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Community radio Community radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area, broadcasting material that is popular to a loc- al audience but is overlooked by more power- ful broadcast groups. The term has somewhat different mean- ings in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Australia. In the UK, the idea of community-based services can be traced back at least as far as the original concept for BBC local radio in the early 1960s. Thereafter various land-based unli- censed pirate radio stations (Such as East London Radio, and Radio AMY (Alternative Media for You)) developed the idea further. As pirate stations proliferated during the late 1970s and early 1980s these stations were joined by those broadcasting specifically to minority immigrant communities (Afro-Carib- bean and Asian etc.), particularly in cities such as London, Birmingham, Bristol, and Manchester. Although, "community radio" re- mains synonymous with "pirate radio" for some people in the UK, most minority immig- rant stations focused purely on specific mu- sical genres and were operated (theoretically at least) on a for-profit basis. Community ra- dio services in the UK are operated on a not- for-profit basis with community ownership and control built in to their structures. Fol- lowing an experiment started in 2001 by the former UK broadcast regulator The Radio Authority, since 2005 some 200 such stations have been licensed by the UK broadcasting regulator (Ofcom). Most such stations broad- cast on FM (typically at a radiated power level of approximately 25 Watts (per-plane)) although there are a few that operate on AM (medium wave), particularly in more rural areas. In the U.S., community radio stations are non-profit, community-based operations li- censed by the Federal Communications Com- mission for broadcasting in the non-commer- cial, public portion of the FM band. These stations differ from other public radio outlets in the U.S. by allowing community volunteers to actively participate as broadcasters.[1] Pir- ate radio is virtually unknown in Australia be- cause of the strictly controlled allocation of broadcasting frequencies, and the likely ap- plication of severe, legislated penalties, in- cluding jail, for offenders. Vision, philosophy, and status Modern-day community radio stations often serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that is not necessarily provided by the larger commercial radio stations. Com- munity radio outlets may carry news and in- formation programming geared toward the local area, particularly immigrant or minority groups that are poorly served by other major media outlets. More specialized musical shows are also often a feature of many com- munity radio stations. Community stations and pirate stations (where they are tolerated) can be valuable assets for a region. Com- munity radio stations typically avoid content found on commercial outlets, such as Top 40 music, sports, and "drive-time" personalities. Conceptions of community in the literature Communities are complex entities and so what constitutes "community" in Community radio is often a contentious and tricky debate and will vary from country to country. Com- munity may also often be replaced by a range of terms like "alternative", "radical", or "cit- izen" radio. Traditionally in sociology, a "community" has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common loca- tion. Community radio is often built around concepts of access and participation and so the term community may be thought of as of- ten referring to geographical communities based around the possible reach of the ra- dio’s signal, ie. the people who can receive the message, and their potential to particip- ate in the creation of such messages. This is of course problematized by the fact that many radio stations now broadcast over the internet as well, thereby reaching potentially global audiences and communities. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 1 Models of community radio Philosophically two distinct approaches to community radio can be discerned, though the models are not necessarily mutually ex- clusive. One stresses service or community- mindedness, a focus on what the station can do for the community. The other stresses in- volvement and participation by the listener. Within the service model localism is often prized, as community radio, as a third tier, can provide content focused on a more local or particular community than larger opera- tions. Sometimes, though, the provision of syndicated content that is not already avail- able within the station’s service area, is seen as a desirable form of service. Within the Un- ited States, for example, many stations syn- dicate content from groups such as Pacifica Radio, such as Democracy Now!, on the basis that it provides a form of content not other- wise available, because of such a program’s lack of appeal to advertisers or (especially in Pacifica’s case) politically controversial nature. Within the access or participatory model, the participation of community members in producing content is seen as a good in itself. While this model does not necessarily ex- clude a service approach, there is a tension between the two, as outlined, for example, in Jon Bekken’s Community Radio at the Crossroads. Growth in the area Examples by geographic area Australia Community Broadcasting is Australia’s third media sector. As at June 2005 there were 442 fully-licensed community radio stations (in- cluding remote Indigenous services). The community radio sector in Australia fulfills a broad, but largely unacknowledged role in the Australian media landscape, particularly as a source of local content. A 2002 report, found that 20,000 (or 0.1% of all Australians) are involved as volunteers in the community radio sector on a regular basis and volunteers equate for more than $145 million in unpaid work each year;[2] Na- tionally more than 7 million Australians (or 45% of people over 15) listen to community radio in each month (source: McNair Ingenuity). The role of community broadcasting in Australia, according to the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia is to provide a diverse range of services meeting community needs in ways that are not met by other sectors. Community broadcasting is sustained by the principles of access and par- ticipation, volunteerism, diversity, independ- ence and localism. Community radio stations are sometimes specialist music stations, or they might strongly represent local music and arts. Oth- ers might broadcast talks and current affairs programs representing alternative, Indigen- ous Australian, environmental, feminist or gay and lesbian interests, filling perceived gaps in commercial or government radio content. Although community radio has grown con- siderably over the years, both in terms of the number of listener and the number of sta- tions, the sector is largely under funded with individual stations having to spend much of their time financing their community service activities. 53% of community radio stations serve an array of different communities of interest in- cluding: Indigenous and Ethnic, people with a print disability, young people, older people, arts/fine music, religious, gay and lesbian. The remaining stations provide service which may be described as generalist, which address the interests of communities in par- ticular geographic locations but will still ad- dress a range of diverse specialty interests. Community broadcasting more than any other form of media in this country shapes and reflects the national character in all its diversity. The sector is unique in its capacity to provide fresh programming by and for Indigenous, Ethnic and RPH communities. Community broadcasting stations also have a strong commitment to local news, in- formation; the promotion of local and Aus- tralian music, arts and culture; and to provid- ing training in media skills. When a not-for-profit community group applies to the regulator, the Australia Com- munications and Media Authority, for a com- munity broadcasting licence they specify what community interest they intend to serve. Licensees are selected by the regulat- or on the basis of suitability and on the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 2 merits of the licence application and the ca- pacity to serve identified community in- terests. Upon grant of a 5 year renewable li- cence each station is then required to contin- ue to serve the community interest for which the licence was granted. Bolivia One of the most famous examples of com- munity radio was miners’ radio in Bolivia. Funded by trade union dues and operated mainly at local and regional levels, there were more than 25 such radio stations during the period from about 1960 to 1985. Changes in government policy eliminated many union- ised mining jobs after 1985 and some radios were sold or ceased to exist. In spite of many difficulties five stations continue to broadcast. La Voz del Minero Radio Pío XII RadioVan- guardia de Colquiri Radio Animas Radio 21 de Diciembre Radio Nacional deHuanuni... these were some of the most important radio stations created, funded and managed by Bolivian mining workers. It all started in 1949, with one radio station in the mining district of Catavi. During the next 15 years, other districts followed: they bought the equipment, they trained young people from their villages, and the workers them- selves funded the experience by giving a per- centage of their salary to sustain their radio stations. Most of the radio stations started small and precariously, only equipped by very simple means. A few of them managed to get foreign support and evolved into more soph- isticated radio stations, with better equip- ment and installations. A few, even built a theatre next to the premises, so union meet- ings would take place and be transmitted live through the radio. Radio Vanguardia for ex- ample, had a beautiful theatre decorated with large murals narrating the story of the Colquiri mining centre. One particular scene on the mural depicts the attack by Bolivian Air Force planes in 1967, when the country was under military rule. In the early 1970s, 26 radio stations were in operation, all in the mining districts of the highlands of Bolivia. At that time miners’ uni- ons in Bolivia were still very powerful and considered among the most important and politically advanced in Latin America. In times of peace and democracy miners’ radio stations were integrated into the daily life of the community. They became the closest and most effective replacement for telephone and postal services. People would get their mail through the stations and post messages of all kinds, which were read several times during the day: calls for a meeting of women from the Comité de Amas de Casa (Housewives Com- mittee); messages from the union leaders about their negotiations with the government in the capital; messages of love among youngsters; announcing a new play by Nue- vos Horizontes drama group (often staged on the platform of a big truck, with workers illu- minating the scene with their own lamps); announcements of sport activities, burials, births and festivities. In times of political upheaval the union ra- dio stations would become the only trust- worthy source of information. As the military captured newspapers, radio and TV stations in the capital and othercities, the only in- formation available would come from the miner’sradio stations. All of them would join the cadena minera until thearmy would pen- etrate the mining camps and assault the sta- tions, which were usually defended to the death by the workers. A film by Bolivian film- maker Jorge Sanjinés, The Courage of the People, re-enacts the attack on the mining district of Siglo XX by the army in June 1967. Another film, a documentary, by Alfonso Gu- mucio Dagron and Eduardo Barrios, titled Voices of the Mine and produced by UNESCO, describes their political and social importance. In times of political and social crisis the miners’ radio stations would air reports on the political situation; they would also link for live transmissions when an important sporting or cultural event took place in the mining district. Other than that, each station had full independence from the next. Certainly, miners’ radio stations were im- portant because miners were important. But also, Bolivian miners were more influential than ever because during several decades they had powerful means to communicate their ideas. As the importance of mining in Bolivia declined in the 1980s, the unions were weakened and some of the radio sta- tions disappeared along with the mining districts. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 3 Canada Community radio stations in Canada most commonly target commercially underserved minority language communities such as Franco-Ontarians, Acadians or First Nations, although some communities also have Eng- lish language community stations. These sta- tions are often volunteer-run and operated by cooperatives or other not-for-profit corporations. In larger cities, community-oriented pro- gramming more commonly airs on campus radio stations. Some cities do, however, have community radio stations as well. Most com- munity stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association, or NCRA. Most of Canada’s French language community radio stations are members of either l’Association des Radi- odiffuseurs Communitaire du Quebec (ARCQ) or l’Alliance des radios communautaires du Canada inc (l’ARC)[3]. The province with the largest number of community radio stations in Canada is Saskatchewan. The majority of those stations are affiliated with Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation, an aboriginal public radio network. Community stations are subject to the Ca- nadian Radio-television and Telecommunica- tions Commission’s (CRTC) community radio policy[4]. In this policy, the CRTC requires com- munity stations to • facilitate community access to programming; • promote the availability of training throughout the community; and • provide for the ongoing training and supervision of those within the community wishing to participate in programming. It also requires stations to offer diverse pro- gramming that reflects the needs and in- terests of the community including: • music by new and local talent; • music not generally broadcast by commercial stations; • spoken word programming; and • local information. The CRTC maintains a list of community sta- tions[5]. In Canada, call letters and frequen- cies are regulated by Industry Canada’s Spectrum Management[6]. See also: List of community radio stations in Canada Ecuador In Ecuador many community radio stations are operated by religious groups. They in- clude Catholic, Protestant and Bahá’í sta- tions. The amount of community participation and self-management varies. Radio Latacunga was associated with a project in which indigenous organizations were sup- plied with simple equipment to record weekly programs for broadcast in the early morning. Also in Ecuador some indigenous groups op- erate their own radios. This is the case for the Shuar Federation in the tropical rain- forest, and the community of Simiatug in Bolívar Province. Unlike Bolivia, trade-union radio has historically been weak in Ecuador. Hungary The first community stations started as pir- ates, broadcasting politically free speech and music programs after the change from So- cialist system. Tilos Rádió in 1991 was the first such station, followed by Fiksz Rádió and Civil Rádió. Since 2004 a new category arose, kisközösségi or small community sta- tion which are low-power stations. By 2008 more than 60 such microstations has started broadcasting throughout the country. There are village-stations, small town-stations, uni- versity stations, subcultural and regiligous stations as well. In Budapest Cool FM, Első Pesti Egyetemi Rádió, Fúzió Rádió are the small community stations. India In India, the campaign to legitimise com- munity radio began in the mid 1990s, soon after the Supreme Court of India ruled in its judgment of February 1995 that "airwaves are public property".[6] This came as an in- spiration to groups across the country, but to begin with, only educational (campus) radio stations were allowed, under somewhat strin- gent conditions. Anna FM is India’s first campus ’com- munity’ radio, launched on 1 February 2004, which is run by Education and Multimedia Research Centre (EM²RC), and all pro- grammes are produced by the students of Media Sciences at Anna University On 16 November 2006, the government of India notified new Community Radio Guidelines which permit NGOs and other civil society organizations to own and operate community radio stations. About 4,000 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 4 community radio licenses are on offer across India, according to government sources. By 30 November 2008, the ministry of Informa- tion & broadcasting, government of India, had received 297 applications for community radio licenses, including 141 from NGOs and other civil society organizations, 105 from educational institutions and 51 for ’farm ra- dio’ stations to be run by agricultural uni- versities and agricultural extension centers (’Krishi Vigyan Kendras’). Of these, 107 com- munity radio stations have been cleared for licensing through the issue of Letters of In- tent. 13 Grant of Permission Agreements (GOPA) have been signed with license applic- ants under the new scheme. By 30 November 2008, there were 38 op- erational community radio stations in the country. Of these, two are run by NGOs and the rest by educational institutions. The first community-based radio station, licensed to an NGO (as distinct from campus-based ra- dio) was launched on 15 October 2008, when ’Sangham Radio’ in Pastapur village, Medak district, Andhra Pradesh state, was switched on at 11.00am. Sangham Radio, which broad- casts on 90.4 MHz, is licensed to Deccan Development Society (DDS), an NGO that works with women’s groups in about 75 vil- lages of Andhra Pradesh. The community ra- dio station is managed by ’General’ Narsamma and Algole Narsamma. The second NGO-led community radio station in India was launched on 23 October 2008 at ’TARAgram’ in Orchha, Madhya Pradesh state. Named ’Radio Bundelkhand’ after the Bundelkhand region of central India where it is located, the radio station is licensed to the Society for Development Alternatives (DA), a Delhi-based NGO. Radio Bundelkhand also broadcasts on 90.4 MHz for four hours a day, including two hours of repeat broadcast. Under the new community radio policy, any not-for-profit ’legal entity’ - except indi- viduals, political parties and their affiliates, criminal and banned organizations - can ap- ply for a CR license. Central funding is not available for such stations, and there are stringent restrictions on fundraising from other sources. Only organisations that are re- gistered for a minimum of three years old and with a ’proven’ track record of local com- munity service can apply. License conditions implicitly favour well-funded stations as against inexpensive low power operations, several of which (e.g. Mana Radio in Andhra Pradesh and Raghav FM in Bihar) ran suc- cessfully on shoe-string budgets before the imposition of any community radio policy. The licence entitles them to operate a 100 watt (ERP) radio station, with a coverage area of approximately 12 kilometres radius. A maximum antenna height of 30 meters is al- lowed. Community radio stations are expec- ted to produce at least 50% of their pro- grammes locally, as far as possible in the loc- al language or dialect. The stress is on devel- opmental programming, though there is no explicit ban on entertainment. News pro- grammes are banned on community radio in India, as also on commercial FM radio. However, the government recently clarified that certain categories of news are permitted on radio, including sports news and com- mentaries, information on traffic and weather conditions, coverage of cultural events and festivals, information on academic events, public announcements pertaining to utilities like electricity and water supply, disaster warnings and health alerts. Five minutes of advertising per hour is al- lowed on community radio. Sponsored pro- grams are not allowed except when the pro- gram is sponsored by the Government at the Centre or State. Activists and community workers from across the country have banded together un- der the aegis of the ’Community Radio For- um’ in order to coordinate training and sup- port for community radio stations, as well as to continue to petition for a more proactive community radio policy. The Community Ra- dio Forum, India, was registered as a ’Society’ and ’Trust’ on 26 February 2008. In the meantime, mobile telephone operators have begun to offer commercial broadcast services over GSM, evading completely gov- ernment restrictions built around traditional concepts of broadcasting technology. Ireland Ireland has had self-described community ra- dio stations since the late 1970s, though it was not until 1995 that the first 11 licensed stations came on air as part of a pilot project run by the Independent Radio and Television Commission. Early stations were represented by the National Association of Community- Radio Broadcasters, which in 1988 published a guide to setting up new stations. More From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 5 recently licensed stations have formed CRAOL as a representative group. Japan Japan has a series of low power community radio stations across the country. Jordan The first community radio was established in Jordan using the internet. AmmanNet.net was established in November 2000 as a means of bypassing government restrictions on private non governmental radio. In 2005 AmmanNet radio received license as an FM station and was able to broadcast to the people of Jordan’s capital Amman. Am- manNet has also been involved in the train- ing of other community radio stations in Jordan, one as part of evillage in the twin vil- lages of Lib and Mleih and another as part of King Hussein University in the southern city of Maan. Also AmmanNet is involved in train- ing Arab media activists in Internet radio. A program was launced to train and launch nine gulf-based radio stations as part of khaleejnet.net Two new community radio stations were recently established in Jordan. Yarmouk FM is located at Yarmouk University in Irbed as part of the school’s Journalism & Mass Com- munications program. Farah FM is currently under construction but has a license to broadcast in Amman and Zarqa, Jordan’s second largest city. This station will focus primarily on youth and women’s issues. Philippines The very famous community radio in the Phil- ippines is Radyo Natin. Radyo Natin is a set of radio stations in the Philippines. Its sta- tions nationwide broadcast a live Manila feed through satellite. But sometimes some sta- tions air local programming, cutting the Manila feed. It is considered a community network because local programs are being aired in different RN stations. Radyo Natin is owned by Manila Broadcasting Company. Nepal Nepal has adopted community Radio in 1997. Radio Sagarmahta 102.4 MHz [(http://www.radiosagarmatha.org)]is the first independent community radio station not only in Nepal but entire South Asia. It has been established by Nepal Forum of Environ- mental Journalists (Nefej) in May 1997. Radio Sagarmatha has been always in front line to fight for freedom of expression and right to information of the citizen in Nepal. Now it is the leader and role model for all community radio stations in South Asia. Now there are more than 150 community radio have been granted license from Nepal government. In Nepal there is no different policy and law to run community radio. The existing policy and law is for both community and commercial radio stations. So, including the pioneer com- munity radio, Radio Sagarmatha, community radio stations have been demanding to the government to introduce different policy and law to facilitate the community radio sta- tions. There are more than 150 commercial radio stations have received license in Nepal. Social change and social justice is the motto of community Radio stations. They have played vital role to restore democracy and change Nepal as the republic country from the Kingdom. Rule of law, gender equality, education, health, civic education, anti-cor- ruption, good governance, environment and day to day problem and issues are being treated in different format by the local com- munity radio stations. Community radios have a good coverage in over all the Nepal. News is one of the very popular format of Ne- palese community radio stations. South Africa From shortly after the end of the Second World War, the country’s repressive State policies gave the SABC (South African Broad- casting Corporation) an effective monopoly. For almost half a century, it was the only broadcaster permitted to operate legally and faced no independent radio competition on South African territory until the early 1990s’ transition to democracy. The first legally- permitted, non-SABC, broadcast was that of 1991’s ’Festival Radio’ from the campus ra- dio studios at Rhodes University in Graham- stown. An Independent Broadcast Authority was created to oversee the freeing up of the country’s airwaves with small, community ra- dio stations being permitted to broadcast for the first time. Applications were discussed in open session to ensure transparency and ac- countability. Notable early community broad- casters included Bush Radio in Cape Town From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 6 and Radio Unitra in Umtata. The Independ- ent Communications Authority (ICASA) now regulates the telecomms and broadcasting sector. Solomon Islands Solomon Islands has a number of community FM radio stations established under a UNDP programme in Isabel Province. In March-June 2009 these were being used to strengthen women and youth networking under a peace building project of the Commonwealth of Learning[7]. The stations are linked to rural email stations of the People First Network. The Don Bosco technical school has also as- sisted Tetere community in running a com- munity station near Honiara, and the So- lomon Islands Development Trust have estab- lished a Community Media centre to build local capacity. South Korea Korean government licensed a few small power community radio stations in the year of 2005. Maximum power is 1 Watt and it reaches 5 km. Sweden In Sweden, community radio (närradio) was introduced in 1978 with test transmissions. Regular transmissions started next year. Commercials were not allowed until 1993 but operations are mainly run as non-profit NGO’s. There are 150 community radio sta- tions in Sweden. Thailand Community radio in Thailand saw fast growth during the government of Thaksin Sh- inawatra, taking advantage of a delay in the establishment of a regulatory authority. Thai- land’s 2,000-3,000 community radio stations, often operating unlicensed, have been ac- cused of causing interference with air traffic radio and other radio stations[8]. However, selected community radio stations have been the target of police crackdowns, causing crit- ics to accuse the government of political in- terference.[9] Community radio in Thailand now is uncertain about their status. United Kingdom Community radio stations were in operation on cable systems from 1978 [7] onwards and mostly situated in new town areas and staffed and operated by volunteers. In the late 80s and early 90s the then newly formed Radio Authority awarded licences (termed "Incremental" by the outgoing Independent Broadcasting Authority) to a number of new, ex-pirate and cable based community ven- tures. Notable stations included Radio Thamesmead (later RTM Radio), one of the first cable radio stations in the UK which started on the Radiofusion cable system in South East London area in 1978. The old breed of community radio stations could raise funding by selling air space and by re- ceiving donations or grants. United States U.S. community radio stations are usually staffed by volunteers and air a wide variety of programming. They generally have smaller budgets than National Public Radio (NPR) network outlets, due to the small audience of potential contributors and/or business donors. Community radio stations are distinct from NPR stations in that most community radio programming is locally produced by non-professional disc jockeys and producers, where NPR tends to rely more on syndicated programming, both from its own sources and other outlets such as PRI; NPR stations al- most always have paid staffs to handle most duties. Community stations often try, as a matter of principle, to reduce their depend- ence on financial contributions from corpora- tions (and even governments) in comparison with other public broadcasters. Many com- munity stations are licensed as full-power FM stations, while others - especially newer com- munity stations - are licensed under low- power broadcasting rules. Many of the former were founded in the 1960s and 1970s, when cultural experimentation (e.g., the New Left) in the U.S. had a significant following, particularly among the young. The National Federation of Community Broadcasters was formed in 1975 as an um- brella organization for community-oriented, non-commercial radio stations. The NFCB publishes handbooks for stations and lobbies on behalf of community radio at the federal level. It has been criticized for encouraging the homogenization of community stations through its Healthy Station Project. The pro- ject encouraged stations to scale back volun- teers’ power over management and the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 7 content of their programs, as well as em- brace more predictable "strip" program- ming.[8] The Grassroots Radio Coalition is a very loose coalition of stations that formed as a reaction against increasing commercializa- tion of public radio and lack of support for volunteer-based stations (including in the NFCB). Some stations are part of both groups. See also • International Freedom of Expression Exchange • World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) • Prometheus Radio Project • Allegheny Mountain Radio References [1] Dunaway, Ph.D., David (2002). Jankowski, Nicholas W.; Prehn, Ole. eds. "Community Radio at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Commercialism vs. Community Power" (pdf). Community Media in the Information Age: Perspectives and Prospects (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press). http://www.javnost- thepublic.org/media/datoteke/ 1998-2-dunaway.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-02-15. [2] CBONLINE Culture, Commitment, Community: the Australian Community Radio Sector: Susan Forde, Micahel Meadows and Kerrie Foxwell [1]. Retrieved 3 January 2007 [3] [2] [4] [3] [5] [4] [6] [5] [7] Hansard 1981 [8] Jesse Walker, Rebels on the Air: An Alternative History of Radio in America (New York University Press, 2001), pp.147-149 • Bekken, Jon. "Community Radio at the Crossroads: Federal Policy and The Professionalization of a Grassroots Medium" in Sakolsky, Ron and S. Dunifer (eds.) Seizing the Airwaves: A Free Radio Handbook. (also available online) • Girard, Bruce (ed). "A Passion for Radio: Radio waves and community" • UNESCO. "How to Do Community Radio: A Primer" • TQM Communications - AM/FM newsletter number one - Spring 1990. • Smith, Mike "UK Radio, A Brief History - Other Media Developments" External links • EK duniya anEK awaaz - ’One World, Many Voices’, an online content exchange bank for community radio broadcasters • World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters available in EN, FR, ES • Community Media Forum Europe (Pan- European) • Non-Commercial Radio Stations around North America and the World • Local Radio Stations, a podcast from ’RadioFavela - The Sound of Rio’ on their importance for a favela in the megacity of Rio de Janeiro. • Bolivian Miners’ Stations (by Alfonso Gumucio Dagron) • Update on Bolivian miners’ radios • Community radio at the Open Directory Project • Community Media Sustainability Guide from Internews Network • [10] National community radio federations • Prometheus Radio Project (USA based) • Digital Dance Radio & Community (EU based) • National Federation of Community Broadcasters (USA based) • Grassroots Radio Coalition (USA based) • Pacifica Radio Network (USA based community radio network) • National Community Radio Forum (SA based) • CB Online - Community Broadcasting in Australia • Community Media Association (UK based) • CRAOL - Community Radio Forum of Ireland • Community Media Network - radio page (Ireland) • Highlands & Islands Community Broadcasting Federation (Scotland) • About community radio in India • Common Frequency (USA based) • National Campus and Community Radio Association (Canada) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 8 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_radio" Categories: Community radio, Radio formats This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 21:53 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Community radio 9
