Electron has electric and magnetic field in right angle regardless of any kind of its motions.pdf

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magnetic field Electron charge electric charge particle electric field Stewart Tolman effect

Electron has electric and magnetic field in right 
angle regardless of any kind of its motions 
               Joseph George 
                                          Structure of an atom  www.physics-edu.org    
 
 Charged particles like electron and proton have a standing- electric field and magnetic field in 
right angle. The neutron has only a standing-magnetic field (see. fig). 
 
Evidences for the right angle relationship between 
electric and magnetic field of charged particles 
 
 1) Flow of electrons in a conductor is caused by the attraction between electric 
fields of ‘mobile’ electrons and ‘fixed’ positive charges and this flow creates a 
magnetic field that is perpendicular to the direction of the current.  
2) Magnetic resistance: - When the applied magnetic field is perpendicular the 
current, the magnetic resistance will be maximum.  
3) When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it feels a force that 
is at right angle to the velocity of the charged particle.   
4) Since the electric fields of atomic electrons are always directed to the 
nucleus, the magnetic field created by electrons in an atom is an evidence for 
the right angle relationship (see electron configuration in atoms).  
5) Hall effect (the Hall effect refers to the potential difference (Hall voltage) on 
the opposite sides of an electrical conductor through which an electric current is 
flowing, created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the current).  
6) Lorentz Force (moving charges experience a force when a magnetic field is 
present that is not parallel to their motion).  
7) Stewart-Tolman effect & Barnett effect  
Stewart-Tolman effect:-In a conducting body undergoing accelerating motion, 
inertia causes the electrons in the body to "lag" behind the overall motion. In the 
case of linear acceleration, negative charge accumulates at the end of the body; 
while for rotation the negative charge accumulates at the outer rim.  
 
   
Barnett effect: - The magnetization of a ferromagnetic body when spun on its 
axis. The magnetization occurs parallel to the axis of spin. When the body 
rotates, the mobile electrons move to the outer rim due to the centrifugal force 
and accumulate there. This separation of charges creates a potential difference 
between the axis and the outer rim. As the electric field of an electron will be 
always directed to a positive charge and the electron has electric and magnetic 
field in right angles, the magnetic field is created parallel to the axis of the spin.