Egbert of Wessex Egbert King of Wessex Egbert’s name, spelled Ecgbriht, from the 827 entry in the C manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Reign 802 — 839 Died 839 Buried Winchester Predecessor Beorhtric Successor Æthelwulf Offspring Æthelwulf Father Ealhmund Egbert (also spelled Ecgberht) (died 839) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Eg- bert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric’s death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. Little is known of the first twenty years of Egbert’s reign, but it is thought that he was able to maintain Wessex’s independence against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that time dominated the other southern English kingdoms. In 825 Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia at the battle of Ellendun, and pro- ceeded to take control of the Mercian de- pendencies in southeastern England. In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom, temporarily ruling Mercia directly. Later that year Egbert re- ceived the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore, near Sheffield. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda, or "Ruler of Britain". Egbert was unable to maintain this domin- ant position, and within a year Wiglaf re- gained the throne of Mercia. However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex and Surrey; these territories were given to Eg- bert’s son Æthelwulf to rule as a subking un- der Egbert. When Egbert died in 839, Æthel- wulf succeeded him; the southeastern king- doms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after Æthelwulf’s death in 858. Family The earliest version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Parker Chronicle, begins with a genealogical preface tracing the ancestry of Egbert’s son Æthelwulf back through Eg- bert, Ealhmund (thought to be Ealhmund of Kent), and the otherwise unknown Eoppa and Eafa to Ingild, brother of king Ine of Wessex, who abdicated the throne in 726. It continues back to Cerdic, founder of the House of Wes- sex.[1] Egbert was born around 769 or 771. He is reputed to have had a half-sister Al- burga, later to be recognized as a saint. She was married to Wulstan, Ealdorman of Wilt- shire, and on his death she became a nun.[2] The only source for the wife of Egbert is a later medieval manuscript at Trinity College, Oxford, which relates that Egbert married Redburga, regis Francorum sororia, thought to indicate sister, sister-in law or niece of the Frankish Emperor.[3] This seems consistent with Egbert’s strong ties to the Frankish roy- al court and his exile there, but lacks contem- porary support. The number of Egbert’s children is uncer- tain. Æthelwulf, who succeeded Egbert, hav- ing governed as Subregulus of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex, was his son. Some ver- sions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (e.g. the Worcester and Laud Chronicles) call Æthel- stan Egbert’s son, but the Parker Chronicle shows Æthelstan as son of Æthelwulf and hence Egbert’s grandson, and this recon- struction is generally preferred.[4] A number of writers after the Norman Conquest make Saint Edith (Eadgyth) of Polesworth a daugh- ter of Egbert, but this is doubtful.[5] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 1 Political context and early life Offa of Mercia, who reigned from 757 to 796, was the dominant force in Anglo-Saxon Eng- land in the second half of the eighth century. The relationship between Offa and Cynewulf, who was king of Wessex from 757 to 786, is not well-documented, but it seems likely that Cynewulf maintained some independence from Mercian overlordship. Evidence of the relationship between kings can come from charters, which were documents which gran- ted land to followers or to churchmen, and which were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. In some cases a king will appear on a charter as a subregulus, or "subking", making it clear that he has an overlord.[6][7] Cynewulf appears as "King of the West Saxons" on a charter of Offa’s in 772;[8] and he was defeated by Offa in battle in 779 at Bensington, but there is nothing else to suggest Cynewulf was not his own master, and he is not known to have acknow- ledged Offa as overlord.[9] Offa did have in- fluence in the southeast of the country: a charter of 764 shows him in the company of Heahberht of Kent, suggesting that Offa’s in- fluence helped place Heahberht on the throne.[10] The extent of Offa’s control of Kent between 765 and 776 is a matter of de- bate amongst historians, but from 776 until about 784 it appears that the Kentish kings had substantial independence from Mer- cia.[10][11] Another Egbert, Egbert of Kent, ruled in that kingdom throughout the 770s; he is last mentioned in 779, in a charter granting land at Rochester.[10] In 784 a new king of Kent, Ealhmund, appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to a note in the margin, "this king Ealhmund was Egbert’s father [i.e. Egbert of Wessex], Egbert was Æthelwulf’s father". This is supported by the genealogical preface from the A text of the Chronicle, which gives Egbert’s father’s name as Ealh- mund without further details. The preface probably dates from the late ninth century; the marginal note is on the F manuscript of the Chronicle, which is a Kentish version dat- ing from about 1100.[12] Ealhmund does not appear to have long survived in power: there is no record of his activities after 784. There is, however, ex- tensive evidence of Offa’s domination of Kent during the late 780s, with his goals appar- ently going beyond overlordship to outright annexation of the kingdom,[10] and he has been described as "the rival, not the over- lord, of the Kentish kings".[13] It is possible that the young Egbert fled to Wessex in 785 or so; it is suggestive that the Chronicle men- tions in a later entry that Beorhtric, Cynewulf’s successor, helped Offa to exile Egbert.[10] Cynewulf was murdered in 786. Egbert may have contested the succession, but Offa successfully intervened in the ensuing power struggle on the side of Beorhtric.[12][14] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert spent three years in Francia before he was king, exiled by Beorhtric and Offa. The text says "iii" for three, but this may have been a scribal error, with the correct reading being "xiii", that is, thirteen years. Beorhtric’s reign lasted sixteen years, and not thirteen; and all extant texts of the chronicle agree on "iii", but many modern accounts assume that Eg- bert did indeed spend thirteen years in Fran- cia. This requires assuming that the error in transcription is common to every manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; many histori- ans make this assumption but others have re- jected it as unlikely, given the consistency of the sources.[15] In either case Egbert was probably exiled in 789, when Beorhtric, his rival, married the daughter of Offa of Mer- cia.[16] At the time Egbert was in exile, Francia was ruled by Charlemagne, who maintained Frankish influence in Northumbria and is known to have supported Offa’s enemies in the south. Another exile in Gaul at this time was Odberht, a priest, who is almost cer- tainly the same person as Eadberht, who later became king of Kent. According to a later chronicler, William of Malmesbury, Eg- bert learned the arts of government during his time in Gaul.[17] Early reign Beorhtric’s dependency on Mercia continued into the reign of Cenwulf, who became king of Mercia a few months after Offa’s death.[9] Beorhtric died in 802, and Egbert came to the throne of Wessex, probably with the sup- port of Charlemagne and perhaps also the papacy.[18] The Mercians continued to op- pose Egbert: the day of his accession, the Hwicce (who had originally formed a From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 2 separate kingdom, but by that time were part of Mercia) attacked, under the leadership of their ealdorman, Æthelmund. Weohstan, a Wessex ealdorman, met him with men from Wiltshire:[12] according to a fifteenth-century source, Weohstan had married Alburga, Eg- bert’s sister, and so was Egbert’s brother-in- law.[19] The Hwicce were defeated, though Weohstan was killed as well as Æthelmund.[12] Nothing more is recorded of Egbert’s relations with Mercia for more than twenty years after this battle. It seems likely that Egbert had no influence outside his own borders, but on the other hand there is no evidence that he ever submitted to the over- lordship of Cenwulf. Cenwulf did have over- lordship of the rest of southern England, but in Cenwulf’s charters the title of "overlord of the southern English" never appears, pre- sumably in consequence of the independence of the kingdom of Wessex.[20] In 815 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert ravaged the whole of the territor- ies of the remaining British kingdom, Dumno- nia, known to the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the West Welsh; their territory was about equivalent to what is now Corn- wall.[12][21] Ten years later, a charter dated 19 August 825 indicates that Egbert was campaigning in Dumnonia again; this may have been related to a battle recorded in the Chronicle at Galford in 823, between the men of Devon and the Britons of Cornwall.[22] The battle of Ellendun It was also in 825 that one of the most im- portant battles in Anglo-Saxon history took place, when Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun—now Wroughton, near Swindon. This battle marked the end of the Mercian domination of southern England.[23] The Chronicle tells how Egbert followed up his victory: "Then he sent his son Æthelwulf from the army, and Ealhstan, his bishop, and Wulfheard, his ealdorman, to Kent with a great troop." Æthelwulf drove Baldred, the king of Kent, north over the Thames, and ac- cording to the Chronicle, the men of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex then all submitted to Æthelwulf "because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives."[12] This may refer to Offa’s interventions in Kent at the time Egbert’s father Ealhmund became king; if so, the chronicler’s remark may also A map of England during Egbert’s reign. indicate Ealhmund had connections else- where in southeast England.[18] The Chronicle’s version of events makes it appear that Baldred was driven out shortly after the battle, but this was probably not the case. A document from Kent survives which gives the date, March 826, as being in the third year of the reign of Beornwulf. This makes it likely that Beornwulf still had au- thority in Kent at this date, as Baldred’s over- lord; hence Baldred was apparently still in power.[22][24] In Essex, Egbert expelled King Sigered, though the date is unknown. It may have been delayed until 829, since a later chronicler associates the expulsion with a campaign of Egbert’s in that year against the Mercians.[22] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who was the aggressor at Ellendun, but one recent history asserts that Beornwulf was al- most certainly the one who attacked. Accord- ing to this view, Beornwulf may have taken advantage of the Wessex campaign in Dum- nonia in the summer of 825. Beornwulf’s mo- tivation would have been the threat of unrest or instability in the southeast: the dynastic connections with Kent made Wessex a threat to Mercian dominance.[22] The consequences of Ellendun went bey- ond the immediate loss of Mercian power in the southeast. According to the Chronicle, the East Anglians asked for Egbert’s protec- tion against the Mercians in the same year, 825, though it may actually have been in the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 3 following year that the request was made. In 826 Beornwulf invaded East Anglia, presum- ably to recover his overlordship. He was slain, however, as was his successor, Ludeca, who invaded East Anglia in 827, evidently for the same reason. It may be that the Mercians were hoping for support from Kent: there was some reason to suppose that Wulfred, the Archbishop of Canterbury, might be dis- contented with West Saxon rule, as Egbert had terminated Wulfred’s currency and had begun to mint his own, at Rochester and Can- terbury,[22] and it is known that Egbert seized property belonging to Canterbury.[25] The outcome in East Anglia was a disaster for the Mercians which confirmed West Saxon power in the southeast.[22] Defeat of Mercia The entry for 827 in the [C] manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, listing the eight bretwaldas. In 829 Egbert invaded Mercia and drove Wiglaf, the king of Mercia, into exile. This victory gave Egbert control of the London mint, and he issued coins as King of Mer- cia.[22] It was after this victory that the West Saxon scribe described him as a bretwalda, meaning "wide-ruler" or "Britain-ruler", in a famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chron- icle. The relevant part of the annal reads, in the [C] manuscript of the Chronicle:[26] “ 7 þy geare geeode Ecgbriht cing Myrcna rice 7 eall þæt be suþan Humbre wæs, 7 he wæs eahtaþa cing se ðe Bretenanwealda wæs. ” In modern English:[27] “ And the same year King Egbert conquered the kingdom of Mercia, and all that was south of the Hum- ber, and he was the eighth king who was ’Wide Ruler’. ” The previous seven bretwaldas are also named by the Chronicler, who gives the same seven names that Bede lists as holding imper- ium, starting with Ælle of Sussex and ending with Oswiu of Northumbria. The list is often thought to be incomplete, omitting as it does some dominant Mercian kings such as Penda and Offa. The exact meaning of the title has been much debated; it has been described as "a term of encomiastic poetry"[28] but there is also evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.[29] Later in 829, according to the Anglo-Sax- on Chronicle, Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrians at Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield); the Northumbrian king was probably Eanred.[30] According to a later chronicler, Roger of Wendover, Egbert in- vaded Northumbria and plundered it before Eanred submitted: "When Egbert had ob- tained all the southern kingdoms, he led a large army into Northumbria, and laid waste that province with severe pillaging, and made King Eanred pay tribute." Roger of Wendover is known to have incorporated Northumbrian annals into his version; the Chronicle does not mention these events.[31] However, the nature of Eanred’s submission has been questioned: one historian has suggested that it is more likely that the meeting at Dore rep- resented a mutual recognition of sover- eignty.[32] In 830 Egbert led a successful expedition against the Welsh, almost certainly with the intent of extending West Saxon influence into the Welsh lands previously within the Mer- cian orbit. This marked the high point of Eg- bert’s influence.[22] Reduction in influence after 829 In 830, Mercia regained its independence un- der Wiglaf—the Chronicle merely says that Wiglaf "obtained the kingdom of Mercia again",[12] but the most likely explanation is that this was the result of a Mercian rebellion against Wessex rule.[33] Egbert’s dominion over southern England came to an end with Wiglaf’s recovery of power. Wiglaf’s return is followed by evid- ence of his independence from Wessex. Charters indicate Wiglaf had authority in Middlesex and Berkshire, and in a charter of 836 Wiglaf uses the phrase "my bishops, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 4 duces, and magistrates" to describe a group that included eleven bishops from the epis- copate of Canterbury, including bishops of sees in West Saxon territory.[34] It is signific- ant that Wiglaf was still able to call together such a group of notables; the West Saxons, even if they were able to do so, held no such councils.[25][35] Wiglaf may also have brought Essex back into the Mercian orbit during the years after he recovered the throne.[22][32] In East Anglia, King Æthelstan minted coins, possibly as early as 827, but more likely c. 830 after Egbert’s influence was reduced with Wiglaf’s return to power in Mercia. This demonstration of independence on East Anglia’s part is not surprising, as it was Æthelstan who was probably responsible for the defeat and death of both Beornwulf and Ludeca.[22] Both Wessex’s sudden rise to power in the late 820s, and the subsequent failure to re- tain this dominant position, have been ex- amined by historians looking for underlying causes. One plausible explanation for the events of these years is that Wessex’s for- tunes were to some degree dependent on Carolingian support. The Franks supported Eardwulf when he recovered the throne of Northumbria in 808, so it is plausible that they also supported Egbert’s accession in 802. At Easter 839, not long before Egbert’s death, he was in touch with Louis the Pious, king of the Franks, to arrange safe passage to Rome. Hence a continuing relationship with the Franks seems to be part of southern English politics during the first half of the ninth century.[22] Carolingian support may have been one of the factors that helped Egbert achieve the military successes of the late 820s. However, the Rhenish and Frankish commercial net- works collapsed at some time in the 820s or 830s, and in addition, a rebellion broke out in February 830 against Louis the Pious; the first of a series of internal conflicts that las- ted through the 830s and beyond. These dis- tractions may have prevented Louis from supporting Egbert. In this view, the with- drawal of Frankish influence would have left East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex to find a bal- ance of power not dependent on outside aid.[22] Despite the loss of dominance, Egbert’s military successes fundamentally changed the political landscape of Anglo-Saxon Eng- land. Wessex retained control of the south- eastern kingdoms, with the possible excep- tion of Essex; and Mercia did not regain con- trol of East Anglia.[22] Egbert’s victories marked the end of the independent existence of the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex. The conquered territories were administered as a subkingdom for a while, including Surrey and possibly Essex.[36] Although Æthelwulf was a subking under Egbert, it is clear that he maintained his own royal household, with which he travelled around his kingdom. Charters issued in Kent described Egbert and Æthelwulf as "kings of the West Saxons and also of the people of Kent." When Æthelwulf died in 858 his will, in which Wessex is left to one son and the southeastern kingdom to an- other, makes it clear that it was not until after 858 that the kingdoms were fully integ- rated.[37] Mercia remained a threat, however; Egbert’s son Æthelwulf, established as king of Kent, gave estates to Christ Church, Canterbury, probably in order to counter any influence the Mercians might still have there.[22] In the southwest, Egbert was defeated in 836 at Carhampton by the Danes,[12] but in 838 he won a battle against them and their allies the West Welsh at Hingston Down in Cornwall. The Dumnonian royal line contin- ued after this time, but it is at this date that the independence of the last British kingdom may be considered to have ended.[22] The de- tails of Anglo-Saxon expansion into Cornwall are quite poorly recorded, but some evidence comes from place names.[38] The river Ot- tery, which flows east into the Tamar near Launceston, appears to be a boundary: south of the Ottery the placenames are overwhelm- ingly Cornish, whereas to the north they are more heavily influenced by the English new- comers.[39] Succession At a council at Kingston-upon-Thames in 838, Egbert and Æthelwulf granted land to the sees of Winchester and Canterbury in return for the promise of support for Æthelwulf’s claim to the throne.[25][34][40] The archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, also accepted Eg- bert and Æthelwulf as the lords and protect- ors of the monasteries under Ceolnoth’s con- trol. These agreements, along with a later charter in which Æthelwulf confirmed church privileges, suggest that the church had re- cognized that Wessex was a new political From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 5 power that must be dealt with.[22] Church- men consecrated the king at coronation cere- monies, and helped to write the wills which specified the king’s heir; their support had real value in establishing West Saxon control and a smooth succession for Egbert’s line.[41] Both the record of the Council of Kingston, and another charter of that year, include the identical phrasing: that a condition of the grant is that "we ourselves and our heirs shall always hereafter have firm and unshak- able friendships from Archbishop Ceolnoth and his congregation at Christ Church".[40][42][43] Although nothing is known of any other claimants to the throne, it is likely that there were other surviving descendants of Cerdic (the supposed progenitor of all the kings of Wessex) who might have contended for the kingdom. Egbert died in 839, and his will, ac- cording to the account of it found in the will of his grandson, Alfred the Great, left land only to male members of his family, so that the estates should not be lost to the royal house through marriage. Egbert’s wealth, ac- quired through conquest, was no doubt one reason for his ability to purchase the support of the southeastern church establishment; the thriftiness of his will indicates he under- stood the importance of personal wealth to a king.[41] The kingship of Wessex had been frequently contested among different branches of the royal line, and it is a note- worthy achievement of Egbert’s that he was able to ensure Æthelwulf’s untroubled suc- cession.[41] In addition, Æthelwulf’s experi- ence of kingship, in the subkingdom formed from Egbert’s southeastern conquests, would have been valuable to him when he took the throne.[44] Egbert was buried in Winchester, as were his son, Æthelwulf, his grandson, Alfred the Great, and Alfred’s son, Edward the Elder. During the ninth century, Winchester began to show signs of urbanization, and it is likely that the sequence of burials indicates that Winchester was held in high regard by the West Saxon royal line.[45] Notes [1] Garmonsway, G.N. ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., pp. xxxii,2,4 [2] Farmer, D.H.: The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, p. 10 [3] Searle, W.G., Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings, and Nobles, London, 1899, p.343; Weir, Alison, Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (1989), p. 4. [4] Garmonsway, G.N. ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., pp. 62-63; Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 63, note 11. Some popular works, e.g. Weir, op. cit., p. 5., show Æthelstan as son of Egbert. [5] Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses, p. 39, note 58, suggests Edith was a Mercian princess; see also Thacker, "Kings, Saints and Monasteries", p. 19. Again, the claim that Edith was Egbert’s daughter is repeated in some popular works, e.g. Weir, ibidem. [6] Hunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15. [7] P. Wormald, "The Age of Bede and Æthelbald", in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 95–98 [8] "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 108". Sean Miller. http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/ ?do=get&type=charter&id=108. Retrieved on 8 August 2007. [9] ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 209–210. [10]^ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 165–169 [11]Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 207. [12]^ Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 58–63. [13]Wormald, "Bede, the bretwaldas and the origins of the Gens Anglorum", in Wormald et al., Ideal and Reality, p. 113; quoted in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 167., and n. 30. [14]Fletcher, Who’s Who, p. 114. [15]E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric’s reign in Francia; see Fletcher, Who’s Who, p. 114. Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years . . . this error is common to all MSS." See note 12 in Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 62–63. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220. Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested". [16]Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220. [17]Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 176–177. [18]^ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 186. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 6 [19]The source, a poem in the Chronicon Vilodunense, is described by Yorke as "admittedly . . . far from ideal". See Barbara Yorke, "Edward as Ætheling", in Higham & Hill, Edward the Elder, p. 36. [20]Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 225. [21]The border had been pushed back to the river Tamar, between Devon and Cornwall, by Ine of Wessex in 710. See Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p.125. [22]^ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 189–195. [23]Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 231. [24] "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1267". Sean Miller. http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/ ?do=get&type=charter&id=1267. Retrieved on 8 August 2007. [25]^ P. Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", p. 128, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. [26] "Manuscript C: Cotton Tiberius C.i". Tony Jebson. http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/c/c- L.html. Retrieved on 12 August 2007. [27]Translation is based on Swanton; note that "bretwalda" (which Swanton translates as "Controller of Britain") in ms A appears as "brytenwealda" and variants in the other mss; here this is translated as "Wide Ruler", per Swanton. See Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61. [28]Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 34–35. [29]Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 17. [30]Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 197. [31]P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 139, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. [32]^ Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 51. [33]Stenton cites the annal for 839, which says Æthelwulf "granted" or "gave" the kingdom of Kent to his son, as an example of the language that would have been used had Wiglaf been granted the kingdom by Egbert. See Stenton, Anglo- Saxon England, pp. 233–235 [34]^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 233–235 [35]P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 138, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. [36]Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 32. [37]Abels, Alfred the Great, p. 31. [38]Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 155. [39]Payton, Cornwall, p. 68. [40]^ "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1438". Sean Miller. http://www.anglo-saxons.net/ hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=1438. Retrieved on 1 September 2007. [41]^ Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 148–149. [42] "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 281". Sean Miller. http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/ ?do=get&type=charter&id=281. Retrieved on 8 August 2007. [43]P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 140, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. [44]Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 168–169. [45]Yorke, Wessex, p. 310. References • Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo- Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5. • Egbert’s charters at Anglo-Saxons.net Secondary sources • Abels, Richard (2005). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7. • Campbell, James; Eric John & Patrick Wormald (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014395-5. • Fletcher, Richard (1989). Who’s Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-089-5. • Higham, N.J.; Hill, D.H. (2001). Edward the Elder. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21496-3). • Hunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. - A.D. 871. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2. • Kirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5. • Payton, Philip (2004). Cornwall: A History. Cornwall Editions. ISBN 1-904880-00-2. • Stenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1. • Whitelock, Dorothy (1968). English Historical Documents v.l. c.500–1042. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. • Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, D. and Collins, R. (1983). Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford. ISBN 0631126619. • Yorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby. ISBN 1-85264-027-8. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 7 • Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1856-X. See also • Descent of Elizabeth II from Egbert Persondata NAME Egbert of Wessex ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ecgberht (alternate spelling) SHORT DESCRIPTION King of Wessex DATE OF BIRTH c. 769 or 771 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 839 PLACE OF DEATH Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" Categories: 8th-century births, 839 deaths, Mercian monarchs, West Saxon monarchs, Burials at Winchester Cathedral, 9th-century rulers This page was last modified on 7 May 2009, at 14:35 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert of Wessex 8