difficult, so we continue to pull it in without stopping. Eventually, after some time, the fish becomes tired and stops fighting and we’re able to catch it eas- ily. Usually this is how it happens. We practise gradually and carefully gathering it together. It’s in this manner that we do our contemplation. F In Buddhism we are endlessly hearing about letting go and about not clinging to anything. What does this mean? It means to hold but not to cling. Take this flashlight, for example. We wonder: “What is this?” So we pick it up: “Oh, it’s a flashlight.” en we put it down again. We hold things in this way. If we didn’t hold anything at all, what could we do? We couldn’t do walking med- itation or anything else, so we must hold things first. It’s wanting, yes, that’s true, but later on it leads to perfection. 34 It is like coming here. First you had to want to come here. If you didn’t want to do so, you wouldn’t be here today. We do things because of wanting, but when wanting arises, we don’t cling to it, just like we didn’t cling to that flashlight — “What’s this?” We pick it up. “Oh, it’s a flashlight.” We then put it down again. is is what “holding but not clinging” means. We know and then we let go. We don’t foolishly cling to things, but we “hold” them with wisdom and then let them go. Good or bad, we let them all go. F It is wrong view to go on thinking that we are the sankharas or that we are happiness and unhappiness. Seeing like this is not full, clear knowledge of the true nature of things. e truth is that we can’t force things to follow our desires. ey follow the way of Nature. A simple comparison is this: Suppose you go and sit in the middle of a freeway with the cars and trucks speeding down toward you. You can’t get angry at the cars, shouting, “Don’t drive over here! Don’t drive over here!” It’s a freeway. You can’t tell them that. So what can you do? You get off the road. e road is the place where cars run. If you don’t want the cars to be there, you suffer. It’s the same with sankharas. We say they disturb us, like when we sit in meditation and hear a sound. We think, “Oh, that sound’s bothering me!” If we understand that the sound 35 bothers us, then we suffer accordingly. If we investigate a lit- tle deeper, we will see that it’s we who go out and disturb the sound. e sound is simply sound. If we understand it in this way, then there’s nothing more to it. We leave it be. We see that the sound is one thing and we are another. is is real know- ledge of the truth. You see both sides, so you have peace. If you see only one side there is suffering. Once you see both sides, then you follow the Middle Way. is is the right practice of the mind. is is what we call straightening out our under- standing. In the same way, the nature of all sankharas is imperma- nence and death, but we want to grab them. We carry them about and covet them. We want them to be true. We want to find truth within the things that aren’t true. Whenever some- one sees like this and clings to the sankharas as being himself, he suffers. e Buddha told us to contemplate this. F e more you neglect the practice, the more you neglect going to the monastery to listen to the Teachings, the more your mind will sink down into a bog, like a frog going into a hole. Some- one comes along with a hook and the frog’s days are over. He doesn’t have a chance. All he can do is stretch out his neck and be caught. So watch out you don’t back yourself up into a hole. Someone may just come along with hook and pull you up. 36 At home, being pestered by your children and grandchil- dren, and possessions, you are even worse off than the frog! You don’t know how to detach from these things. When old age, sickness and death come along, what will you do? is is the hook that’s going to catch you. Which way will you turn? F T Sometimes, when a fruit tree is in bloom, a breeze stirs and sends blossoms falling to the ground. Some buds remain and grow into small green fruit. A wind blows and some of them fall too. Still others may become fruit nearly ripe, or some even fully ripe, before they fall. And so it is with people. Like flowers and fruit in the wind, they, too, fall in different stages of life. Some people die while still in the womb, others within only a few days after birth. Some people live for a few years, then die, never having reached maturity. Men and women die in their youth. Still others reach a ripe old age before they die. When reflecting upon people, consider the nature of fruit in the wind — both are uncertain. Our minds are also similar. A mental impression arises, draws and blows at the mind, then the mind falls — just like the fruit. e Buddha understood this uncertain nature of things. He observed the phenomenon of fruit in the wind and reflected 37 upon the monks and novices who were his disciples. He found that they, too, were essentially of the same nature — uncertain! How could it be otherwise? is is just the way of all things. G P If your mind becomes quiet and concentrated, it is an impor- tant tool to use. But if you’re sitting just to get concentrated so you can feel happy and pleasant, then you’re wasting your time. e practice is to sit and let your mind become still and concentrated, and then to use that to examine the nature of the mind and body, to see more clearly. Otherwise, if you make the mind simply quiet, then for that time it’s peaceful and there is no defilement. But this is like taking a stone and covering up a smelly garbage pit. When you take the stone away, it’s still full of smelly garbage. You must use your concentration, not to temporarily bliss out, but to accurately examine the nature of the mind and body. is is what actu- ally frees you. G We should investigate the body within the body. Whatever’s in the body, go ahead and look at it. If we just see the outside, it’s 38 not clear. We see hair, nails, and so on and they are just pretty things which entice us. So the Buddha taught us to look at the inside of the body, to see the body within the body. What is in the body? Look closely and see! We will see many things inside that will surprise us, because even though they are within us, we’ve never seen them. Wherever we go, we carry them with us, but we still don’t know them at all. It’s as if we visit some relatives at their house and they give us a gift. We take it and put it in our bag and then leave without opening it to see what is inside. When at last we open it we find it is full of poisonous snakes! Our body is like that. If we just see the shell of it, we say it’s fine and beautiful. We forget ourselves. We forget imper- manence, unsatisfactoriness and not-self. If we look within this body, it’s really repulsive. ere’s nothing beautiful in it. If we look according to reality, without trying to sugar things over, we’ll see that it’s really sad and wearisome. Dispassion will then arise. is feeling of disinterest is not that we feel aversion for the world. It’s simply our mind clearing up, our mind letting go. We see all things as not being substantial or dependable. However we want them to be, they just go their own way, re- gardless. ings which are unstable are unstable. ings which are not beautiful are not beautiful. So the Buddha said that when we experience sights, sounds, tastes, smells, bodily feelings or mental states, we should release them. Whether it’s happiness or unhappiness, it’s all the same. So let them go! 39 G You must contemplate in order to find peace. What people usu- ally mean whenever they say peace is only the calming down of the mind and not the calming down of the defilements. e defilements are simply being temporarily subdued, just like grass being covered by a stone. If you take the stone away, the grass will grow back again in a short time. e grass hadn’t re- ally died, it was just being suppressed. It’s the same when sitting in meditation. e mind is calm, but the defilements are not really calm. erefore samadhi is not a sure thing. To find real peace you must develop wisdom. Samadhi is one kind of peace, like the stone covering the grass. is is only a temporary peace. e peace of wisdom is like putting the stone down and just leaving it there. In this way the grass can’t possibly grow back again. is is real peace, the calming of the defilements, the sure peace which results from wisdom. H ose who study theory and those who practise meditation misunderstand each other. Usually those who emphasize study say things like, “Monks who only practise meditation just fol- low their own opinions. ey have no basis in their teaching.” Actually, in one sense, these two ways of study and prac- tice are exactly the same thing. We can understand better if we 40 think of it like the front and back of our hand. If we put our hand out, it seems like the back of the hand has disappeared. Actually the back of our hand hasn’t disappeared anywhere. It’s just hidden underneath. When we turn our hand over, the same thing happens to the palm of the hand. It doesn’t go any- where. It’s merely hidden underneath. We should keep this in mind when we consider prac- tice. If we think that it has “disappeared,” we’ll go off to study, hoping to get results. But it doesn’t matter how much you study about Dhamma, you’ll never understand because you won’t know in accordance with the Truth. If we do un- derstand the real nature of Dhamma, then we begin to let go. is is surrendering, removing attachment, not clinging any more, or if there is still clinging, it becomes less and less. ere is this kind of difference between the two ways of study and practice. H At times it may seem to some of you that I contradict myself when I teach, but the way I teach is very simple. It is as if I see someone coming down a road he doesn’t know well but on which I have travelled on many times before. I look up and see him about to fall into a hole on the right-hand side of the road, so I call out to him to go left. Likewise, if I see someone else about to fall into a hole on the left, I call out to him to go right. e instructions are different, but I teach them to travel in the 41 same direction on the same road. I teach them to let go of both extremes and come back to the center where they will arrive at the true Dhamma. H All my disciples are like my children. I have only loving-kindness and their welfare in mind. If I appear to make you suffer, it is for your own good. I know some of you are well-educated and very knowledgeable. People with little education and worldly knowledge can practise easily. But people with a lot of know- ledge is like someone who has a very large house to clean. ey have a lot to do. But when the house has been cleaned, they will have a big comfortable living space. Be patient. Patience and endurance are essential to our practice. H Don’t be like a housewife washing the dishes with a scowl on her face. She’s so intent on cleaning the dishes that she doesn’t realize her own mind is dirty! Have you ever seen this? She only sees the dishes. She’s looking too far away from herself, isn’t she? Some of you have probably experienced this, I’d say. is is where you have to look. People concentrate on cleaning the dishes, but they let their minds go dirty. is is not good. ey’re forgetting themselves. 42 J e Buddha once saw a jackal, a wild dog, run out of the forest where he was staying. It stood still for a while, then it ran into the underbrush, and then out again. en it ran into a tree hollow, then out again. en it went into a cave, only to run out again. One minute it stood, the next it ran, then it lay down, then it jumped up. e jackal had the mange. When it stood, the mange would eat into its skin, so it would run. Running, it was still un- comfortable, so it would stop. Standing, it was still uncomfort- able, so it would lie down. en it would jump up again, running to the underbrush, the tree hollow, never staying still. e Buddha said, “Monks, did you see that jackal this afternoon? Standing, it suffered. Running, it suffered. Sitting, it suffered. Lying down, it suffered. It blamed standing for its discomfort. It blamed sitting. It blamed running and lying down. It blamed the tree, the underbrush, and the cave. In fact, the problem was with none of those things. e problem was with his mange.” We are just the same as that jackal. Our discontent is due to wrong view. Because we don’t exercise sense restraint, we blame our suffering on externals. Whether we live in ailand, America or England, we aren’t satisfied. Why not? Because we still have wrong view. Just that! So wherever we go, we aren’t content. But just as that jackal would be content wherever it went as soon as its mange was cured, so would we be content wherever we went once we rid ourselves of wrong view. 43 K A knife has a blade, a spine and a handle. Can you lift up only the blade? Can you lift up only the spine of the blade, or only the handle? e handle, the spine and the blade are all parts of the same knife. When you pick up the knife, all three parts come up at the same time. In the same way, if you pick up that which is good, the bad must follow. People search for goodness and try to throw away evil, but they don’t study that which is neither good nor evil. If you don’t study this, then you won’t have real under- standing. If you pick up goodness, badness follows. If you pick up happiness, suffering follows. Train the mind until it is above good and evil. at’s when the practice is finished. K We contemplate happiness and unhappiness as uncertain and impermanent and understand that all the various feelings are not lasting and not to be clung to. We see things in this way because there is wisdom. We understand that things are this way according to their own nature. If we have this kind of understanding, it’s like taking hold of one strand of a rope which makes a knot. If we pull it in the right direction, the knot will loosen and begin to untan- gle. It’ll no longer be so tight and tense. is is similar to understanding that things don’t always have to be the way they’ve always been. Before, we felt that 44 things always had to be a certain way and, in so doing, we pulled the knot tighter and tighter. is tightness is suffering. Living that way is very tense. So we loosen the knot a little and relax. Why do we loosen it? Because it’s tight! If we don’t cling to it, then we can loosen it. It’s not a condition that must always be that way. We use the teaching of impermanence as our basis. We see that both happiness and unhappiness are not permanent. We see them as not dependable. ere is absolutely nothing that’s permanent. With this kind of understanding, we gradu- ally stop believing in the various moods and feelings which come up in the mind. Wrong understanding will decrease to the same degree that we stop believing in it. is is what is meant by undoing the knot. It continues to become looser. At- tachment will be gradually uprooted. L If you just listen to the Dhamma teachings but don’t practise, you’re like a ladle in a soup pot. It’s in the soup pot every day, but it doesn’t know the taste of the soup. You must reflect and meditate. L Right now we are sitting in a peaceful forest. Here, if there’s no wind, a leaf remains still. When a wind blows, it flaps and flutters. 45 e mind is similar to that leaf. When it contacts a men- tal impression, it, too, flaps and flutters according to the nature of that mental impression. And the less we know of Dhamma, the more the mind will continually pursue mental impressions. Feeling happy, it succumbs to happiness. Feeling suffering, it succumbs to suffering. It’s in a constant flap. L R Most of us just talk about practice without having really done it. is is like the man whose roof is leaking on one side so that he sleeps on the other side of the house. When the sunshine comes in on that side, he rolls over to the other side, all the time think- ing, “When will I ever get a decent house like everyone else?” If the whole roof leaks, then he just gets up and leaves. is is not the way to do things, but that’s how most people are. L Just know what is happening in your mind not happy or sad about it, not attached. If you suffer, see it, know it, and be empty. It’s like a letter — you have to open it before you can know what’s in it. L If we cut a log of wood and throw it into a river, it floats down- stream. If that log doesn’t rot or get stuck on one of the banks of 46 the river, it will finally reach the ocean. Likewise the mind that practises the Middle Way and doesn’t attach to either extreme of sensual indulgence or self-mortification will inevitably attain true peace. e log in our analogy represents the mind. e banks of the river represent, on one side, love, and on the other, hate. Or you can say that one bank is happiness and the other unhappi- ness. To follow the Middle Way is to see love, hate, happiness and unhappiness for what they really are — only feelings. Once this understanding has been achieved, the mind will net eas- ily drift toward them and get caught. It is the practice of the understanding mind not to nurture any feelings that rise nor to cling to them. e mind then freely flows down the river unhampered and eventually flows into the “ocean” of Nibbana. L If you don’t bother to train your heart, then it remains wild, fol- lowing the ways of nature. It’s possible to train that nature so that it can be used to advantage. is is comparable to trees. If we just left trees in their natural state, then we would never be able to build a house with them. We couldn’t make planks or anything of use to build a house with. However, if a carpenter came along wanting to build a house, he would go looking for trees in their natural state. He would take raw material and use it to advantage. In a short time he could have a house built. Meditation and developing the heart are similar to this. You must take this untrained heart as you would take a tree in 47 its natural state in the forest, and train this natural heart so that it is more refined, more aware of itself, and more sensitive. M Contentment doesn’t depend on how many people we are with. It comes only from right view. If we have right view, then wher- ever we stay, we are content. But most of us have wrong view. It’s just like a maggot living in a pile of dung. It lives in filth, it’s food is filth, but it suits the maggot. If you take a stick and dislodge it from its lump of dung, it’ll squirm and wriggle back to its home. We are the same. e teacher advises us to see rightly but we squirm about and are uncomfortable. We quickly run back to our old habits and views because that’s where we feel at home. If we don’t see the harmful consequences of all our wrong views, then we can’t leave them. e practice is difficult, so we should listen. ere is nothing else to practise. If we have right view, then wherever we go, we are content. M We say that morality, concentration and wisdom are the path on which all the Noble Ones have walked to enlightenment. ey are all one. Morality is concentration — concentration is morality. Concentration is wisdom — wisdom is concentration. It’s like a mango. When it’s a flower, we call it a flower. When it becomes a fruit, we call it a mango. When it ripens, we call 48 it a ripe mango. It’s all one mango, but it continually changes. e big mango grows from the small mango, the small mango becomes a big one. You can call them different fruits or all one. Morality, concentration and wisdom are related like this. In the end it’s all the path that leads to enlightenment. e mango, from the moment it first appears as a flower, simply grows to ripeness. We should see it like this. Whatever others call it, it doesn’t matter. Once it’s born, it grows to old age and then where? We should contemplate this. Some people don’t want to be old. When they get old, they become regretful. ese people shouldn’t eat ripe man- goes. Why do we want the mangoes to be ripe? If they’re not ripe in time, we ripen them artificially, don’t we? But when we become old we’re filled with regret. Some people cry. ey’re afraid to get old or die. If it’s like this, then they shouldn’t eat ripe mangoes. ey’d better eat just the flowers! If we can see this, then we can see the Dhamma. Everything clears up and we are at peace. M F ose who don’t practise don’t be angry with them. Don’t speak against them. Just continually advise them. ey will come to the Dhamma when their spiritual factors are devel- oped. It’s like selling medicines. We advertise our medicines and those with a headache or stomachache will come and take some. ose who don’t want our medicines, let them be. 49 ey’re like fruit that are still green. We can’t force them to be ripe and sweet — just let them be. Let them grow up, sweeten and ripen all by themselves. If we think like this, our minds will be at ease. So we don’t need to force anybody. Simply ad- vertise our medicines and leave it at that. When someone is ill, he’ll come around and buy some. M Everything that you do you must do with clarity and aware- ness. When you see clearly, there will no longer be any need for enduring or forcing yourself. You have difficulties and are burdened because you miss the point. Peace comes from doing things completely with your whole body and mind. Whatever is left undone leaves you with a feeling of discontent. ese things bind you with worry wherever you go. You want to complete everything, but it’s impossible to get it all done. Take the case of the merchants who regularly come here to see me. ey say, “Oh, when my debts are all paid and prop- erty in order, I’ll come to get ordained.” ey talk like that, but will they ever finish and get it all in order? ere’s no end to it. ey pay up their debts with another loan, they pay off that one, and do it again. A merchant thinks that if he frees himself from debt he will be happy, but there’s no end to paying things off. at’s the way worldliness fools us. We go around and around like this never realizing our predicament. 50 O W Oil and water are different in the same way that a wise man and an ignorant man are different. e Buddha lived with form, sound, odour, taste, touch and thought. He was an arahant so he was able to turn away from them rather than toward them. He turned away and let go little by little, since he understood that the heart is just the heart and thought is just thought. He didn’t confuse them and mix them together. e heart is just the heart. oughts and feelings are just thoughts and feelings. Let things be as they are. Let form be just form, let sound be just sound, let thought be just thought. Why should we bother to attach to them? If we feel and think in this way, then there is detachment and separateness. Our thoughts and feelings will be on one side and our heart will be on the other. Just like oil and water — they are in the same bottle but they are separate. O In the end, people become neurotic. Why? Because they don’t know. ey just follow their moods and don’t know how to look after their own minds. When the mind has no one to look after it, it’s like a child without a mother or a father to take care of him. An orphan has no refuge and, without a refuge, he is very insecure. 51 Likewise, if the mind is not looked after, if there is no training or maturation of character with right understanding, it’s really troublesome. O C Suppose we had a cart, and an ox to pull it. e wheels of the cart aren’t long, but the tracks are. As long as the ox pulls the cart, the tracks will follow. e wheels are round, yet the tracks are long. Just looking at the stationary cart, one couldn’t see anything long about the wheels, but once the ox starts pulling the cart, we see the tracks stretching out behind. As long as the ox keeps pulling, the wheels keep turning. But there comes a day when the ox gets tired and throws off its yoke. e ox walks off and the cart is left there. e wheels no longer turn. In time the cart falls apart. Its constituent parts go back into the four elements of earth, water, wind and fire. People who follow the world are the same. If one were to look for peace within the world, one would go on and on with- out end, just like the wheels of the cart. As long as we follow the world, there is no stopping, no rest. If we simply stop fol- lowing it, the wheels of the cart no longer turn. ere is stop- ping right there. Following the world ceaselessly, the tracks go on. Creating bad kamma is like this. As long as we continue to follow the old ways, there is no stopping. If we stop, then there is stopping. is is the practice of Dhamma. 52 P Be mindful and let things take their natural course, then your mind will become quiet in any surroundings. It will become still like a clear forest pool and all kinds of wonderful and rare animals will come to drink from it. en you will clearly see the nature of all things in the world. You will see many won- derful and strange things come and go. But you will be still. is is the happiness of the Buddha. R W Actually the mind, like rain water, is pure in its natural state. If we were to drop green dye into clear rain water, however, it would turn green. If yellow dye were added, it would turn yellow. e mind reacts similarly. When a comfortable men- tal impression drops into the mind, the mind is comfortable. When the mental impression is uncomfortable, the mind is uncomfortable. e mind becomes cloudy, like the coloured water. When clear water contacts yellow, it turns yellow. When it contacts green, it turns green. It will change colour every time. Actually the water which turned green or yellow is naturally clean and clear. is is also the natural state of the mind — clean and pure and unconfused. It becomes confused only because it pursues mental impressions. It gets lost in its moods. 53 R F ere’s nothing wrong with the way the body grows old and gets sick. It just follows its nature. So it’s not the body that causes us suffering, but our own wrong thinking. When we see the right wrongly, there’s bound to be confusion. It’s like the water of a river. It naturally flows downhill. It never flows uphill. at’s its nature. If we were to go and stand on the bank of a river, and seeing the water flowing swiftly down its course, foolishly want it to flow back uphill, we would suffer. We would suffer because of our wrong view, our think- ing “against the stream.” If we had right view, we would see that the water must flow downhill. Until we realize and accept this fact, we will always be agitated and never find peace of mind. e river that must flow downhill is like our body. It passes through youth, old age and finally dies. Don’t let us go wishing it were otherwise. It’s not something we have the power to remedy. Don’t go against the stream! R Wherever you are, know yourself by being natural and watch- ful. If doubts arise, let them come and go. When you meet defilements, just see them and overcome them by letting go of them. It’s very simple — hold on to nothing. It’s as though you are walking down a road. Periodically you will run into obstacles. When you meet defilements, just 54 see them and overcome them by letting go of them. Don’t think about the obstacles you have already passed. Don’t worry about the obstacles you have not yet met. Stick to the present. Don’t be concerned about the length of the road or about your destination. Everything is changing. Whatever you pass, do not cling to it. Eventually the mind will reach its natural bal- ance. en it will be still whether you sit with your eyes closed or walk around in a big city. R e teaching that people least understand and which conflicts most with their own opinions is the teaching of letting go or working with the empty mind. When we conceive this in worldly terms, we become confused and think that we can do anything we want. It can be interpreted in this way, but its real meaning is closer to this: It’s as if we were carrying a heavy rock. After a while we begin to feel its weight, but we don’t know how to let go. So we endure this heavy burden all the time. If someone tells us to throw it away, we say, “If I throw it away, I won’t have anything left!” If told of all the benefits to be gained by throwing it away, we would not believe it, but would keep on thinking, “If 1 throw my rock away, I will have noth- ing.” So we keep on carrying this heavy rock until it becomes so unbearably heavy, and we become so weak and exhausted, that we just have to drop it. 55 Having dropped it, we suddenly experience the benefits of letting go. We immediately feel better and lighter and we know for ourselves how much of a burden carrying a rock can be. Before we let go of the rock, we couldn’t possibly know the benefits of letting go. Later on we may start carrying burdens again, but now we know what the results will be, so we can now let go more easily. is understanding — that it’s useless carrying burdens around and that letting go brings ease and lightness — is an example of knowing ourselves. Our pride, our sense of self that we depend on, is the same as that heavy rock. Like that rock, if we think about letting go of self, we are afraid that without it there would be nothing left. But when we can finally let it go, we realize for ourselves the ease and comfort of not clinging. S If you clearly see the truth through meditation, then suffering will become unwound, just like a screw. When you unwind a screw, it withdraws. It’s not tightly fixed as when you screw it, clockwise. e mind withdraws like this. It lets go, it relin- quishes. It’s not tightly bound within good and evil, within possessions, praise and blame, happiness or suffering. If we don’t know the truth, it’s like tightening the screw all the time. You screw it down until it crushes you and you suffer over eve- rything. When you unwind out of all that, you become free and at peace. 56 S In meditation, you must continuously be attentive, just like when planting a seedling. If you plant a seedling in one place, then after three days you pull it up and plant it in another place, and after three more days, pull it up again and plant it some- where else, it will just die and not grow up and bear any fruit. Meditation is the same. If you do a seven day meditation retreat and after leaving it, for seven months you go around “soiling” the mind, and then come back and do another seven- day retreat where you don’t speak and you keep to yourself, it’s like the tree. Your meditation practice won’t be able to grow and it will die without producing any real results. S K When we say that the mind stops, we mean that it feels as if it’s stopped, that it does not go running about here and there. It’s as if we have a sharp knife. If we go and cut away at things randomly, like stones, bricks and glass, without choosing care- fully, our knife will quickly become blunt. We must cut only those things which are useful to cut. Our mind is the same. If we let our mind wander after thoughts or feelings which have no use or value, the mind will become weak because it has no chance to rest. If the mind has no energy, wisdom will not arise, because the mind without energy is a mind without concentration. 57 S People want happiness, not suffering. But in fact happiness is just a refined form of suffering. Suffering itself is the coarse form. We can compare them to a snake. e snake’s head is unhappiness. e snake’s tail is happiness. e snake’s head is really dangerous. It has the poisonous fangs. If we touch it, it’ll bite right away. But never mind the head! Even if we go and hold onto the tail, it will turn around and bite us just the same, because both the head and tail belong to the one snake. Likewise happiness and unhappiness, pleasure and sad- ness, arise from the same snake: wanting. So when we’re happy, the mind isn’t really peaceful. For example, when we get the things we like, such as wealth, prestige, praise or happiness, we become pleased, but the mind remains uneasy for fear of losing them. at very fear isn’t a peaceful state. Later we may really lose those things, then we truly suffer. So if we’re not aware, even when happy, suffering is imminent. It’s just like grabbing the snake’s tail — if we don’t let go, it’ll bite. So be it the snake’s tail or head, that is, wholesome or unwholesome conditions, they’re all just characteristics of the Wheel of Existence, of endless change. S Watching a spider can give rise to wisdom. A spider spins its webs in any convenient niche and then sits in the center, stay- ing still. Later a fly comes along and lands on its web. As soon 58 as the fly touches and shakes the web — boop! — the spider pounces on it and winds it up in thread. It stores the insect away and then returns again to collect itself silently in the center of its web. is is not at all different from our own minds. Our mind is comparable to the spider, and our moods and mental impres- sions to the various insects. e senses constantly stimulate the mind. When any of them contacts something, it immediately reaches the mind. e mind then investigates and examines it thoroughly, after which it returns to the center. “Coming to the center” means living mindfully with clear comprehension, being always alert and doing everything with precision — this is our center. ere’s really not a lot for us to do. We just carefully live in this way. But that doesn’t mean that we live heedlessly thinking, “No need to do sitting or walking meditation!” and so forget all about our practice. We can’t be careless. We must remain alert like the spider waiting to snatch up insects for its food. is is how we abide — alert, acting with precision and always mindfully comprehending with wisdom. S, F W Have you ever seen flowing water? Have you ever seen still wa- ter? If your mind is peaceful, it will be just like still, flowing water. Have you ever seen still, flowing water? ere! You’ve only seen flowing water or still water, haven’t you? When your mind is peaceful, you can develop wisdom. Your mind will be 59 like flowing water, and yet still. It’s almost as if it were still, and yet it’s flowing. So I call it “still, flowing water.” Wisdom can arise here. S F Even though a fruit is sweet, we must first taste it before we know what its taste is like. Yet, that fruit, even though no one tastes it, is still sweet. But nobody knows it. e Dhamma of the Buddha is like this. Even though it’s the truth, it isn’t true for those who don’t really know it. No matter how excellent or fine it may be, it is worthless to them. T B Read yourself, not books. Truth isn’t outside. at’s only mem- ory, not wisdom. Memory without wisdom is like an empty thermos bottle — if you don’t fill it, it’s useless. T M A man comes walking along a road. He is very thirsty from his journey and is craving for a drink of water. He stops at a place beside the road and asks for a drink. e owner of the water says, “You can drink this water if you like. e colour is good, the smell is good, the taste is good, too, but if you drink it, you will become ill. It’ll make you sick enough to die or 60 nearly die.” e thirsty man does not listen. He’s as thirsty as a person after an operation who has been denied a good drink of water for a while. He’s crying for water! So he dips out a bit of water and swallows it down, finding it very tasty. He drinks his fill and gets so sick that he almost dies. He didn’t listen to the warning that was given to him because of his overpower- ing desire. is is how it is for a person caught in the pleasures of the senses. e Buddha taught that they are poisonous but he is thirsty and so he doesn’t listen. He drinks in sights, sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations and mind-objects and they are all delicious. So he drinks without stopping, and there he re- mains stuck fast until the day he dies. T All things are just as they are. ey don’t cause suffering to any- body. It’s just like a thorn, a really sharp thorn. Does it make you suffer? No, it’s just a thorn. It doesn’t bother anybody. But if you go and stand on it, you’ll suffer. Why is there suffering? Because you stepped on the thorn. e thorn is just minding its own business. It doesn’t harm anybody. It’s because of we ourselves that there’s pain. Form, feeling, perception, volition, consciousness… all the things in this world are simply as they are. It’s We who pick fights with them. And if we hit them, they hit us back. If they’re left alone, they won’t bother any- body. Only the drunkard gives them trouble. 61 T e Buddha taught that the objects of the senses are a trap, a trap of Mara’s. It is a hunter’s trap and the hunter is Mara. If animals are caught in a hunter’s trap, it’s a sorrowful predicament. ey are caught fast and are held waiting for the owner of the trap. Have you ever snared birds? e snare springs and — boop! — caught by the neck! A good strong string holds it fast. Wherever the bird flies, it cannot escape. It flies here and flies there, but it’s held tight, waiting for the owner of the snare to come. When the hunter comes along, that’s it! e bird is struck with fear and there is no escape. e trap of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touch and mind- objects is the same. ey catch us and bind us fast. T Naturally people who wish to reach their home are not those who merely sit and think about travelling. ey must actually undertake the process of travelling step by step, and in the right direction as well, in order to finally reach home. If they take the wrong path, they may eventually run into difficulties, such as swamps or other obstacles, which are hard to get around. Or they may run into dangerous situations and thereby possibly never reach home. ose who reach home can relax and sleep comfortably. Home is a place of comfort. But if the traveller only passed by 62 the front of his home or only walked around it, he would not receive any benefit from having travelled all the way home. In the same way, walking the path to reach the Buddha- Dhamma is something each one of us must do individually ourselves, for no one can do it for us. And we must travel along the proper path of morality, concentration and wisdom until we find the blessings of purity, radiance and peacefulness of mind that are the fruits of travelling the path. However if one only has knowledge of books, sermons, and sutras, that is, only knowledge of the map or plans for the journey, even in hundreds of lifetimes one will never know pu- rity, radiance and peacefulness of mind. Instead one will just waste time and never get to the real benefits of practice. Teach- ers are those who point out the direction of the Path. After listening to the teachers, whether or not we walk the Path by practising ourselves, and thereby reap the fruits of practice, is strictly up to each one of us. T We can learn Dhamma from trees. A tree is born due to a cause and it, grows following the course of nature until it buds, flowers and bears fruit. Right here the tree is discoursing Dhamma to us, but we don’t understand this. We’re unable to bring it within and contemplate, so we don’t know that the tree is teaching us Dhamma. e fruit appears and we merely eat it without investigating: sweet, sour or bitter, it’s the nature of 63 the fruit. And this is Dhamma, the teaching of the fruit. en the leaves grow old, ey wither, die and fall from the tree. All we see is that the leaves have fallen down. We step on them, we sweep them up, that’s all. We don’t know that nature is teach- ing us. Later on, the new leaves sprout, and we merely see that, without taking it further. is is not the truth that is known through internal reflection. If we can bring all this inward and investigate it, we will see that the birth of a tree and our own birth are no different. is body of ours is born and exists, dependent on conditions, on the elements of earth, water, wind and fire. Every part of the body changes according to its nature. It’s no different from the tree. Hair, nails, teeth and skin, all change. If we know the things of nature, then we will know ourselves. T Looking for peace is like looking for a turtle with a moustache. You won’t be able to find it. But when your heart is ready, it will come and look for you. T R As soon as we’re born we’re dead. Our birth and our death are just one thing. It’s like a tree. When there are twigs, there must be a root. When there’s a root, there must be twigs. You can’t have one without the other. 64 It’s a little funny to see how at a death people are so grief- stricken, and at a birth so delighted. I think if you really want to cry, then it would be better to do so when someone’s born, for actually birth is death — death is birth; the root is the twig, the twig is the root. If you’ve got to cry, cry at the root, cry at the birth. Look closely and see that if there were no birth, there would be no death. U R People who study the Dhamma without penetrating to its true meaning are just like a dog sleeping on a pile of unthreshed rice. When it’s hungry, it bounds off the pile of rice grain and runs off looking for scraps of food. Even though it’s sleeping right on top of a pile of food, it doesn’t know that. Why? Because it can’t see the rice. Dogs can’t eat unthreshed rice. e food is there but the dog can’t eat it. It doesn’t know the rice. It might not be able to find anything to eat for a long time, and it may even die… right on top of that pile of rice! People are like this. No matter how much we study the Dhamma, we won’t see it if we don’t practise. If we don’t see it, then we won’t know it. W B e Buddha really taught the truth. If you contemplate it, there is nowhere you can argue with him. But we people are 65 like a buffalo. If it’s not tied down by all four legs, it’ll not let itself be given any medicine. If tied down and it can’t do any- thing — aha! — now if you want to, you can go ahead and give it medicine and it can’t struggle away. At this extent it will give up. We people are similar. Only when we are completely bound up in suffering will we let go of our delusions. If we can still struggle away, we will not give up very easily. W C As long as true wisdom hasn’t yet arisen, we still see the senses and their objects as our enemies. But once true wisdom arises we no longer see them as such. ey become the doorway to insight and clear understanding. A good example is the wild chickens in the forest. We all know how much they fear humans. Yet since I’ve lived in the forest, I’ve been able to teach them and learn from them too. I began by throwing them rice to eat. At first they were afraid and wouldn’t go near the rice. But after a while they got used to it and even began to expect it. ey first thought the rice was a dangerous enemy. But there was no danger in the rice. ey just didn’t know the rice was food, so they were afraid. When they finally saw there was nothing to fear, they could come and eat peacefully. Wild chickens learn naturally like this. Living here in the forest, we learn in the same way. Be- fore, we thought our senses were a problem, and because we didn’t know how to use them properly, they were troublesome. 66 rough experience in practice, however, we learn to see them according to the Truth. We learn to use them, just as the chickens did with the rice. en they’re no longer against us and problems disappear. Y F A People often presume there would be a problem with language for the Westerners who wanted to stay at Ajahn Chah’s mon- astery, but this was not the case. Someone once asked Ajahn Chah, “How do you teach all your Western disciples? Do you speak English or French? Do you speak Japanese or Ger- man?” “No,” replied Ajahn Chah. “en how do they manage?” he asked. “Do you have water buffalos in your yard at home?” “Yes, I do.” “Do you have any cows, or dogs, or chickens? “Yes, I have them, too,” was the reply. “Tell me,” Ajahn Chah asked, “do you speak Water buffalo or Cow?” “No, of course not.” “Well, how do you manage then?” Part II All the teachings are merely similes and comparisons, means to help the mind see the truth. A C 68 A H E People only think about the pleasure of acquiring and don’t consider the trouble involved. When I was a novice I used to talk to the lay people about the happiness of wealth and posses- sions, having servants and so on: a hundred male servants, a hundred female servants, a hundred cows, a hundred buffalos… a hundred of everything. e lay people really liked that. But can you imagine looking after a hundred buffalos, or a hun- dred cows, not to mention the two hundred servants? Would that be fun? People do not consider this side of things. ey have the desire to possess, to have the cows, the buffalos and the servants, hundreds of them. But I say fifty buffalos would be too much. Just twining the rope for all those brutes would already be one big headache! But people don’t consider this. ey just want to acquire as much as they can. A’ N When we sit in meditation we want the mind to become peace- ful, but it doesn’t. We don’t want to think, but we think. It’s like a person who is sitting on an ants’ nest. e ants just keep on biting him. Why? Because when the mind is in the world, then even though a person is sitting still with his eyes closed, all he sees is the world. Pleasure, sorrow, anxiety, confusion, they all arise, because he still hasn’t realized Dhamma. If the mind is like this, the meditator can’t endure the worldly dhammas, 69 he can’t investigate. It’s just the same as if he were sitting on an ants’ nest. e ants are going to bite because he’s right on their home. So what should he do? He should look for a way to get rid of them. A O If you ask people why they were born, they probably would have a lot of trouble answering, because they’re sunk in the world of the senses and sunk in becoming. For example, suppose we had an orchard of apple trees that we were particularly fond of. at’s becoming for us if we don’t reflect with wisdom. How so? Suppose our orchard contained a hundred apple trees and we considered them to be our trees. We’d then be born as a worm in every single one of them, and we’d bore into every one of them. Even though our human body may still be back at the house, we’d send out tentacles into every one of those trees. It’s becoming because of our clinging to the idea that those trees are our own, that that orchard is our own. If some- one were to take an axe and cut one of the trees down, we would die along with the tree. We’d get furious and would have to go and set things straight. We’d fight and even kill over it. e quarrelling is the birth. We are born right at the point where we consider anything to be our own, born from the becoming. Even if we had a thousand apple trees, if someone were to cut down just one, it would be like cutting the owner down. What- ever we cling to, we are born right there, we exist right there. 70 A You can begin doing away with selfishness through giving. If people are selfish they do not feel good about themselves. And yet people tend to be very selfish without realizing how it af- fects them. You can experience this at any time. Notice it when you are hungry. If you get a couple of apples and then the opportunity arises to share them with someone else, a friend, for instance, you think it over. Really, the intention to give is there, but you only want to give away the smaller one. To give the big one, well, it would be a shame. It’s hard to think straight. You tell your friend to go ahead and take one but then you say, “Take this!” and give him the smaller one. is is one form of selfishness, but people don’t often notice it. Have you ever seen this? In giving, you really have to go against the grain. Even though you want to give the smaller fruit, you must force your- self to give the bigger one. Of course once you’ve given it to your friend, it feels so good. Training the mind by going against the grain in this way requires self-discipline. You must know how to give and how to give up and not nurture your selfishness. is is called going against the grain in a correct way. B S No matter how much you like something you should reflect that it’s uncertain. Like bamboo shoots: they may seem to be 71 so delicious but you must tell yourself “not sure!” If you want to test out if it’s sure or not, try eating them every day. Even- tually you’ll complain: “is doesn’t taste so good any more!” en you’ll prefer another kind of food and be sure that food is delicious. But you’ll find out later that’s “not sure” too. Every- thing is just “not sure.” B S, L S People aren’t able to see themselves out of their problems be- cause of wrong view. ey’re like the man who throws away a small stick and picks up a bigger one, thinking that the bigger stick will be lighter. B P To know the taste of Dhamma, you will have to put the teaching into practice yourself. e Buddha didn’t talk about the fruits of the practice in much detail because it’s something one can’t convey in words. It would be like trying to describe the different colours to someone who has been blind from birth. You couldn’t do it. You could try, but it wouldn’t serve much purpose. B & I C We are deluded by the body and its charms, but really it is foul. Suppose we didn’t take a bath for a week. Could we bear to 72 be close to each other? We’d really smell bad. When we sweat a lot, such as when we are working hard together, the smell is awful. We go back home and rub ourselves down with soap and water, and the fragrance of the soap replaces our bad body odour. Rubbing sweet-smelling soap on the body may make it seem fragrant, but actually the bad smell of the body is still there, temporarily suppressed. When the smell of the soap is gone, the smell of the body comes back again. Now we tend to think the body is beautiful, delightful and strong. We tend to think that we will never age, get sick or die. We are charmed and fooled by the body and so we are ignorant of the true refuge within ourselves. e true place of refuge is the mind. B R e teachings of the Buddha can help us to solve our problems, but first we must practise and develop wisdom. It’s like want- ing to have boiled rice. We must first build a fire, wait until the water comes to a boil, and let the rice cook for as long as it needs to. We just can’t throw rice into a pot of water and have boiled rice right away. B O If some sensation makes an impression on the mind, don’t sim- ply disregard it. It’s like baking bricks. Have you ever seen a
