NASA presents 'Earth as Art'

Images from Earth-observing environmental satellites in orbit around the planet. This book shows patterns, shapes, colors, and textures of the land, oceans, ice, and atmosphere. #NASA
About Jack Berlin

Lawrence Friedl, Karen Yuen...[et.al.] - About Prizm Share
image Landsat River Desert area Island Lake Mountain Sand
Images from Earth-observing environmental satellites in orbit around the planet. This book shows patterns, shapes, colors, and textures of the land, oceans, ice, and atmosphere. #NASA
About Jack Berlin

Lawrence Friedl, Karen Yuen...[et.al.] - About Prizm Share
image Landsat River Desert area Island Lake Mountain Sand
<p>National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration
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  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Friedl, Lawrence.
  Earth as art / Lawrence Friedl, Karen Yuen...[et.al.].
       p. cm.
  Summary: “[Images from Earth-observing environmental  
satellites in orbit around the planet. This book shows patterns,  
shapes, colors, and textures of the land, oceans, ice, and 
atmosphere]”--Provided by publisher.
 1.  Earth--Pictorial works.  I. Yuen, Karen. II. Title. 
  QB637.F75 2012
  550.22’2--dc23
                                                            2012031026
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We must look to the heavens . . . 
for the measure of the earth. 
Jean-Félix Picard
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Contents
viii  Foreword
2  Akpatok Island, Canada
4  Aleutian Clouds, Bering Sea
6  Algerian Desert, Algeria
8  Alluvial Fan, China
10  Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco
12  Anyuyskiy Volcano, Russia
14  Belcher Islands, Canada
16  Bogda Mountains, China
18  Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar
20  Brandberg Massif, Namibia
22  Byrd Glacier, Antarctica
24  Cape Farewell, New Zealand
26  Carbonate Sand Dunes, Atlantic Ocean
28  Carnegie Lake, Australia
30  Dardzha Peninsula, Turkmenistan
32  Dasht-e Kavir, Iran
34  Desolation Canyon, United States
36  East African Rift, Kenya
38  Edrengiyn Nuruu, Mongolia
40  Erg Chech, Algeria
42  Erg Iguidi, Algeria and Mauritania
44  Erongo Massif, Namibia
46  Garden City, United States
48  Grand Bahama Bank, Atlantic Ocean
50  Gravity Waves, Above the Indian Ocean
52  Great Salt Desert, Iran
54  Himalayas, Central Asia
56  
Ice Waves, Greenland
58  
Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, Mexico
60  Jebel Uweinat, Egypt
62  Kalahari Desert, Southern Africa
64  Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
66  Kilimanjaro, Kenya and Tanzania
68  Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk
70  La Rioja, Argentina
72  Lake Disappointment, Australia
74  Lake Eyre, Australia
76  Lena River Delta, Russia
78  MacDonnell Ranges, Australia
80  Mayn River, Russia
82  Meandering Mississippi, United States
84  Mississippi River Delta, United States
86  Mount Elgon, Kenya and Uganda
88  Musandam Peninsula, Oman
90  Namib Desert, Namibia
92  Nazca Lines, Peru
94  Niger River, Mali
96  Okavango Delta, Botswana
98  Painted Desert, United States
100 Paraná River Delta, Argentina
102 Phytoplankton Bloom, Baltic Sea
104 Pinacate Volcano Field, Mexico
106 Ribbon Lakes, Russia
108 Richat Structure, Mauritania
110 Rocky Mountain Trench, Canada
112 Rub’ al Khali, Arabian Peninsula
114 Sand Hills, United States
116 Shoemaker Crater, Australia
118 Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico
120 South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean
122 Southern Sahara Desert, Africa
124 Susitna Glacier, United States
126 Syrian Desert, West Asia
128 Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria
130 Terkezi Oasis, Chad
132 Three Massifs, Sahara Desert
134 Tibetan Plateau, Central Asia
136 Tikehau Atoll, French Polynesia
138 Triple Junction, East Africa
 140 Ugab River, Namibia
142 Vatnajökull Glacier Ice Cap, Iceland
144 Volcanoes, Chile and Argentina
146 Von Kármán Vortices, Southern Pacific Ocean
148 Wadi Branches, Jordan
150 Zagros Mountains, Iran
152 About the Book
154  Appendix
158  Acknowledgments
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viii
Foreword
In 1960, the United States put its first Earth-observing 
environmental satellite into orbit around the planet. Over the 
decades, these satellites have provided invaluable information, 
and the vantage point of space has provided new perspectives 
on Earth. This book celebrates Earth’s aesthetic beauty in the 
patterns, shapes, colors, and textures of the land, oceans, ice, 
and atmosphere. Earth-observing environmental satellites can 
measure outside the visible range of light, so these images 
show more than what is visible to the naked eye. The beauty 
of Earth is clear, and the artistry ranges from the surreal to 
the sublime. Truly, by escaping Earth’s gravity we discovered 
its attraction.
Earth as art—enjoy the gallery. 
Lawrence Friedl
NASA Earth Science
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Akpatok Island
Canada
Akpatok Island rises sharply out of the frigid water of Ungava Bay in northern Quebec, Canada. Composed primarily of limestone, 
the island is a flat, treeless plateau 23 kilometers wide, 45 kilometers long, and about 150 to 250 meters high. This 2001 Landsat 7 
image shows Akpatok Island completely covered in snow and ice. Small, dark patches of open water appear between pieces of pale 
blue-green sea ice, and a few scattered clouds are shown in red. The surrounding sea and ice are home to polar bears, walruses, 
and whales. A traditional hunting ground for native Inuit people, Akpatok is almost inaccessible except by air. The island is an 
important sanctuary for seabirds that make their nests in the steep cliffs that circle the island.
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Aleutian Clouds
Bering Sea 
Clouds hover over the waters off the western Aleutian Islands, where fog, heavy rains, and high winds are common. While the 
clouds in this 2000 Landsat 7 image are structured differently, all the clouds shown are low, marine stratocumulus clouds, which 
often produce drizzle. The color variations are probably due to differences in the temperature and in the size of the water droplets 
that make up the clouds. The Aleutian Islands are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The archipelago curves out 1,800 kilometers from 
southwestern Alaska towards Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula.
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Algerian Desert
Algeria
Lying amid the Great Eastern Erg, the Great Western Erg, and the Atlas Mountains in Northern Africa, the Sahara Desert in central 
Algeria is dotted by fragmented mountains (in brown, lower right) where barren, windswept ridges overlook arid plains. In this 
Landsat 5 image from 2009, a system of dry streambeds crisscrosses the rocky landscape awaiting the rare, intense rains that often 
cause flash floods.
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Alluvial Fan
China
A vast alluvial fan unfolds across the desolate landscape between the Kunlun and Altun mountain ranges that form the southern 
border of the Taklimakan Desert in China’s Xinjiang Province. The fan is about 60 kilometers long and 55 kilometers wide at its 
broadest point. The left side is the active part of the fan. Water flowing down from the mountains in the many small streams appears 
blue in this 2002 image from the Terra satellite. Vegetation appears red and can be seen in the upper left corner of the image. 
Farmers take advantage of water at the foot of the fan to irrigate small fields. The “lumpy” terrain at the top of the image is composed 
of sand dunes at the edge of the Taklimakan, one of the largest sandy deserts on Earth. Shifting sand dunes, some reaching as high 
as 200 meters, cover more than 80 percent of the desert floor.
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Anti-Atlas Mountains
Morocco 
A part of the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa, the Anti-Atlas range runs for several hundred kilometers. The range extends from 
the Atlantic Ocean in southwest Morocco toward the northeast, where it meets the High Atlas range closer to the Mediterranean 
Coast. The Anti-Atlas mountains formed as a result of continental collisions between 65 and 250 million years ago, which destroyed 
the then Tethys Ocean. The limestone, sandstone, claystone, and gypsum layers that formed the ocean bed were folded and 
crumpled to create the mountains. This Landsat 7 image from 2001 highlights some of the different rock types and illustrates the 
complex folding.
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Anyuyskiy Volcano 
Russia
Anyuyskiy Volcano lies north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia. Now dormant, the volcano was once active enough 
to send a massive lahar (an avalanche of volcanic ash and rock mixed with water) 50 kilometers down the west side of the volcano 
summit. The dried, hardened remains of the lahar persist today as a streak of barren rock on a landscape that is otherwise richly 
vegetated. In this Landsat 7 image from 2001, vegetation appears green, bare rock and ice appear bright red, and water appears 
navy blue. The Anyuyskiy lahar extends from the volcano’s north slope, turns sharply westward, and flows toward the west-
southwest. Lakes occur along the margins of the lahar, and some small lakes appear on the lahar’s surface. Little vegetation has 
encroached on the ancient river of rock. Remote and largely inaccessible, the region is a rugged collection of towering volcanic 
peaks, steep valleys, and snow-fed rivers and streams.
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Belcher Islands
Canada
The Belcher Islands are spread across some 13,000 square kilometers in southeastern Hudson Bay, but within that area, only 
about 3,000 square kilometers are actual islands and dry land. Landsat 7 captured this image of the archipelago in August 2000, 
when the north’s brief summer was coming to an end. The mostly brownish hues of the land areas in this image attest to a lack of 
vegetation, as cold temperatures prevent the growth of robust forests. The deep waters of the Hudson Bay appear almost black, 
with the exception of shallower areas close to land, which appear peacock blue. While they may appear delicate in this image, the 
Belcher Islands are composed of tough rock that has survived long stretches of geologic time. Geologists estimate that rocks in the 
1,500-island archipelago range from 1.6 to 2.3 billion years old.
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Bogda Mountains
China
The Turpan Depression, nestled at the foot of the Bogda Mountains in northwestern China, is a strange mix of salt lakes and sand 
dunes. At the bottom of the basin is Aydingkol Lake, which appears blue in this Landsat 7 image from 1999. Once a permanent lake 
and now a salty swamp, the lake is 155 meters below sea level, making it the third lowest place on Earth’s land surface after the 
Dead Sea and Africa’s Lake Assal. A region of temperature extremes, the Turpan Depression extends over 50,000 square kilometers. 
The city of Turpan, located in the higher northern part of the depression, was an important trading center on the ancient Silk Road.
Bombetoka Bay
Madagascar
Bombetoka Bay is located on the northwestern coast of Madagascar near the city of Mahajanga, where the Betsiboka River flows 
into the Mozambique Channel. Numerous islands and sandbars have formed in the estuary due to sediment carried by the Betsiboka 
River as well as the push and pull of tides. The past few decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the amount of sediment 
moved by the river and deposited in the estuary and offshore delta lobes, affecting agriculture, fisheries, and transportation in 
Mahajanga, one of Madagascar’s busiest seaports. In this Terra image from 2000, dense vegetation is deep green and water is 
sapphire and tinged with pink where sediment is particularly thick.
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Brandberg Massif 
Namibia
Over 120 million years ago, a single mass of granite punched through Earth’s crust and intruded into the heart of the Namib Desert 
in what is now northern Namibia. Today, Brandberg Massif towers over the arid desert below. The locals call it Dâures—the burning 
mountain. The granite core of this now-dormant volcano is a remnant of a long period of tumultuous volcanic and geologic activity 
on Earth during which the southern supercontinent of Gondwana was splitting apart. 
The mountain influences the local climate, drawing more rain to its flanks than the desert below receives. The rain filters into the 
mountain’s deep crevices and slowly seeps out through springs. Unique plant and animal communities thrive in its high-altitude 
environment, and prehistoric cave paintings decorate walls hidden in the steep cliffs gouged in the mountain. 
This 2002 Landsat 7 image also captured an older and more-eroded granite intrusion in the southwest. Along the Ugab River at the 
upper left, cracks line the brown face of an ancient plain of rock transformed into gneiss by heat, pressure, and time. 
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Byrd Glacier
Antarctica
Just as rivers drain the continents, rivers also drain Antarctica—only in this frozen landscape, the rivers are ice. In some places, 
steep mountains channel the flowing ice sheets and compress them into fast-moving rivers of ice. The Byrd Glacier is one such 
place. Byrd Glacier flows through a deep valley in the Transantarctic Mountains, covering a distance of 180 kilometers and 
descending more than 1,300 meters as it flows from the polar plateau (left) to the Ross Ice Shelf (right). The fast-moving stream 
is one of the largest contributors to the shelf’s total ice volume. In this Landsat 7 image from 2000, long, sweeping flow lines are 
crossed in places by much shorter lines, which are deep cracks in the ice called crevasses. The conspicuous red patches indicate 
areas of exposed rock. Byrd Glacier is located near the principal U.S. Antarctic Research Base at McMurdo Station, and it is named 
after the American Antarctic explorer Richard E. Byrd. 
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Cape Farewell
New Zealand
Cape Farewell and Farewell Spit were named by British explorer Captain James Cook, who said “farewell” to the land when he left 
New Zealand in 1770—it was the last of the islands his crew saw as they departed for Australia on the ship’s homeward voyage. Its 
Maori name, Onetahua, means “heaped up sand.”
Farewell Spit is located at the northwesternmost point of the South Island of New Zealand, and the spit stretches east from Cape 
Farewell for over 30 kilometers. The Tasman Sea is to the north and west. The spit’s north side is built of sand dunes, and the 
southern side facing Golden Bay is largely covered with vegetation. The spit is administered as a sea bird and wildlife reserve with 
limited public access. The tide here can recede as much as 7 kilometers, exposing some 80 square kilometers of mudflats, a rich 
feeding ground for the many sea birds in the area. Terra acquired this image in 2001.
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Carbonate Sand Dunes
Atlantic Ocean
In this 2002 Terra image, calcium carbonate sand dunes are apparent in the shallow waters of Tarpum Bay, southwest of Eleuthera 
Island in the Bahamas. The sand making up the dunes comes from the erosion of limestone coral reefs, shaped into dunes by 
ocean currents. 
Eleuthera Island is one of the larger “out” islands of the Bahamas. The island itself consists mainly of low, rounded limestone hills, 
and the highest elevation of the island is about 60 meters. It has a rough, karst topography with caves, sinkholes, and cenotes. The 
island is surrounded by coral reefs and pink sand beaches. 
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Carnegie Lake
Australia
Ephemeral Carnegie Lake, in Western Australia, fills with water only during periods of significant rainfall. In dry years, it is reduced 
to a muddy marsh. When full, it can cover an area of about 6 square kilometers. In this Landsat 7 image from 1999, flooded areas 
appear dark blue or black. Vegetation appears in shades of dark and light green, and sands, soils, and minerals appear in a variety 
of colors.
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Dardzha Peninsula
Turkmenistan
Jutting into the Caspian Sea, the Dardzha Peninsula in western Turkmenistan lies among the shallow, coastal terraces in the sea’s 
southeast portion. Strong winds create huge sand dunes near the water, some of which are partly submerged. Farther inland, the 
dunes transition into the low sand plains of the Karakum Desert, which covers 70 percent of the country. Landsat 7 captured this 
image in 2001.
Dasht-e Kavir 
Iran
The Dasht-e Kavir, or Great Salt Desert, is the larger of Iran’s two major deserts, which occupy most of the country’s central plateau. 
Located in north-central Iran, the mostly uninhabited desert is about 800 kilometers long and 320 kilometers wide. Once situated 
beneath an ancient inland sea, the arid region is now covered with salt deposits and is known for its salt marshes (kavirs), which can 
act like quicksand. From wild sheep and leopards to gazelles and lizards, there is a range of wildlife in the mountainous areas and 
parts of the steppe and desert areas of the central plateau. This 2000 Landsat 7 image shows the intricately folded sediments and 
colorful formations that now blanket the surface of this barren landscape.
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Desolation Canyon
United States
Nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon, Desolation Canyon is one of the largest unprotected wilderness areas in the American West. 
In this Landsat 7 image from 2000, the Green River in Utah flows south across the Tavaputs Plateau (top) before entering the 
canyon (center). 
Desolation Canyon has a rich history. Geologist and explorer John Wesley Powell named the canyon. During two river expeditions 
in 1869 and 1871, Powell’s team mapped the Green River for the first time before heading down the Colorado River to the Grand 
Canyon. People of the Fremont culture inhabited the canyon and the plateau from about 200 to 1300 C.E. The present-day Ute Tribe 
owns the land along the east side of the river. Fremont and Ute pictographs and petroglyphs are abundant in Desolation and its 
numerous tributary canyons. The U.S. declared Desolation Canyon a National Historic Landmark in 1968.
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East African Rift
Kenya
The East African Rift is a classic example of rifting, an area where tectonic plates move apart from each other. Rifts often form 
stunning geological features. The East African Rift is characterized by deep valleys in the rift zone, sheer escarpments along the 
faulted walls of the rift zone, a chain of lakes within the rift, volcanic rocks that have flowed from faults along the sides of the rift, and 
volcanic cones where magma flow was most intense. This Terra image from 2002 includes most of these features near Lake Begoria 
in Kenya. 
This rift is a narrow zone in which the African Plate is in the process of splitting into two new tectonic plates called the Somali Plate 
and the Nubian Plate. Most of the lakes in this rift are highly saline due to evaporation in the hot temperatures characteristic of 
climates near the equator. The East African Rift runs from the Afar Triple Junction southward through eastern Africa and has been a 
rich source of fossils that allow for the study of human evolution.
Edrengiyn Nuruu
Mongolia
Edrengiyn Nuruu is a mountainous region located in southwest Mongolia. The area has an average elevation of over 1,540 meters 
above sea level and forms a transitional boundary between the Mongolian steppes to the north and the arid deserts of China to the 
south. The area’s climate is classified as a midlatitude desert with a boreal wet forest biozone, and the foothills serve as one of just 
four known habitats of the wild camel. Landsat 7 acquired this image in 1999.
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Erg Chech
Algeria 
In this Landsat 7 image from 2003, the amber and caramel lattices seen are large, linear sand dunes in the Erg Chech dune sea 
located in the Sahara region of western Algeria. An erg, meaning dune field in Arabic, is a wide, flat area of desert covered with wind-
blown sand and little vegetation cover. The dunes are formed when large amounts of transported sand are halted by topographic 
barriers. The largest dunes can take up to a million years to build. Ergs are also found on other celestial bodies such as Venus, Mars, 
and Saturn’s moon Titan.
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Erg Iguidi
Algeria and Mauritania
Ridges of wind-blown sand flow across Erg Iguidi, a Saharan sand sea. Erg Iguidi is one of several Saharan ergs and extends from 
Algeria into Mauritania in northwestern Africa. The dunes (in yellow) are about 250 meters wide, rising high above the sand sea. 
Winds blow from the northwest to the southeast, often under the influence of oceanic monsoons. In this 1985 Landsat 5 image, 
dunes in the center and upper left lie atop black sandstone rock while the light blue and white areas are edges of the chalk plateaus 
in the region.
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Erongo Massif
Namibia
The dark heart in this Landsat 7 image from 2003 is the Erongo Massif, a prominent, sheer-walled semicircular mountain 30 
kilometers in diameter. The massif rises 1,200 meters above the Namib Desert to the west and a mixed woodland savannah to the 
east. The mountain is an eroded relic of a volcano that was active some 140 to 150 million years ago but collapsed upon itself with 
the weight of the overlying magma. Eons of erosion by wind and wind-blown sand gradually exposed the long-dead volcano’s core 
of granite and basalt. Minerals have been collected in the Erongo region for nearly 90 years, including some of the finest aquamarine, 
schorl, and jeremejevite. The area has a confluence of ecosystems that are home to a vast array of plant, reptile, mammal, and bird 
species, some endemic to Namibia. 
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Garden City
United States
Garden City, Kansas, has a semi-arid steppe climate with hot, dry summers and cold, dry winters. Center-pivot irrigation systems 
created the circular patterns near Garden City, seen here from Landsat 7 in September 2000. The red circles indicate irrigated crops 
of healthy vegetation, and the light-colored circles denote harvested crops. The 19th-century Santa Fe Trail through central North 
America that connected Franklin, Missouri, with Santa Fe, New Mexico, passed through Garden City. 
Grand Bahama Bank
Atlantic Ocean
Near Florida and Cuba, the underwater terrain is hilly and the crests of many of these hills compose the islands of the Bahamas. A 
striking feature of this 2009 Aqua image is the Great Bahama Bank, a massive underwater hill underlying Andros Island in the west, 
Eleuthera Island in the east, and multiple islands in between. To the north, another bank underlies a set of islands, including Grand 
Bahama. The varied colors of these banks suggest that their surfaces are somewhat uneven. The banks’ distinct contours, sharply 
outlined in dark blue, indicate that the ocean floor drops dramatically around them. Over the banks, the water depth is often less 
than 10 meters, but the surrounding basin plunges to depths as low as 4,000 meters.
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Gravity Waves
Above the Indian Ocean
In this Terra image from 2003, a fingerprint-like feature occurs over a deck of marine stratocumulus clouds. The feature is the result 
of gravity waves. Similar to the ripples that occur when a pebble is thrown into a still pond, gravity waves sometimes appear when 
the relatively stable and stratified air masses associated with stratocumulus cloud layers are disturbed by a vertical trigger, such as 
the underlying terrain, a thunderstorm updraft, or some other vertical wind shear. The stratocumulus cellular clouds that underlie 
the wave feature are associated with sinking air that is strongly cooled at the level of the cloud tops—such clouds are common over 
midlatitude oceans when the air is unperturbed by cyclonic or frontal activity. 
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Great Salt Desert
Iran
A mix of salt marshes, mudflats, wadis, steppes, and desert plateaus color the landscape of Iran’s Great Salt Desert, Dasht-e Kavir. 
The region covers an area of more than 77,000 square kilometers. Dramatic daily temperature swings and violent storms are the 
norm, and extreme heat leaves the marshes and mud grounds with large crusts of salt. Some vegetation has adapted to the hot, 
arid climate and to the saline soil. Some wildlife live in parts of the steppe and desert areas of the central plateau, while others are 
common in the mountainous areas. Human settlement is largely restricted to some oases. Landsat 7 acquired this image in 2003.
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Himalayas
Central Asia 
The soaring, snow-capped peaks and ridges of the eastern Himalaya Mountains create an irregular patchwork between major rivers 
in Tibet and southwestern China. Covered by snow and glaciers, the mountains here rise to altitudes of more than 5,000 meters. 
Vegetation at lower elevations is colored red in this Terra image from 2001. The Himalayas are made up of three parallel mountain 
ranges that together extend more than 2,900 kilometers. Uplift of the Himalayas continues today, at a rate of several millimeters per 
year, in response to the continuing collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates that began about 70 million years ago.
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Ice Waves
Greenland
The undulating swirls shown here along the eastern coast of Greenland are slurries of sea ice, newly calved icebergs, and older 
weathered bergs. During the summer melting season, the southward-flowing East Greenland Current twirls these mixtures into 
stunning shapes. The East Greenland Current is the major current for transporting sea ice from Greenland into the North Atlantic. 
The rush of fresh water on an annual basis contributes to the low salinity and cold temperature of the current. In the center of this 
2001 Landsat 7 image, the exposed rock of mountain peaks, tinted red, appears as an intricate network of glacier-cut fjords.
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Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida
Mexico
Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida are islands in the Gulf of California, located off the coast of the Mexican state of Baja California 
Sur. Isla Partida is the northern island of the group, which is about 32 kilometers long and 10 kilometers across at the widest point. 
Depending on the tides, the islands are connected by a narrow isthmus or separated by a shallow channel.
Protected as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve, the islands are made 
up of alternating layers of black lava and pink volcanic ash. On the eastern side, steep cliffs drop sheerly into the water. The western 
side of the islands is digitate, or fingerlike, with a series of rocky points separated by deep, shallow bays. Thin, xeric vegetation gives 
the island its greenish color in this 2002 Terra image, while bare ground appears pinkish orange. Small mangrove swamps tucked 
into the west coast bays appear bright green. The creamy-white beaches are composed of fine-grained, coralline sand. 
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Jebel Uweinat
Egypt
Rivers of sand sweep around the mountainous outcrops of Jebel Uweinat in this Terra image from 2002. Jebel Uweinat towers 
1,934 meters above the barren plains of the Libyan Desert, the eastern third of the Saharan Desert. Located at the intersection of 
the Libyan, Egyptian, and Sudanese borders, the Jebel Uweinat highlands foster more rainfall and cooler temperatures than the 
surrounding desert, supporting woodlands and shrublands of palms, acacias, Saharan myrtle, oleander, and tamarix as well as 
several endemic and rare plant species. 
The mountains are remnants of an ancient granitic dome. The western part of the massif consists of intrusive granite arranged in 
a ring shape about 25 kilometers in diameter, ending in three wadis (dry, seasonal riverbeds) towards the west. Its eastern side 
consists of sandstone and includes a permanent oasis. The area is notable for its petroglyphs. The sandstone provided a canvas for 
Bushmen-style engravings of lions, giraffes, ostriches, gazelles, cows, and human figures.
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Kalahari Desert
Southern Africa 
Derived from a Tswana word meaning “waterless place,” the Kalahari Desert is a large stretch of semiarid, sandy savannah that 
covers part of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The Kalahari has vast areas covered by red sand without any permanent 
surface water. The Kalahari is regarded as a semidesert because some portions support more vegetation from erratic rainfall, while 
other areas are truly arid. In this Landsat 7 image from 2000, the Nossob River cuts through colorful streaks of sand deposits. The 
red dot near the river in the center of this image represents a farm made possible by a center-pivot irrigation system.
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Kamchatka Peninsula 
Russia
The eastern side of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula juts into the Bering Sea west of Alaska. The terrain, which has been shaped 
by glaciers, appears covered in white snow in this 2002 winter image from Terra. Glacial cirques and moraines stand out clearly 
underneath the snow cover. The dark ocean is ice-free near the coast. Farther out to sea, drift ice, pack ice, and pancake ice are 
visible in blue and blue-gray colors.
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Kilimanjaro
Kenya and Tanzania
Landsat 7 acquired this image of portions of Kenya and Tanzania in 2000. Featured on the far right is Mount Kilimanjaro, flanked by 
the plains of Amboseli National Park to the north and the rugged Arusha National Park to the south and west.
Often called “The Shining Mountain,” Kilimanjaro is a dormant stratovolcano. It has three volcanic cones—Kibo, Mawenzi, and 
Shira—and is the highest mountain in Africa. Although the mountain is located only about 300 kilometers from the equator, it has 
been capped by glaciers and snow for 11,000 years. This white cap shrinks and grows almost daily, and over the last century or 
more its overall trend has been a steady decline. The loss of Kilimanjaro’s ice cover can have both climatological and hydrological 
implications for local populations that depend on access to meltwater from the snow and ice as a source of freshwater during dry 
seasons and monsoon failures.
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Kuril Islands
Sea of Okhotsk 
The white swirls in this image are Kármán vortices, or fluid perturbations, that formed over the southern Kuril Islands of Broutona, 
Chirpoy, and Brat Chirpoyev in the Sea of Okhotsk. In this Landsat 7 image from 2000, the spiral chains and vortices are formed by 
the airflow being perturbed by the islands. Located in the northwest Pacific Ocean between the southern tip of Russia’s Kamchatka 
Peninsula and the Japanese island of Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands are a part of the geological formation known as the Greater Kuril 
Ridge, which developed over the last 90 million years.
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La Rioja
Argentina 
In this 1985 Landsat 5 image, a myriad of colors denote the composition and textures of the Sierra de Velasco Mountains of northern 
Argentina. Pink tones and warm hues indicate the drier, more barren areas of the mountains. Ribbons of blues and greens hint at the 
moister areas of vegetation and heavy growth. At the base of the mountains in the lower left, a pink area marks the city of La Rioja, 
which is the capital city of one of the least populated and most arid provinces of Argentina. In stark contrast, the upper right of the 
image shows the lusher surroundings of the city of San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca and extensive vineyards.
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Lake Disappointment 
Australia
Surrounded by sand dunes, Lake Disappointment is an ephemeral salt lake in one of the most remote areas of Western Australia. 
Located just south of Rudall River National Park, Lake Disappointment is home to many water birds. According to Aboriginal people, 
mythological beings are said to live in a subterranean world beneath the lake, and the lake and its surroundings are still considered 
taboo. In this 2000 Terra image, the gold and orange-brown areas are sand and outcrops of sedimentary rock. The dunes appear as 
long, linear streaks. The different colors with sharp boundaries may be traces of brush fires, with yellow being the most recent. The 
lake is white where bright salty deposits are visible, and blue areas are shallow water in the western part and the margins.
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Lake Eyre
Australia
Deep in the desert country of northern South Australia, Lake Eyre is an ephemeral feature of this flat landscape. Lake Eyre is home to 
some rare ecosystems and is the largest salt pan in the world. It spans 9,300 square kilometers and sits 15 meters below sea level. 
The lake’s basin sprawls across 1.2 million square kilometers, stretching from the Northern Territory to South Australia. Rain, when 
it falls, drains through the basin into Lake Eyre, which has no outlet. The lake has rarely filled completely, with spectacular fillings 
occurring in 1950, 1974, and 1984. When brimming, Lake Eyre is Australia’s largest lake. Landsat 5 collected this image in 2006.
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Lena River Delta
Russia
The Lena River Delta in Siberia extends 100 kilometers into the Laptev Sea and Arctic Ocean, and it includes an extensive protected 
wilderness area and wildlife refuge. In this Landsat 7 image from 2000, vegetation appears as shades of green, sandy areas as 
shades of red, and water as purples and blues. The Lena River Delta is about 400 kilometers wide, and it divides into a multitude of 
flat islands. The delta is frozen tundra for about 7 months of the year, and spring transforms the region into a lush wetland. 
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MacDonnell Ranges
Australia
The MacDonnell Ranges are a band of rugged mountains spanning Australia’s Northern Territory. Formed 300 to 350 million years 
ago, the ranges have endured folding, faulting, and erosion resulting in gaps and ravines. Some of the valleys in the ranges contain 
fossil evidence of an inland sea that once covered central Australia. This Landsat 7 image from 2000 shows only a portion of the 
ranges with vegetation in green against the blues, purples, and grays of the arid surrounding area.
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Mayn River
Russia
The Mayn River is featured in this 2000 Landsat 7 image with what may be a portion of the Anadyr River. The Mayn is a tributary of 
the Anadyr, flowing roughly northwards from its source in the Koryak Mountain Range through the far northeastern corner of Siberia 
and the forest-tundra subzones of the Chukotka Peninsula. While these rivers are frozen for about 8 to 9 months in a year, they are 
home to chum and sockeye salmon during the summer months.
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Meandering Mississippi
United States
Graceful swirls and whorls of the Mississippi River encircle fields and pastures in this Landsat 7 image from 2003. Oxbow lakes 
and cutoffs accompany the meandering river south of Memphis, Tennessee, on the border between Arkansas and Mississippi. The 
mighty Mississippi is the largest river system in North America and forms the second largest watershed in the world.
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Mississippi River Delta
United States
After receiving the Arkansas and Red Rivers, the Mississippi River travels to its terminus and joins the Gulf of Mexico. The river’s 
turbid waters spill out into the Gulf of Mexico, and its suspended sediment is deposited to form the Mississippi River Delta. As seen 
in this 2001 Terra image, marshes and mudflats (shades of green) prevail between shipping channels cut into the bird’s-foot delta. 
The marshes protect the mainland from storm surges and provide a home for fish and wildlife. 
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Mount Elgon
Kenya and Uganda
Clouds dot the high rim of Mount Elgon’s massive caldera in this Landsat 5 image from 1984. As the oldest and largest solitary 
volcano in Africa, Mount Elgon straddles the border between Uganda and Kenya and is protected on both sides by national parks. 
Named Ol Doinyo Ilgoon by the Maasai, this long-extinct volcano has an intact caldera about 6,500 meters across and consists 
of five major peaks over a distance of 4,100 meters. In the image, the lush green that surrounds the volcano shows the fertility of 
the rich volcanic soil at the lower elevations. The upper left corner shows one of the arms of the large shallow lake complex of 
Lake Kyoga. 
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Musandam Peninsula
Oman
Rocky and rugged, the Musandam Peninsula juts into the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow entry into the Persian Gulf. Musandam is an 
exclave of Oman, separated from the rest of the country by the United Arab Emirates. This Terra image acquired in 2004 shows the 
tip of the peninsula. 
The peninsula’s distinctive fjord-like physiography is due to submergence of the land as the Arabian Plate slowly pushes under the 
Eurasian Plate. The peninsula forms the southern part of the Strait of Hormuz. The Persian Gulf is to the west, Iran is across the 
strait, and the Gulf of Oman is to the east-southeast.
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Namib Desert
Namibia 
The Namib-Naukluft National Park is an ecological preserve and includes Namibia’s vast Namib Desert. Here, southwest winds have 
created the tallest sand dunes in the world, with some dunes reaching 300 meters in height. The park hosts a collection of animals 
that manage to survive in this hyper-arid region, including oryx, hyenas, jackals, and springbok. In the center of this 2000 Landsat 7 
image, giant dunes line up along the edge of Sossus Vlei, a clay pan at the end point of the Tsauchab River. While the river now flows 
30 kilometers into the Namib Sand Sea before ending at Sossus Vlei, it may have once extended much farther west through the 
desert, with the dunes gradually invading as river flooding declined.
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Nazca Lines
Peru
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Ica Region in southern Peru. Estimated to be created by the Nazca 
culture between 400 and 650 C.E., the Nazca Lines were made by removing reddish iron-oxide pebbles that cover the surface of the 
desert. When the gravel is removed, the lines contrast with the light color underneath. In this 2000 Terra image, the straight Nazca 
Lines differ sharply from the natural, wavy lines formed from water flow in the area. Overall, there are hundreds of individual figures, 
which range in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks, orcas, llamas, and lizards. The 
Nazca Lines were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.
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Niger River
Mali
The Niger River and smaller rivers and streams flow northward out of Lake Debo in landlocked Mali in Western Africa. This region is 
part of the Inner Niger Delta, an intricate combination of lakes, river channels, and swamps with occasional areas of higher elevation. 
Known as the Macina, this wet oasis in the African Sahel is one of the largest wetlands in the world and provides habitat both for 
migrating birds and for West African manatees. The fertile floodplains also provide much-needed resources for the local people, who 
use the area for fishing, grazing livestock, and cultivating rice. This Terra image from 2003 shows the region during the dry season. 
On the right, water in rivers, streams, and lakes appears blue. On the left, the water turns greener, perhaps because of sediment. The 
reddish ridges running from east to west in the bottom half of the image are dunes. The pale-gray or white areas between the dunes 
are flat areas of silt, clay, or sandy soil. Blue shows where water has filled in between some of the dunes.
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Okavango Delta
Botswana
Southern Africa’s Okavango River spreads across the landscape of northern Botswana to become the lush Okavango Delta seen in 
this Landsat 5 image from 2009. The Okavango Delta is one of the world’s largest inland water systems, draining an area that ranges 
from 9,000 square kilometers (May–October) to 16,000 square kilometers (November–April). Millions of years ago, the Okavango 
River flowed into a large inland lake called Lake Makgadikgadi. Today, the delta forms where the river empties into a basin in the 
Kalahari Desert, creating a maze of lagoons, channels, and islands. This unique water system supports a vast array of wildlife, and 
vegetation flourishes even in the dry season.
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Painted Desert 
United States
In Arizona there lies a long expanse of arid, erosion-prone, austere badlands made of multicolored mudstones and clays. This 
“Painted Desert” extends from the Grand Canyon southeast to the Petrified Forest National Park, stretching over 260 kilometers and 
encompassing over 36,000 hectares. This 2009 Landsat 5 image captured the Painted Desert as it abruptly ends at the Sitgreaves 
National Forest, an area with thousands of hectares of forest as well as eight cold-water lakes. Also within the Painted Desert lie the 
Hopi Buttes, a field of ancient volcanic cones, seen here as a scattering of dark, circular shapes near the top of the image.
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Paraná River Delta
Argentina
The Paraná River delta is a forested marshland about 32 kilometers northeast of Buenos Aires and has a vast labyrinth of marsh and 
trees. The delta is home to a number of rare birds and has become a popular bird-watching destination. It is also home to marsh 
deer, jaguars, neotropical river otters, coypu and capybara rodents, and the Pampas cat. The Paraná flows north-south and forms 
an alluvial basin before it empties into the Río de la Plata. This Landsat 7 image from 2000 highlights the striking contrast between 
dense forest, wetland marshes, and the deep blue ribbon of the Paraná River.
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Phytoplankton Bloom
Baltic Sea 
In this Landsat 7 image from 2005, massive congregations of greenish phytoplankton swirl in the dark water around Gotland, a 
Swedish island in the Baltic Sea. Phytoplankton are microscopic marine plants that form the first link in nearly all ocean food chains. 
Population explosions, or blooms, of phytoplankton, like the one shown here, occur when deep currents bring nutrients up to sunlit 
surface waters, fueling the growth and reproduction of these tiny, photosynthesizing organisms.
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Pinacate Volcano Field
Mexico
The pockmarked terrain of Pinacate National Park in Mexico’s state of Sonora is evidence of a violent past. Among hundreds of 
volcanic vents and cinder cones are rare maar craters, formed when rising magma met underground water to create pockets of 
steam that blew nearly circular holes in the overlying crust. At the bottom of this 2002 Landsat 7 image are sand dunes of the Gran 
Desierto de Altar in the Sonoran Desert, including the only active erg dune region in North America. During the 1960s, NASA sent 
astronauts to the Pinacate area to train for lunar expeditions.
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Ribbon Lakes
Russia
The vivid blue half circle (bottom) in this Landsat 5 image from 2005 is Russia’s Chaunskaya Bay in northeastern Siberia. Two major 
rivers, the Chaun and Palyavaam, flow into the bay, which in turn opens into the Arctic Ocean. Ribbon lakes and bogs are present 
throughout the area, created by depressions left by receding glaciers. Owing to its extreme northern location, the bay is covered by 
ice most of the year.
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Richat Structure 
Mauritania
Viewed from space, the Richat Structure forms a conspicuous 50-kilometer-wide bull’s-eye on the Maur Adrar Desert in the African 
country of Mauritania. Described by some as looking like an outsized fossil, the feature has become a landmark for astronauts. 
Although it resembles an impact crater, the structure formed when a volcanic dome hardened and gradually eroded, exposing the 
onion-like layers of rock. In this 2001 Landsat 7 image, desert sands appear white and pale yellow at the top left and lower right 
corners of the scene. Less sandy, rocky areas are green, and volcanic rocks are blue.
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Rocky Mountain Trench
Canada
The stroke of red in this 2004 Landsat 5 image is a remarkable interplay of light and cloud in the Canadian Rockies. The Rocky 
Mountain Trench is a valley that stretches from the U.S. state of Montana to just south of Canada’s Yukon Territory. It runs parallel 
with the peaks of the Canadian Rockies, ranging from 3 to 16 kilometers wide. Low clouds filled a part of the Trench near the border 
between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. The light-reflecting nature of the clouds coupled with low Sun 
elevation resulted in this startling effect. The Trench aligns with the Fraser River and makes its way past Mount Robson, the highest 
peak in the Canadian Rockies. Mount Robson is near the center of this image.
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Rub’ al Khali
Arabian Peninsula
The Rub’ al Khali, or Empty Quarter, is one of the largest sand deserts in the world, covering 650,000 square kilometers and 
encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert includes much of Saudi Arabia and parts of Oman, 
the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Landsat 7 collected this image in 2001.
With daytime temperatures reaching 50 degrees Celsius and dunes taller than 330 meters, the desert may be one of the most 
forbidding places on Earth today. However, there is evidence of ancient lakes and wildlife. Fossils of cattle and hippos are abundant, 
as are flint weapons and tools. Additionally, space-based measurements uncovered evidence of ancient civilizations. Subsequent 
excavations uncovered a large, octagonal fortress and shards of Greek, Roman, and Syrian pottery. 
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Sand Hills
United States
As the largest sand dune formation in America, the Sand Hills cover about a quarter of the U.S. state of Nebraska. These ancient 
sand dunes are from the Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million to about 10,000 years ago). They are made of sediment eroded from the 
Rocky Mountains by glaciers, washed out into the plains, and now mostly stabilized by grassland vegetation. This 2001 Terra image 
shows a portion of the Sand Hills region, the landscape rippled by crowded yellow-tan and lavender-brown dunes. The area does not 
drain water well, so the hollows at the bases of dunes are filled with brilliantly blue lakes.
The sandy soils were not attractive to farmers, and the area was left largely unplowed by European settlers. Today, the area is 
being cultivated as seen in some of the emerald green vegetation in the image. Perfect circles of vegetation resulting from center-
pivot irrigation appear in the scene, as well as fields with sharp angles and straight lines. The area is an important habitat for 
migratory birds.
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Shoemaker Crater
Australia
Salt-encrusted seasonal lakes, seen here in yellow and green, dot the floor of Western Australia’s Shoemaker impact structure, the 
deeply eroded remnant of a former impact crater. The structure is named in honor of planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker and 
is situated in arid central Western Australia, about 100 kilometers north-northeast of the town of Wiluna. The structure was formed 
about 1.7 billion years ago and is currently the oldest known impact site in Australia. Landsat 7 collected this image in 2000.
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Sierra Madre Oriental
Mexico
Mexico’s chief mountain system consists of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Sierra Madre del 
Sur—all named with a variation of Sierra Madre, a Spanish phrase meaning Mother Highlands. The rugged Sierra Madres extend 
from northwest to southeast through Mexico and have deep, steep-sided barrancas (canyons). Landsat 7 acquired this image in 
1999, and it depicts a desolate area of the Sierra Madre Oriental range on the border between the Mexican states of Coahuila and 
Nuevo León. 
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South Georgia Island
South Atlantic Ocean 
Located in the South Atlantic Ocean due east of Argentina’s southernmost tip, South Georgia Island is entirely covered by 
snow and ice in this Terra image from 2002. The island is some 170 kilometers long, with a rugged terrain and 11 mountain 
peaks more than 2,000 meters high. Many boundary layer cumulus clouds fill the atmosphere surrounding the island. The 
sinewy patterns snaking across the cloud bank (upper left corner) indicate open-cell convection. The island appears to 
be creating a wake of thicker marine stratocumulus clouds flowing away from its northeast shore. All around the island, 
phytoplankton appear to be in bloom, giving the deep-blue South Atlantic waters a lighter, more turquoise hue. Sir Ernest 
Shackleton stopped on South Georgia Island twice, once in 1914 and again in 1915, as part of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic 
Expedition he led on the ship Endurance. With no permanent human inhabitants, South Georgia Island is now a wildlife 
sanctuary and home to seals, reindeer, and sea and land birds.
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Southern Sahara Desert
Africa
What appear as soft shades of blue and blond are actually one of the harshest landscapes on Earth. This glimpse of Africa’s Sahara 
Desert, located near where the borders of Mali, Niger, and Algeria converge, is truly a no-man’s-land—a world of sand and rock 
without roads or settlements. The horizontal lines across the top half of the image are intrusions of igneous rock, where magma has 
emerged from deep underground. Landsat 5 acquired this image in 2009.
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Susitna Glacier
United States
Folds in the lower reaches of valley glaciers can be caused by powerful surges of tributary ice streams. Susitna Glacier in the Alaska 
Range, seen in this Terra image from 2009, displays this phenomenon. Vegetation appears in shades of red and snow is white. 
The glacier’s surface is marbled with dirt-free blue ice and debris-coated brown ice. Infusions of relatively clean ice push in from 
tributaries in the north. The glacier surface appears especially complex near the center of the image, where a tributary has pushed 
the ice in the main glacier slightly southward.
Steep cliffs and slopes exist in the glacier surface, with most of the jumble the result of surges in tributary glaciers. Glacial surges 
can occur when meltwater accumulates at the base of a tributary and lubricates the flow. The underlying bedrock can also contribute 
to glacier surges, with soft, easily deformed rock leading to more frequent surges.
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Syrian Desert
West Asia
Between the cultivated lands along the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the fertile Euphrates River lies the Syrian Desert, covering 
parts of modern Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. This Landsat 7 scene from 2000 centers on the southern end of the Syrian 
Desert’s As-Safa lava fields southeast of the city of Damascus. The image captures the hottest terrain in bright red, and these areas 
likely correspond to dark, barren, basaltic lava. Cooler terrain is bluish green, while pockets of lush vegetation in oases and towns 
are bright green. Cinder cones pockmark the northern fields, while bright blue pools of water appear throughout.
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Tassili n’Ajjer
Algeria
Meaning “Plateau of the Rivers” in Berber, Tassili n’Ajjer is a mountain range and vast plateau in southeast Algeria near the border 
of Libya and Niger. Part of the Sahara Desert, the area has a bone-dry climate with scant rainfall yet does not blend in with Saharan 
dunes. Instead, the rocky plateau rises above the surrounding sand seas, covering an area of 72,000 square kilometers. Made from 
multiple Landsat 7 observations from 2000, the image highlights the area’s various rock types. Sand appears in shades of yellow and 
tan, granite rocks appear brick red, and blue areas are likely salts. 
Over billions of years, alternating wet and dry climates have shaped these rocks in multiple ways. Deep ravines are cut into cliff faces 
along the plateau’s northern margin. The ravines are remnants of ancient rivers that once flowed off the plateau into nearby lakes. 
Where those lakes once rippled, winds now sculpt the dunes of giant sand seas. In drier periods, winds eroded the sandstones of 
the plateau into “stone forests” and natural rock arches.
Humans have also modified the park’s rocks. Some 15,000 engravings have so far been identified in Tassili n’Ajjer. From about 
10,000 B.C.E. to the first few centuries C.E., successive populations also left the remains of homes and burial mounds. Rich in 
geologic and human history, Tassili n’Ajjer is an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site.
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Terkezi Oasis 
Chad
A series of rocky outcroppings emerge from a blanket of sand in this 2000 Landsat 7 image of the Sahara Desert near the Terkezi 
Oasis in the country of Chad. As Earth’s largest band of dry land, the Sahara dominates the northern third of Africa. Stretching 
across this immense desert are vast plains of sand and gravel; seas of sand dunes; and barren, rocky mountains. Only 10,000 years 
ago, grasses covered the region and mammals such as lions and elephants roamed the land. Now only 2 percent of the Sahara 
hosts oases, patches of land usually centered on natural water springs where crops will grow and people live.
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Three Massifs
Sahara Desert
Three large rock massifs appear to be pushing up from beneath red sand dunes in this 2000 Terra image. The Tassili n’Ajjer massif 
is on the left, the Tadrart Acacus is in the middle, and the Tadrart Amsak is on the right. The image includes the southern part of 
the border between Algeria and Libya, and different rock types account for varying colors. The Tadrart Acacus massif contains 
some unique scenery and natural wonders, including colored sand dunes and isolated towers that eroded into bizarre shapes and 
petrified arches.
The dendritic structures of ancient riverbeds are visible in the Acacus-Amsak region. This area is believed to have been wet during 
the last glacial era, covered by forests and populated by wild animals. Archaeologists have found indications of animal domestication 
and large numbers of rock paintings and engravings, faint tracks of ancient civilizations. Extremely dry weather conditions today help 
to preserve their masterpieces.
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Tibetan Plateau 
Central Asia
Central Asia’s Tibetan Plateau is justifiably nicknamed the “Roof of the World,” with an average elevation of more than 4,500 
meters. It is the world’s highest and largest plateau, covering an area roughly four times the size of France. The plateau includes 
the two highest mountains in the world (Mount Everest and K2) and the largest canyon in the world (Yalung Tsangpu River Great 
Canyon). The plateau was formed by the collision of the Eurasian continent and the India subcontinent, which still press against 
each other today. This 2005 Landsat 5 scene features some of the area’s deep, glacier-fed lakes—the two largest in the image are 
Migriggyangzham near the upper left and Dorsoidong just below it.
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Tikehau Atoll
French Polynesia
A narrow ribbon of islets encircles a deep blue lagoon in French Polynesia. Tikehau Atoll is one of 78 coral atolls that make up the 
Tuamotu Archipelago, the largest chain of atolls in the world. Created over thousands of years by tiny, sea anemone–like coral 
polyps, atolls are some of the most complex and vibrant structures on the planet. In this 2009 EO-1 satellite image of the atoll, 
patches of coral make starlike spots across the turquoise expanse of the oval lagoon, 27 kilometers long and 19 kilometers wide. At 
the southernmost tip of the atoll, a large islet accommodates the village of Tuherahera and an airstrip. The whole atoll is surrounded 
by an almost continuous coral reef. There is a single pass on the western shore deep and wide enough for navigation in and out of 
the lagoon.
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Triple Junction 
East Africa
In the Afar region of Ethiopia, a nearly barren rockscape marks the location of the meeting place of three separate pieces of Earth’s 
crust known to geologists as the Afar Triple Junction. Here, the spreading ridges that form the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden emerge 
on land and meet the East African Rift. The central meeting place for these pieces is around Lake Abbe, just to the south of the area 
shown in this 2005 Terra image. 
The three pieces are each pulling away from that central point, though not all at the same speed. The separation creates enormous 
stress on the rock, producing cracks, faults, volcanoes, fumaroles (gas vents), escarpments, and hot springs in the region along the 
border of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. One of Earth’s few lava lakes, Erta Ale, is found in this area. In the image, the gray-brown, 
ancient, basalt rock of the region is crisscrossed by cracks both small and large, many of which are filled with salt and sand. The 
tinge of red indicates some hardy vegetation eking out a living in the harsh terrain. The large riverlike feature running horizontally 
across the scene is a geologic feature called a graben, a gulley created not by the erosion of a river but by the sinking of the ground 
where earth on either side pulls apart.
The Afar region is well known as one of the cradles of hominids. The region contains the Middle Awash, the site of many fossil 
hominid discoveries; Gona, the site of the world’s oldest stone tools; and Hadar, the site of a fossilized specimen of Australopithecus 
afarensis known as Lucy.
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Ugab River 
Namibia
Elusive and ecologically vital, Namibia’s Ugab River only flows above ground for a few days each year. The subterranean waters 
underlying this ephemeral river, however, are shallow enough in places to fill hollows and sustain a wildlife population that includes 
black rhinos and rare desert elephants. In this 2002 Landsat 7 image, the river passes through nearly vertical layers of thinly bedded 
limestone, sandstone, and siltstone. One of Namibia’s major rivers, the Ugab stretches nearly 500 kilometers from the interior to the 
coast of the Atlantic.
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Vatnajökull Glacier Ice Cap
Iceland
Valley glaciers reach into lower lying areas from the Vatnajökull Glacier in Iceland’s Skaftafell National Park. The largest ice cap by 
volume in Europe, Vatnajökull covers more than 8 percent of the island. Seven volcanoes and an ice cavern system are situated 
beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap. Iceland’s highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur, is located in the southern periphery of Vatnajökull. This 
1999 Landsat 7 image shows the southeast portion of the glacier.
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Volcanoes
Chile and Argentina
On the border between Chile and the Catamarca Province of Argentina lies a vast field of currently dormant volcanoes. Over time, 
these volcanoes have laid down a crust of magma roughly 3.5 kilometers thick. The intense blue features in this 1999 Landsat 7 
image are playa lakes and ponds and surrounding salt deposits. The deeper lakes appear darker. Shallower areas in the lakes and 
moist salt deposits are lighter blue. Dry, salt-encrusted sediments adjacent to the lakes and ponds appear white. Chile has 36 
historically active volcanoes, more than any other South American country.
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Von Kármán Vortices
Southern Pacific Ocean 
Swirling clouds line up in a formation known as a von Kármán street. This phenomenon is named after aerodynamicist Theodore 
von Kármán, who derived the theoretical conditions under which it occurs (von Kármán was one of the principal founders of NASA’s 
Jet Propulsion Laboratory). He described the alternating double row of vortices as “staggered like lampposts along both sides of 
a street.” These vortices appear when wind-driven clouds encounter an obstacle, in this instance Alexander Selkirk Island in the 
southern Pacific Ocean. As the clouds flow around the rugged island, whose highest point reaches nearly 1.5 kilometers above sea 
level, the clouds form the spinning eddies visible in this 1999 Landsat 7 image.
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Wadi Branches
Jordan 
The Terra satellite captured this image of wadis in southeastern Jordan in 2001. The Arabic word wadi means a gulley or riverbed 
that is usually dry except after drenching, seasonal rains. In this image, meandering wadis have combined to form dense, branching 
networks across the stark, arid landscape. 
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Zagros Mountains
Iran 
The Zagros Mountains in southwestern Iran present an impressive landscape of long, linear ridges and valleys. In the lower right 
corner of this 2000 Landsat 7 image stands a feature of the area—a white-topped salt dome called Kuh-e-Namak, or “mountain of 
salt” in Farsi. Thick layers of minerals, such as halite (common table salt), typically accumulate in closed basins during alternating 
wet and dry climatic conditions. Over time, the layers of salt are buried under younger layers of rock. The pressure from overlying 
rock layers causes the lower-density salt to flow upwards, bending the rock layers above and creating a domelike structure. Near the 
bottom of the image, the Mand River resembles a lavender ribbon as it winds around the base of Kuh-e-Namak. The city of Konari 
and several other towns and small villages nestle nearby on the valley floor.
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About the Book
The United States has dozens of Earth-observing environmental 
satellites for scientific research and applied, operational 
purposes. This book features images from the Terra, Landsat 5, 
Landsat 7, Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), and Aqua satellites. The 
satellites’ sensors can measure light outside of the visible 
range, so the images in the book are not necessarily ones 
visible to the naked eye.
NASA manages the Terra, Aqua, and EO-1 satellites. NASA 
and the U.S. Geological Survey jointly manage Landsat. Both 
agencies generated images used in this collection, and some 
involved cooperation with international partners. The images 
are intended for viewing enjoyment rather than scientific 
interpretation. More images and information are available at:
http://eros.usgs.gov/imagegallery/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
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Appendix
Africa
6 
Algerian Desert, Algeria 
Landsat 5 
2009
10 
Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco 
Landsat 7 
2001
18 
Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar 
Terra 
2000
20 
Brandberg Massif, Namibia 
Landsat 7 
2002
36 
East African Rift, Kenya 
Terra 
2002
40 
Erg Chech, Algeria 
Landsat 7 
2003
42 
Erg Iguidi, Algeria and Mauritania 
Landsat 5 
1985
44 
Erongo Massif, Namibia 
Landsat 7 
2003
60 
Jebel Uweinat, Egypt 
Terra 
2002
62 
Kalahari Desert, Southern Africa 
Landsat 7 
2000
66 
Kilimanjaro, Kenya and Tanzania 
Landsat 7 
2000
86 
Mount Elgon, Kenya and Uganda 
Landsat 5 
1984
90 
Namib Desert, Namibia 
Landsat 7 
2000
94 
Niger River, Mali 
Terra 
2003
96 
Okavango Delta, Botswana 
Landsat 5 
2009
108 Richat Structure, Mauritania 
Landsat 7 
2001
122 Southern Sahara Desert, Africa 
Landsat 5 
2009
128 Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria 
Landsat 7 
2000
130 Terkezi Oasis, Chad 
Landsat 7 
2000
132 Three Massifs, Sahara Desert 
Terra 
2000
138 Triple Junction, East Africa 
Terra 
2005
140 Ugab River, Namibia 
Landsat 7 
2002
Central and East Asia
8 
Alluvial Fan, China 
Terra 
2002
12 
Anyuyskiy Volcano, Russia 
Landsat 7 
2001
16 
Bogda Mountains, China 
Landsat 7 
1999
30 
Dardzha Peninsula, Turkmenistan 
Landsat 7 
200</p>