The Employment Situation - March 2022

The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor is the principal Federal agency responsible for measuring labor market activity, working conditions, and price changes in the economy.
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Labor force employer employer population ratio year Civilian Labor force survey unemployment rate
 
 
Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until 
USDL-22-0787 
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 6, 2022 
 
Technical information:  
Household data: 
(202) 691-6378  •  cpsinfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/cps 
Establishment data: 
(202) 691-6555  •  cesinfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/ces 
 
Media contact: 
(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov 
 
 
 
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2022 
 
 
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 428,000 in April, and the unemployment rate was 
unchanged at 3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job growth was 
widespread, led by gains in leisure and hospitality, in manufacturing, and in transportation and 
warehousing. 
 
 
 
This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 
 
Household Survey Data 
 
The unemployment rate remained at 3.6 percent in April, and the number of unemployed persons was 
essentially unchanged at 5.9 million. These measures are little different from their values in February 
2020 (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively), prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. (See 
table A-1.)  
 
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 
April 2019 – April 2022
Percent
125,000
130,000
135,000
140,000
145,000
150,000
155,000
160,000
Apr-19
Oct-19
Apr-20
Oct-20
Apr-21
Oct-21
Apr-22
Thousands
Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 
April 2019 – April 2022
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Apr-19
Oct-19
Apr-20
Oct-20
Apr-21
Oct-21
Apr-22
 
 
 
 
 
-2- 
 
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.5 percent), adult women 
(3.2 percent), teenagers (10.2 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (5.9 percent), Asians (3.1 percent), 
and Hispanics (4.1 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)  
 
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers remained at 1.4 million in April, and the 
number of persons on temporary layoff was little changed at 853,000. These measures are little 
different from their values in February 2020. (See table A-11.)  
 
In April, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed 
at 1.5 million. This measure is 362,000 higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed 
accounted for 25.2 percent of all unemployed persons in April. (See table A-12.)  
 
Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.2 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.0 
percent, were little changed over the month. These measures are each 1.2 percentage points below their 
February 2020 values. (See table A-1.)  
 
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons was little changed at 4.0 million in 
April and is down by 357,000 from its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have 
preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they 
were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)  
 
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 5.9 
million in April. This measure is above its February 2020 level of 5.0 million. These individuals were 
not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks 
preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)  
 
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 
the labor force increased by 262,000 in April to 1.6 million. These individuals wanted and were 
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 
who believed that no jobs were available for them, numbered 456,000 in April, little different from the 
prior month. (See Summary table A.)  
 
Household Survey Supplemental Data  
 
In April, 7.7 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 
from 10.0 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 
at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the pandemic.  
 
In April, 1.7 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 
some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 2.5 
million in the previous month. Among those who reported in April that they were unable to work 
because of pandemic-related closures or lost business, 19.0 percent received at least some pay from 
their employer for the hours not worked, little different from the prior month.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
-3- 
 
Among those not in the labor force in April, 586,000 persons were prevented from looking for work 
due to the pandemic, down from 874,000 in the prior month. (To be counted as unemployed, by 
definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)  
 
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.  
 
Establishment Survey Data 
 
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 428,000 in April. Job gains were widespread, with the 
largest gains occurring in leisure and hospitality, in manufacturing, and in transportation and 
warehousing. However, nonfarm employment is down by 1.2 million, or 0.8 percent, from its pre-
pandemic level in February 2020. (See table B-1.) 
 
Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 78,000 in April. Job growth continued in food 
services and drinking places (+44,000) and accommodation (+22,000). Employment in leisure and 
hospitality is down by 1.4 million, or 8.5 percent, since February 2020. 
 
Manufacturing added 55,000 jobs in April. Employment in durable goods rose by 31,000, with gains in 
transportation equipment (+14,000) and machinery (+7,000). Nondurable goods added 24,000 jobs, with 
job growth in food manufacturing (+8,000) and plastics and rubber products (+6,000). Since February 
2020, manufacturing employment is down by 56,000, or 0.4 percent. 
 
Employment in transportation and warehousing rose by 52,000 in April. Within the industry, job 
gains occurred in warehousing and storage (+17,000), couriers and messengers (+15,000), truck 
transportation (+13,000), and air transportation (+4,000). Employment in transportation and 
warehousing is 674,000 above its February 2020 level, led by strong growth in warehousing and storage 
(+467,000) and in couriers and messengers (+259,000). 
 
In April, employment in professional and business services continued to trend up (+41,000). Since 
February 2020, employment in the industry is up by 738,000. 
 
Financial activities added 35,000 jobs in April, led by a gain in insurance carriers and related activities 
(+20,000). Employment also rose in nondepository credit intermediation (+6,000) and in securities, 
commodity contracts, and investments (+5,000). Employment in financial activities is 71,000 higher 
than in February 2020. 
 
Health care employment rose by 34,000 in April, reflecting a gain in ambulatory health care services 
(+28,000). Employment in health care is down by 250,000, or 1.5 percent, since February 2020. 
 
Employment in retail trade increased by 29,000 in April. Job gains in food and beverage stores 
(+24,000) and general merchandise stores (+12,000) were partially offset by losses in building material 
and garden supply stores (-16,000) and health and personal care stores (-9,000). Retail trade 
employment is 284,000 above its level in February 2020. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-4- 
 
In April, wholesale trade employment rose by 22,000. Employment in the industry is down by 57,000, 
or 1.0 percent, since February 2020. 
 
Mining added 9,000 jobs in April, with a gain in oil and gas extraction (+5,000). Mining employment is 
73,000 higher than a recent low in February 2021. 
 
Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including construction, 
information, other services, and government. 
 
Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 
percent, to $31.85 in April. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 5.5 
percent. In April, average hourly earnings of private sector production and nonsupervisory employees 
rose by 10 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $27.12. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)  
 
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.6 hours in 
April. In manufacturing, the average workweek for all employees fell by 0.2 hour to 40.5 hours, and 
overtime held at 3.4 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 
private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)  
 
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 36,000, from 
+750,000 to +714,000, and the change for March was revised down by 3,000, from +431,000 to 
+428,000. With these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 39,000 lower than 
previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 
government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 
 
_____________ 
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 3, 2022, at 8:30 
a.m. (ET). 
 
 
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category
Apr.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Change from:
Mar. 2022-
Apr. 2022
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261,103
263,324
263,444
263,559
115
Civilian labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160,978
163,991
164,409
164,046
-363
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.7
62.3
62.4
62.2
-0.2
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151,259
157,722
158,458
158,105
-353
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.9
59.9
60.1
60.0
-0.1
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,719
6,270
5,952
5,941
-11
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
0.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100,125
99,333
99,035
99,513
478
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
0.0
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
3.5
3.4
3.5
0.1
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
-0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6
10.3
10.0
10.2
0.2
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
0.0
Black or African American.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7
6.6
6.2
5.9
-0.3
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
3.1
2.8
3.1
0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7
4.4
4.2
4.1
-0.1
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
3.3
2.9
3.0
0.1
Less than a high school diploma.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4
4.3
5.2
5.4
0.2
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9
4.5
4.0
3.8
-0.2
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9
3.8
3.0
3.1
0.1
Bachelor’s degree and higher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
2.2
2.0
2.0
0.0
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,270
3,044
2,831
2,839
8
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
818
963
787
793
6
Reentrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,132
1,947
1,985
1,882
-103
New entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
595
417
463
515
52
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,400
2,131
2,289
2,227
-62
5 to 14 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,981
1,800
1,684
1,617
-67
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,160
735
571
551
-20
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,187
1,702
1,428
1,483
55
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,245
4,135
4,170
4,033
-137
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,011
2,707
2,880
2,647
-233
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
990
1,060
1,055
1,071
16
Part time for noneconomic reasons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,220
20,667
20,870
20,826
-44
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,853
1,471
1,360
1,622
262
Discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
562
391
373
456
83
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category
Apr.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022p
Apr.
2022p
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
714
428
428
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
704
424
406
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-40
114
67
66
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
10
4
9
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-15
54
20
2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-28
50
43
55
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-33
20
25
31
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-49.1
-14.0
3.6
6.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
30
18
24
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
590
357
340
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6
26.5
24.7
22.2
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2
111.3
24.5
29.2
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.0
73.8
9.5
52.0
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.3
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
0
21
12
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
29
12
35
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-78
87
94
41
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-115.1
28.2
1.3
2.4
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
101
57
59
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.3
91.1
45.2
40.9
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208
124
100
78
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
38
14
11
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
10
4
22
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
559
602
549
523
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
518
586
540
511
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49.8
49.7
49.8
49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.4
48.3
48.4
48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81.3
81.5
81.5
81.5
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34.9
34.7
34.6
34.6
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$30.20
$31.60
$31.75
$31.85
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$1,053.98
$1,096.52
$1,098.55
$1,102.01
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107.6
111.8
111.8
112.2
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.2
0.9
0.0
0.4
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155.3
168.8
169.7
170.8
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.6
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (256 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.2
79.9
71.3
71.3
Manufacturing (74 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.8
85.1
64.9
74.3
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 
insurance benefits? 
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 
looking for work? 
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.  
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 
www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.  
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.  
 
Technical Note 
 
This news release presents statistics from two major 
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 
establishment survey). The household survey provides 
information on 
the 
labor 
force, employment, and 
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  
The establishment survey provides information on 
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 
month from the payroll 
records of a sample of 
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 
CES program surveys about 131,000 businesses and 
government agencies, representing approximately 670,000 
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.  
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. 
 
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys 
 
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 
responses to a series of questions on work and job search 
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 
the labor force. 
People are classified as employed if they did any work 
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 
reasons.  
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 
the following criteria: they had no employment during the 
reference week; they were available for work at that time; 
and they made specific active efforts to find employment 
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. 
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The  
 
unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 
labor force as a percent of 
the population, and 
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 
percent of 
the population. Additional 
information 
about 
the 
household 
survey 
can be 
found 
at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 
 
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 
those who worked or received pay for any part of the 
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 
employees and 
for production and nonsupervisory 
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 
defined as production and 
related employees 
in 
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 
private service-providing industries.  
Industries are classified on 
the basis of an 
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 
2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 
System. Additional information about the establishment 
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/. 
 
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 
conceptual and methodological differences between the 
household and establishment surveys result in important 
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 
surveys. Among these are: 
 
• The household survey 
includes agricultural 
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 
private household workers among the employed. 
These groups are excluded from the establishment 
survey. 
 
• The household survey includes people on unpaid 
leave among the employed. The establishment 
survey does not. 
 
• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 
of age and older. The establishment survey is not 
limited by age. 
 
• The household survey has no duplication of 
individuals, because individuals are counted only 
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 
establishment survey, employees working at more 
than one job and thus appearing on more than one 
payroll are counted separately for each appearance. 
 
 
Seasonal adjustment 
 
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 
force and the levels of employment and unemployment 
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large. 
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 
variation. 
These 
adjustments 
make 
nonseasonal 
developments, such as declines in employment or increases 
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 
activity. 
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 
as total payroll employment, employment in most major 
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 
duration are derived from the sum of the independently 
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. 
For both the household and establishment surveys, a 
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 
revisions to historical data are made once a year. 
Reliability of the estimates 
 
Statistics based on the household and establishment 
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 
differ from the true population values they represent. The 
component of this difference that occurs because samples 
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 
survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000. Suppose the 
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 
the monthly change would range from -70,000 to +170,000 
(50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the 
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
month change lies within this interval. Since this range 
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 
about +/- 0.2 percentage point. 
 In general, estimates involving many individuals or 
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 
small number of observations. The precision of estimates 
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 
as for quarterly and annual averages. 
The household and establishment surveys are also 
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 
processing of the data. 
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 
that the estimate is considered final. 
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 
estimation procedure with two components is used to 
account for business births. The first component excludes 
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample-
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 
employment. 
The second component is an ARIMA time series model 
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 
deaths over the past 5 years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The sample-based estimates from the establishment 
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 
administrative records of the unemployment insurance 
program. The difference between the March sample-based 
employment estimates and the March universe counts is 
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from 
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent. 
 
Other information 
 
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services. 
 
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261,103
263,444
263,559
261,103
262,136
263,202
263,324
263,444
263,559
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160,379
164,274
163,449
160,978
162,294
163,687
163,991
164,409
164,046
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.4
62.4
62.0
61.7
61.9
62.2
62.3
62.4
62.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151,160
158,106
157,991
151,259
155,975
157,174
157,722
158,458
158,105
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.9
60.0
59.9
57.9
59.5
59.7
59.9
60.1
60.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,220
6,168
5,458
9,719
6,319
6,513
6,270
5,952
5,941
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
3.8
3.3
6.0
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100,723
99,170
100,110
100,125
99,842
99,516
99,333
99,035
99,513
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,466
5,502
5,712
6,628
5,713
5,704
5,355
5,737
5,859
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126,316
128,355
128,411
126,316
126,832
128,236
128,296
128,355
128,411
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85,112
87,408
87,041
85,416
85,857
87,074
87,567
87,660
87,377
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67.4
68.1
67.8
67.6
67.7
67.9
68.3
68.3
68.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79,965
83,902
83,922
80,092
82,508
83,518
84,247
84,465
84,089
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63.3
65.4
65.4
63.4
65.1
65.1
65.7
65.8
65.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,146
3,506
3,119
5,324
3,349
3,556
3,320
3,195
3,288
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
4.0
3.6
6.2
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41,204
40,947
41,371
40,900
40,975
41,162
40,729
40,695
41,034
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118,003
119,726
119,780
118,003
118,520
119,612
119,669
119,726
119,780
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82,275
84,403
84,157
82,384
82,902
83,967
84,446
84,426
84,295
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.7
70.5
70.3
69.8
69.9
70.2
70.6
70.5
70.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77,447
81,201
81,324
77,423
79,892
80,767
81,473
81,554
81,334
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.6
67.8
67.9
65.6
67.4
67.5
68.1
68.1
67.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,828
3,202
2,834
4,961
3,010
3,199
2,973
2,872
2,961
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9
3.8
3.4
6.0
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.5
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,728
35,323
35,623
35,619
35,618
35,645
35,224
35,300
35,486
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134,787
135,089
135,148
134,787
135,304
134,966
135,028
135,089
135,148
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75,268
76,866
76,409
75,562
76,437
76,612
76,425
76,749
76,670
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55.8
56.9
56.5
56.1
56.5
56.8
56.6
56.8
56.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,195
74,203
74,069
71,167
73,467
73,656
73,475
73,992
74,017
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52.8
54.9
54.8
52.8
54.3
54.6
54.4
54.8
54.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,073
2,663
2,339
4,395
2,970
2,957
2,950
2,757
2,653
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4
3.5
3.1
5.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.5
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59,519
58,223
58,739
59,225
58,867
58,354
58,604
58,340
58,479
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126,648
126,691
126,749
126,648
127,167
126,570
126,631
126,691
126,749
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72,378
73,946
73,418
72,486
73,455
73,494
73,446
73,695
73,514
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.1
58.4
57.9
57.2
57.8
58.1
58.0
58.2
58.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,605
71,555
71,348
68,436
70,795
70,857
70,775
71,244
71,170
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54.2
56.5
56.3
54.0
55.7
56.0
55.9
56.2
56.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,773
2,391
2,069
4,050
2,660
2,637
2,671
2,451
2,344
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
3.2
2.8
5.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54,271
52,745
53,331
54,162
53,712
53,076
53,185
52,996
53,234
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,451
17,027
17,030
16,451
16,449
17,020
17,024
17,027
17,030
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,727
5,926
5,874
6,107
5,936
6,226
6,100
6,288
6,237
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34.8
34.8
34.5
37.1
36.1
36.6
35.8
36.9
36.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,108
5,350
5,319
5,399
5,287
5,550
5,474
5,660
5,601
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.1
31.4
31.2
32.8
32.1
32.6
32.2
33.2
32.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
618
576
555
708
649
676
626
629
636
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8
9.7
9.5
11.6
10.9
10.9
10.3
10.0
10.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,725
11,102
11,156
10,344
10,512
10,795
10,924
10,739
10,793
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201,687
202,932
202,982
201,687
202,250
202,819
202,875
202,932
202,982
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123,638
126,302
125,320
124,035
124,780
125,782
126,139
126,364
125,664
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.3
62.2
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.0
62.2
62.3
61.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117,458
122,122
121,625
117,475
120,749
121,497
121,967
122,357
121,606
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58.2
60.2
59.9
58.2
59.7
59.9
60.1
60.3
59.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,180
4,180
3,694
6,560
4,032
4,285
4,172
4,007
4,058
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.0
3.3
2.9
5.3
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78,049
76,630
77,663
77,652
77,469
77,038
76,736
76,568
77,319
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64,600
66,085
65,546
64,614
65,000
65,736
65,972
66,059
65,540
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.8
70.6
70.0
69.8
70.0
70.2
70.5
70.6
70.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61,269
63,808
63,615
61,185
63,047
63,612
63,995
64,043
63,521
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66.2
68.1
67.9
66.1
67.9
68.0
68.4
68.4
67.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,331
2,278
1,931
3,428
1,953
2,124
1,977
2,015
2,020
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
3.4
2.9
5.3
3.0
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54,576
55,556
55,143
54,651
55,177
55,169
55,312
55,376
55,215
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56.2
57.4
56.9
56.3
56.7
57.0
57.1
57.2
57.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52,147
54,041
53,794
52,012
53,493
53,449
53,571
53,803
53,656
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.7
55.8
55.5
53.6
54.9
55.2
55.3
55.6
55.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,429
1,515
1,348
2,639
1,684
1,720
1,740
1,572
1,559
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
2.7
2.4
4.8
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,462
4,660
4,630
4,771
4,603
4,877
4,855
4,930
4,909
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37.0
37.4
37.1
39.5
38.2
39.1
38.9
39.5
39.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,043
4,273
4,216
4,278
4,209
4,435
4,400
4,510
4,429
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.5
34.3
33.8
35.4
34.9
35.6
35.3
36.2
35.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
420
388
415
493
395
442
455
420
480
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4
8.3
9.0
10.3
8.6
9.1
9.4
8.5
9.8
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33,551
34,030
34,055
33,551
33,749
33,978
34,004
34,030
34,055
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,488
21,026
21,176
20,543
20,506
21,056
21,145
21,134
21,209
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.1
61.8
62.2
61.2
60.8
62.0
62.2
62.1
62.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,555
19,695
19,992
18,543
19,057
19,597
19,751
19,825
19,963
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55.3
57.9
58.7
55.3
56.5
57.7
58.1
58.3
58.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,932
1,331
1,184
2,000
1,449
1,459
1,394
1,309
1,246
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4
6.3
5.6
9.7
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.2
5.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,064
13,003
12,880
13,009
13,243
12,922
12,859
12,895
12,846
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,450
9,754
9,955
9,469
9,378
9,741
9,966
9,817
9,969
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66.7
67.4
68.8
66.8
65.7
67.5
69.0
67.9
68.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,478
9,163
9,343
8,503
8,723
9,051
9,327
9,264
9,360
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.8
63.4
64.5
60.0
61.1
62.7
64.5
64.1
64.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
973
590
612
966
655
690
640
553
608
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3
6.1
6.1
10.2
7.0
7.1
6.4
5.6
6.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,315
10,572
10,573
10,309
10,445
10,568
10,537
10,569
10,555
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.7
61.8
61.8
60.7
61.1
61.9
61.7
61.8
61.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,487
9,986
10,090
9,423
9,794
9,954
9,897
9,984
10,022
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55.9
58.4
59.0
55.5
57.3
58.3
57.9
58.4
58.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
828
586
482
886
651
614
640
585
533
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.0
5.5
4.6
8.6
6.2
5.8
6.1
5.5
5.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
723
701
648
764
683
747
642
749
686
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30.2
28.3
26.2
32.0
28.6
30.2
26.0
30.3
27.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
591
546
558
616
540
592
528
577
581
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.7
22.1
22.6
25.8
22.6
24.0
21.4
23.3
23.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
155
89
148
143
155
114
172
104
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2
22.1
13.8
19.3
21.0
20.7
17.8
22.9
15.2
See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,532
16,803
16,826
16,532
16,612
16,903
16,782
16,803
16,826
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,294
10,784
10,763
10,381
10,739
10,880
10,555
10,761
10,837
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62.3
64.2
64.0
62.8
64.6
64.4
62.9
64.0
64.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,722
10,493
10,453
9,791
10,326
10,492
10,231
10,460
10,504
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58.8
62.4
62.1
59.2
62.2
62.1
61.0
62.3
62.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
571
291
310
590
413
388
324
300
333
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
2.7
2.9
5.7
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
3.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,238
6,019
6,064
6,150
5,873
6,022
6,227
6,042
5,989
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,719
45,888
45,963
44,719
45,303
45,740
45,816
45,888
45,963
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29,110
30,498
30,311
29,137
29,883
30,390
30,492
30,475
30,376
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.1
66.5
65.9
65.2
66.0
66.4
66.6
66.4
66.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26,922
29,155
29,155
26,902
28,427
28,893
29,136
29,209
29,121
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.2
63.5
63.4
60.2
62.7
63.2
63.6
63.7
63.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,189
1,343
1,156
2,235
1,456
1,497
1,356
1,265
1,255
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5
4.4
3.8
7.7
4.9
4.9
4.4
4.2
4.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,609
15,390
15,652
15,582
15,420
15,350
15,324
15,414
15,587
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,094
16,672
16,634
16,020
16,266
16,586
16,700
16,619
16,604
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79.6
80.2
79.9
79.3
79.4
80.0
80.4
79.9
79.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,928
15,938
16,036
14,886
15,580
15,867
16,086
15,979
15,989
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73.9
76.6
77.0
73.7
76.1
76.6
77.5
76.8
76.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,166
734
598
1,134
687
719
614
640
615
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2
4.4
3.6
7.1
4.2
4.3
3.7
3.8
3.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,768
12,465
12,294
11,800
12,288
12,383
12,403
12,477
12,331
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.5
59.8
58.8
57.6
59.2
59.6
59.6
59.8
59.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,923
11,928
11,859
10,921
11,682
11,775
11,802
11,950
11,857
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.3
57.2
56.8
53.3
56.3
56.6
56.7
57.3
56.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
845
537
434
879
606
608
601
527
474
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2
4.3
3.5
7.5
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.2
3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,249
1,361
1,384
1,317
1,328
1,421
1,389
1,379
1,441
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.0
32.1
32.6
32.6
32.6
33.6
32.8
32.5
34.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,071
1,289
1,260
1,096
1,165
1,251
1,248
1,280
1,275
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.5
30.4
29.7
27.2
28.6
29.6
29.5
30.2
30.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178
72
124
221
163
170
141
98
165
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3
5.3
8.9
16.8
12.2
12.0
10.2
7.1
11.5
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,039
9,030
9,300
8,993
8,712
8,687
8,962
9,097
9,207
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44.3
45.3
44.9
44.1
44.8
44.5
46.8
45.6
44.4
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,205
8,456
8,808
8,152
8,255
8,142
8,574
8,627
8,713
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40.2
42.4
42.5
39.9
42.5
41.7
44.8
43.2
42.0
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
835
574
492
841
457
545
388
470
494
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2
6.4
5.3
9.4
5.2
6.3
4.3
5.2
5.4
High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,768
36,943
36,498
34,809
35,828
37,064
36,589
36,847
36,464
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55.4
56.9
56.8
55.4
55.7
57.2
56.2
56.8
56.8
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32,451
35,365
35,168
32,393
34,188
35,361
34,953
35,368
35,064
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51.7
54.5
54.7
51.6
53.1
54.6
53.7
54.5
54.6
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,317
1,578
1,330
2,416
1,640
1,703
1,636
1,479
1,401
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7
4.3
3.6
6.9
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.0
3.8
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,627
35,600
35,628
35,610
35,477
35,320
35,391
35,555
35,540
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63.2
63.5
63.5
63.2
62.7
63.1
63.6
63.4
63.4
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33,622
34,468
34,586
33,526
34,204
34,059
34,060
34,480
34,445
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.7
61.5
61.7
59.5
60.4
60.9
61.2
61.5
61.4
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,005
1,132
1,042
2,084
1,274
1,261
1,331
1,075
1,095
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
3.2
2.9
5.9
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.0
3.1
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60,786
62,027
61,702
60,758
61,134
61,699
62,003
61,597
61,705
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72.1
73.3
72.9
72.1
72.3
72.6
72.4
72.8
72.9
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58,757
60,855
60,579
58,614
59,860
60,294
60,656
60,386
60,459
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.7
71.9
71.6
69.6
70.8
70.9
70.9
71.4
71.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,030
1,172
1,123
2,144
1,274
1,404
1,347
1,211
1,247
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
1.9
1.8
3.5
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.0
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service
Total
Men
Women
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,879
18,429
16,870
16,404
2,009
2,025
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,186
8,905
8,024
7,750
1,162
1,155
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.7
48.3
47.6
47.2
57.8
57.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,706
8,645
7,594
7,521
1,111
1,124
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46.1
46.9
45.0
45.9
55.3
55.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
480
260
430
228
51
31
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
2.9
5.4
2.9
4.4
2.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,693
9,524
8,846
8,654
847
870
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,634
4,851
3,824
3,938
810
914
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,733
3,891
3,194
3,235
538
656
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80.5
80.2
83.5
82.2
66.4
71.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,544
3,758
3,036
3,122
508
637
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76.5
77.5
79.4
79.3
62.7
69.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
189
133
158
113
31
19
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
3.4
5.0
3.5
5.7
3.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
902
960
630
703
272
258
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,313
3,256
2,793
2,806
520
449
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,450
2,343
2,087
2,062
363
282
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74.0
72.0
74.7
73.5
69.9
62.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,323
2,301
1,970
2,030
353
270
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70.1
70.7
70.5
72.3
68.0
60.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
43
117
31
10
11
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
1.8
5.6
1.5
2.6
4.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
863
912
706
745
157
168
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,771
6,298
6,509
6,047
262
251
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,148
937
1,118
897
31
40
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.0
14.9
17.2
14.8
11.7
16.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,102
905
1,071
864
31
40
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3
14.4
16.5
14.3
11.7
16.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
32
47
32
0
0
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
3.4
4.2
3.6
–
–
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,623
5,361
5,391
5,150
231
211
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,161
4,024
3,744
3,613
417
411
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,855
1,733
1,625
1,556
230
177
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44.6
43.1
43.4
43.1
55.1
43.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,736
1,681
1,517
1,505
219
176
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41.7
41.8
40.5
41.6
52.6
42.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
52
108
51
11
0
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
3.0
6.6
3.3
4.6
0.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,306
2,291
2,119
2,057
187
234
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233,521
236,151
105,022
107,517
128,499
128,634
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149,093
152,232
76,069
78,168
73,024
74,065
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63.8
64.5
72.4
72.7
56.8
57.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140,575
147,231
71,452
75,382
69,124
71,849
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.2
62.3
68.0
70.1
53.8
55.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,518
5,001
4,617
2,785
3,901
2,216
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
3.3
6.1
3.6
5.3
3.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84,428
83,919
28,953
29,349
55,475
54,570
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Persons with a disability
Persons with no disability
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30,360
32,698
230,743
230,862
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,176
7,545
154,203
155,904
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3
23.1
66.8
67.5
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,585
6,922
145,575
151,069
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.4
21.2
63.1
65.4
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
592
623
8,628
4,835
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6
8.3
5.6
3.1
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24,183
25,153
76,540
74,957
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,609
3,190
76,676
77,839
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34.7
39.1
81.8
82.3
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,302
2,838
72,099
75,248
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30.7
34.8
77.0
79.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306
351
4,578
2,591
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7
11.0
6.0
3.3
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,901
4,968
17,010
16,765
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,543
3,028
68,049
68,750
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.6
35.9
70.7
71.6
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,314
2,815
64,436
66,750
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.7
33.3
66.9
69.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229
212
3,612
2,000
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.0
7.0
5.3
2.9
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,251
5,417
28,268
27,315
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,025
1,327
9,478
9,315
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8
8.2
23.3
23.2
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
968
1,268
9,040
9,072
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
7.9
22.2
22.6
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
59
438
243
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5
4.5
4.6
2.6
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,031
14,767
31,262
30,877
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity
Total
Men
Women
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Apr.
2022
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,046
45,016
20,660
21,881
22,386
23,135
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27,644
29,458
15,693
16,800
11,951
12,658
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.2
65.4
76.0
76.8
53.4
54.7
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25,886
28,488
14,751
16,261
11,135
12,227
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.1
63.3
71.4
74.3
49.7
52.9
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,758
970
942
539
816
431
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
3.3
6.0
3.2
6.8
3.4
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,402
15,558
4,966
5,081
10,436
10,477
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
218,057
218,544
105,656
106,531
112,401
112,013
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132,735
133,992
69,418
70,241
63,317
63,751
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.9
61.3
65.7
65.9
56.3
56.9
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125,274
129,503
65,214
67,661
60,059
61,842
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.5
59.3
61.7
63.5
53.4
55.2
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,462
4,488
4,204
2,580
3,258
1,909
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
3.3
6.1
3.7
5.1
3.0
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85,321
84,552
36,238
36,290
49,084
48,262
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Category
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,196
2,256
2,265
2,275
2,308
2,326
2,383
2,378
2,349
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,466
1,490
1,435
1,529
1,477
1,501
1,525
1,571
1,505
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
674
737
798
680
785
771
801
758
800
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
29
32
–
–
–
–
–
–
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148,964
155,849
155,726
148,978
153,409
154,598
155,094
155,871
155,729
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139,929
146,612
146,650
139,915
144,474
145,993
146,263
146,955
146,638
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,640
21,687
21,128
20,424
21,097
21,274
20,971
21,296
20,948
Private industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119,289
124,924
125,521
119,287
123,172
124,240
124,886
125,204
125,371
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
602
575
591
–
–
–
–
–
–
Other industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118,686
124,349
124,931
118,623
122,484
123,512
124,144
124,505
124,658
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
8,960
9,165
9,030
8,992
9,282
9,089
9,175
9,260
9,086
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
73
46
–
–
–
–
–
–
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,031
4,266
3,822
5,245
3,929
3,717
4,135
4,170
4,033
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,866
2,921
2,500
4,011
2,594
2,430
2,707
2,880
2,647
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
984
1,116
1,077
990
1,082
969
1,060
1,055
1,071
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,836
21,356
21,479
19,220
20,315
20,198
20,667
20,870
20,826
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,968
4,211
3,777
5,190
3,898
3,620
4,105
4,149
3,996
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,812
2,879
2,472
3,956
2,578
2,400
2,672
2,842
2,617
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
979
1,114
1,071
986
1,079
960
1,053
1,049
1,064
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,501
20,997
21,092
18,877
19,951
19,839
20,275
20,498
20,435
1 Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151,160
158,106
157,991
151,259
155,975
157,174
157,722
158,458
158,105
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,108
5,350
5,319
5,399
5,287
5,550
5,474
5,660
5,601
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,879
2,080
2,115
2,072
2,075
2,188
2,295
2,310
2,316
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,229
3,270
3,204
3,336
3,214
3,378
3,205
3,392
3,307
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146,051
152,756
152,672
145,860
150,688
151,624
152,248
152,798
152,504
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,018
13,611
13,532
13,139
13,870
13,756
13,834
13,774
13,673
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133,034
139,145
139,140
132,688
136,605
137,840
138,412
139,055
138,737
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97,234
101,788
101,849
97,064
99,740
100,647
101,109
101,769
101,605
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,377
35,358
35,523
34,340
35,352
34,985
35,125
35,367
35,472
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32,491
34,672
34,696
32,430
33,454
34,147
34,535
34,695
34,612
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30,366
31,758
31,630
30,294
30,934
31,515
31,448
31,707
31,522
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,800
37,357
37,292
35,624
36,865
37,193
37,304
37,287
37,132
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79,965
83,902
83,922
80,092
82,508
83,518
84,247
84,465
84,089
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,518
2,701
2,598
2,668
2,616
2,751
2,774
2,911
2,754
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
919
995
1,018
995
970
1,022
1,131
1,137
1,097
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,599
1,707
1,580
1,679
1,655
1,744
1,659
1,804
1,662
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77,447
81,201
81,324
77,423
79,892
80,767
81,473
81,554
81,334
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,712
6,847
6,887
6,775
7,070
7,032
7,059
6,975
6,958
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70,735
74,354
74,436
70,679
72,702
73,752
74,457
74,613
74,340
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51,680
54,113
54,296
51,688
52,992
53,693
54,227
54,331
54,259
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,328
18,719
18,830
18,354
18,793
18,555
18,788
18,782
18,851
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17,532
18,608
18,636
17,501
17,899
18,420
18,696
18,696
18,605
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,820
16,786
16,830
15,833
16,300
16,718
16,743
16,852
16,803
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,055
20,240
20,141
18,991
19,710
20,059
20,230
20,282
20,081
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,195
74,203
74,069
71,167
73,467
73,656
73,475
73,992
74,017
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,590
2,649
2,721
2,731
2,671
2,799
2,699
2,748
2,847
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
960
1,085
1,097
1,077
1,105
1,166
1,164
1,173
1,219
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,630
1,564
1,624
1,657
1,558
1,634
1,546
1,589
1,645
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,605
71,555
71,348
68,436
70,795
70,857
70,775
71,244
71,170
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,305
6,764
6,644
6,364
6,799
6,725
6,775
6,799
6,715
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,299
64,791
64,704
62,009
63,904
64,088
63,955
64,442
64,397
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,554
47,675
47,553
45,376
46,748
46,954
46,882
47,438
47,346
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,049
16,639
16,693
15,986
16,559
16,430
16,338
16,584
16,621
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,959
16,064
16,060
14,929
15,555
15,727
15,838
15,999
16,007
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,546
14,972
14,800
14,461
14,635
14,798
14,705
14,855
14,718
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,745
17,116
17,151
16,633
17,156
17,134
17,074
17,004
17,051
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,977
45,412
45,496
43,810
44,437
45,342
45,648
45,325
45,259
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,192
36,391
36,221
34,996
35,557
35,885
35,870
36,043
35,999
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,420
10,182
10,014
–
–
–
–
–
–
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125,635
131,663
131,362
126,279
130,191
131,164
131,806
132,718
132,067
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25,524
26,443
26,629
25,046
25,681
25,817
25,801
25,902
26,091
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,883
7,496
7,532
6,893
7,395
7,486
7,431
7,370
7,539
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.8
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,196
6,322
6,678
–
–
–
–
–
–
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,634
9,902
9,828
9,672
10,067
9,860
9,976
10,018
9,886
1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)
Unemployment rates
Apr.
2021
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
Apr.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Apr.
2022
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,719
5,952
5,941
6.0
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.6
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
708
629
636
11.6
10.9
10.9
10.3
10.0
10.2
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
219
223
10.6
10.8
11.3
10.2
8.6
8.8
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
485
416
442
12.7
11.5
10.6
10.1
10.9
11.8
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,011
5,323
5,305
5.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.4
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,527
1,113
1,016
10.4
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.5
6.9
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,453
4,139
4,234
5.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
2.9
3.0
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,565
3,149
3,190
5.4
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.0
3.0
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,350
1,450
1,461
6.4
4.3
4.3
4.1
3.9
4.0
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,681
984
1,033
4.9
3.3
3.5
3.3
2.8
2.9
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,534
715
697
4.8
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.2
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,864
978
1,045
5.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.7
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,324
3,195
3,288
6.2
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.8
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
364
323
327
12.0
11.5
11.5
11.1
10.0
10.6
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
109
120
10.2
10.7
13.5
9.0
8.7
9.8
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
268
215
228
13.7
12.6
10.2
12.4
10.7
12.1
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,961
2,872
2,961
6.0
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.5
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
877
651
611
11.5
7.7
8.6
7.8
8.5
8.1
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,060
2,180
2,302
5.4
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.0
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,021
1,633
1,715
5.5
3.5
3.5
3.2
2.9
3.1
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,312
779
835
6.7
4.5
4.4
3.9
4.0
4.2
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
852
535
538
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.3
2.8
2.8
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
857
320
341
5.1
2.5
2.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,039
546
587
5.2
2.7
3.2
3.2
2.6
2.8
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,395
2,757
2,653
5.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.5
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
306
308
11.2
10.4
10.2
9.4
10.0
9.8
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
110
103
11.0
10.8
9.3
11.2
8.5
7.8
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
201
214
11.6
10.2
11.0
7.6
11.2
11.5
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,050
2,451
2,344
5.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
651
461
405
9.3
6.5
5.9
7.2
6.4
5.7
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,393
1,959
1,932
5.2
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.9
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,545
1,516
1,475
5.3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.1
3.0
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,039
671
626
6.1
4.1
4.2
4.4
3.9
3.6
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
829
450
494
5.3
3.2
3.5
3.3
2.7
3.0
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
677
395
355
4.5
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
849
458
482
4.9
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.7
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,722
778
870
3.8
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.9
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,374
784
778
3.8
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.1
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
746
514
420
7.3
5.6
5.0
5.3
4.8
4.0
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,202
4,784
4,729
6.1
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,500
1,138
1,187
5.6
4.2
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.4
1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.