Loading ...
Global Do...
News & Politics
132
12
Try Now
Log In
Pricing
<p>1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack Four of the restaurants in The Dalles affected by the attack Location The Dalles, Oregon, United States Coordinates 45364N 1211058W / 45.60111N 121.18278W / 45.60111; -121.18278Coordinates: 45364N 1211058W / 45.60111N 121.18278W / 45.60111; -121.18278 [1] Date August 29 October 10, 1984 Attack type Bioterrorism Weapon(s) Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Injured 751 people infected, 45 hospitalizations Perpetrator(s) Rajneeshee commune management The 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack was the food poisoning of more than 750 indi- viduals in The Dalles, Oregon, United States through the contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with salmonella. A lead- ing group of followers of Bhagwan Shree Ra- jneesh (now known as Osho) had hoped to in- capacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections.[2] The incident was the first bioterrorism attack in the Un- ited States, and the single largest bioterrorist attack in United States history.[3][4] The at- tack is one of only two confirmed terrorist uses of biological weapons to harm hu- mans.[5] Having previously gained political control of Antelope, Oregon, Rajneesh's followers based in nearby Rajneeshpuram sought elec- tion to two of the three seats on the Wasco County Circuit Court which were up for elec- tion in November 1984. Fearing they would not gain enough votes, Rajneeshpuram offi- cials decided to incapacitate voters in The Dalles, the largest population center in Wasco County. The chosen biological agent was Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, which was first delivered through glasses of water to two county commissioners, and then de- livered on a larger scale at salad bars and in salad dressing. Seven hundred and fifty-one people con- tracted salmonellosis as a result of the at- tack, of whom 45 were hospitalized. There were no fatalities. Although an initial invest- igation by the Oregon Public Health Division and the Centers for Disease Control did not rule out deliberate contamination, the actual source of the contamination was only dis- covered a year later. On February 28, 1985, Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Repres- entatives in which he "accused the Ra- jneeshees of sprinkling salmonella culture on salad bar ingredients in eight restaurants".[6] At a press conference in September 1985, Rajneesh accused several of his followers of involvement in this and other crimes, includ- ing an aborted plan to assassinate a United States Attorney, and asked state and federal authorities to investigate his allegations.[7] Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmayer set up an interagency task force between the Oregon State Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and executed search war- rants in Rajneeshpuram. A sample of bacteria matching the contaminant that had sickened the town residents was found in a Rajneesh- puram medical laboratory. Two leading Ra- jneeshpuram officials were indicted and served 29 months in a minimum-security fed- eral prison. Planning From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1 Rajneesh greeted by sannyasins on one of his daily "drive-bys" in Rajneeshpuram, 1982 Several thousand of Rajneesh's followers had moved into the "Big Muddy Ranch" in rural Wasco County and established a city called Rajneeshpuram.[8][9] They had taken political control of the small nearby town of Antelope, Oregon (population: 75), whose name they changed to "Rajneesh".[10] The group had started on friendly terms with the local popu- lation, but had soon turned negative due to the public's unenthusiastic response to the commune's ongoing expansion.[10] After be- ing denied building permits for Rajneesh- puram, the commune leadership sought to gain political control over the rest of the county by influencing the November 1984 county election.[9] Their aim was to win two of three seats on the Wasco County Circuit Court, and the sheriff's office.[2] Their at- tempts to influence the election included the "Share-a-Home" program, in which thou- sands of homeless people were transported to Rajneeshpuram in an attempt to inflate the constituency of voters for the group's candid- ates.[11][12] The Wasco County Clerk countered this attempt by enforcing a regula- tion that required all new voters to submit their qualifications when registering to vote.[13] The commune leadership planned to sick- en and incapacitate voters in The Dalles, where most of the voting public of the county resided, in continuation of their efforts to rig the election.[14] Approximately twelve people were involved in the plots to employ biologic- al agents and at least eleven were involved in the planning process.[11] No more than four appear to have been involved in development at the Rajneeshpuram medical laboratory, al- though not all of them were necessarily aware of the objectives their work served.[11] At least eight individuals were involved with the actual distribution of the bacteria.[11] The main planners of the attack included Ra- jneesh's chief lieutenant Sheela Silverman (Ma Anand Sheela), a trained nurse practi- tioner, and Diane Ivonne Onang (Ma Anand Puja),[15] secretary-treasurer of the Rajneesh Medical Corporation.[11] Salmonella bacteria was purchased from a medical supply com- pany in Seattle and cultured in labs located inside the commune.[11] Contamination of the salad bars was considered a "trial run".[12][16] The group also attempted to in- troduce pathogens into The Dalles' water sys- tem.[11] If successful, the same techniques were to be used closer to Election Day.[12] This second part of the plan was never imple- mented[12] due to the commune deciding to boycott the election when it became clear that those brought in through the "Share-a- Home" program would not be allowed to vote.[12] Salmonella poisoning Perpetrators spread salmonella contaminants on surfaces in the Wasco County Courthouse. Two visiting Wasco County commissioners were poisoned with glasses of water contain- ing salmonella bacteria during a visit to Ra- jneeshpuram on August 29, 1984.[5] Both men fell ill as a result, and one was hospital- ized.[5] Afterward, members of Sheela's team spread salmonella on produce in grocery stores and on doorknobs and urinal handles in the county courthouse, but this did not produce the desired effects.[5] In September and October 1984, they contaminated the salad bars of ten local restaurants with sal- monella, infecting 751 people.[17] Forty-five people received hospital treatment, all sur- vived.[18] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 2 The salsa bar of The Dalles Taco Time. The primary delivery tactic involved one member concealing a plastic bag containing a light brown liquid with the salmonella bac- teria, and either spreading it over the food at a salad bar, or pouring its contents into salad dressing.[19] The perpetrators referred to the contaminated liquid as "salsa".[15] By September 24, 1984, more than 150 people were violently ill.[20] By the end of Septem- ber, 751 cases of acute gastroenteritis were documented; lab results showed that all of the victims were infected with Salmonella en- terica Typhimurium.[20] Symptoms included diarrhea, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and bloody stools.[17] Victims ranged in age from an in- fant, born two days after his mother's infec- tion and initially given a 5-percent chance of survival,[12] to an 87-year-old.[8] Local residents suspected that Rajneesh's followers were behind the poisonings, and turned out in droves on election day to pre- vent the organization from winning any county positions, thus rendering the terrorist plot unsuccessful.[2] The Rajneeshees eventu- ally withdrew their candidate from the November 1984 ballot.[19] Only 239 of the commune's 7,000 residents voted.[21] The outbreak cost local restaurants hundreds of thousands of dollars and health officials shut down the salad bars of the affected eater- ies.[2] Some residents would not go out alone out of fear of further attacks.[22] One resid- ent stated: "People were so horrified and scared. People wouldn't go out, they wouldn't go out alone. People were becoming prison- ers."[8] Investigation Officials and investigators from a number of different agencies were dispatched to The Dalles to investigate the cause of the out- break.[14] Dr. Michael Skeels, chief epidemi- ologist for the Oregon Public Health Division at the time, explained that the incident pro- voked such a large public health investiga- tion because "it was the largest food-related outbreak in the U.S. in 1984".[20] The investigation identified the bacteria responsible as Salmonella enterica Typh- imurium and concluded that the outbreak had been due to food handlers' poor personal hygiene, as workers preparing food at the af- fected restaurants had fallen ill before most patrons had.[15][23][24] Oregon Congressman James H. Weaver continued to investigate because he felt the officials' conclusion did not adequately ex- plain the facts.[12] He contacted physicians at the CDC and other agencies and urged them to investigate Rajneeshpuram.[6][12] Accord- ing to Lewis F. Carter's Charisma and Con- trol in Rajneeshpuram, "many treated his concern" as paranoid or as an example of "Rajneeshee bashing".[12] On February 28, 1985, Weaver gave a speech on the floor of the United States House of Representatives in which he accused the Rajneeshees of sprinkling salmonella culture on salad bar in- gredients in eight restaurants.[6][25] As events later showed, Weaver had presented a well-reasoned, if only circumstantial case, whose circumstantial elements were con- firmed by evidence when investigators gained access to Rajneeshpuram several months later.[12] In the week starting Monday, September 16, 1985, Rajneesh, who had recently emerged from a four-year period of public si- lence and self-imposed isolation at the com- mune,[15][26] convened press conferences From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 3 where he stated that Ma Anand Sheela and nineteen other commune leaders, including Puja, had left Rajneeshpuram over the week- end and gone to Europe.[7][26] Following their departure, he said, he had received in- formation from residents that Sheela and her team had committed a number of serious crimes.[9][26] Calling them a "gang of fas- cists", he said they had attempted to poison his doctor and his female companion, as well as the Jefferson County district attorney and the water system in The Dalles.[9] He added that he believed they had poisoned a county commissioner and Judge William Hulse, that they may have been responsible for the sal- monella outbreak in The Dalles,[9] and in- vited state and federal law enforcement offi- cials to come to the Ranch and investig- ate.[15] His allegations were initially greeted with skepticism by outside observers.[26] Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmay- er established a task force between local and Oregon State Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Sheriff's office, the Immig- ration and Naturalization Service and the Na- tional Guard that set up headquarters on the Ranch to investigate the allegations.[15] Feel- ing they would need greater authority to per- form an effective search, and fearing that evidence might be destroyed, they obtained search warrants and subpoenas, and fifty in- vestigators entered the Ranch on October 2, 1985.[15] Dr. Michael Skeels found glass vials containing salmonella "bactrol disks" in the laboratory of a Rajneeshpuram medical clin- ic.[15] Analysis by the CDC lab in Atlanta con- firmed that the bacteria at the Rajneesh laboratory were an exact match to those that sickened individuals who had eaten at local restaurants.[15] The investigation also re- vealed prior experimentation at Rajneesh- puram with poisons, chemicals and bacteria, in 1984 and 1985.[15] Dr. Skeels described the scene at the Rajneesh laboratory as "a bacteriological freezer-dryer for large-scale production" of microbes.[20] Investigators found a copy of The Anarchist Cookbook, and literature on the manufacture and usage of explosives and military biowarfare.[20] In- vestigators also believed that similar attacks had previously been carried out in Salem, Portland and other cities in Oregon.[15] Ac- cording to testimony, the plotters had boas- ted that they had attacked a nursing home and a salad bar at the Mid-Columbia Medical Center, but no such attempts were ever proven in court.[15] As a result of the bioter- rorism investigation, law enforcement offi- cials discovered that there had been an abor- ted plot by Rajneeshees to murder Charles Turner, a former United States Attorney for Oregon.[27] Prosecution Rajneesh driving one of his Rolls-Royce cars in 1982. According to KD, the mayor of Ra- jneeshpuram, Sheela claimed to have dis- cussed the plot with Rajneesh, but this was never proven.[11] The mayor of Rajneeshpuram, David Berry Knapp (known as Krishna Deva or KD), turned state's evidence and gave an account of his knowledge of the salmonella attack to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[11] He claimed that Sheela said "she had talked with [Rajneesh] about the plot to decrease voter turnout in The Dalles by making people sick. Sheela said that [Rajneesh] commented that it was best not to hurt people, but if a few died not to worry."[11] In Miller's Germs: Bi- ological Weapons and America's Secret War, this statement is attributed to Sheela:[15] Ac- cording to KD's testimony, she played doubters a muffled tape of Rajneesh's voice saying that "if it was necessary to do things to preserve [his] vision, then do it" and inter- preted this to mean that killing people in his name was fine, telling doubters "not to worry" if a few people had to die.[15] The in- vestigation did uncover a September 25, 1984 invoice from American Type Culture Collection, showing an order received by the Rajneeshpuram laboratory for Salmonella Typhi, the bacterium that causes the life- threatening illness typhoid fever.[15][28] According to a 1994 study published in the journal Sociology of Religion: "Most sannyasins indicated that they believed that From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 4 [Rajneesh] knew about Ma Anand Sheela's il- legal activities."[29] FitzGerald writes in Cit- ies on a Hill that most of Rajneesh's followers "believed [him] incapable of doing, or willing, violence against another person", and that al- most all of them thought the responsibility for the criminality was Sheela's according to FitzGerald they believed he had not known anything about it.[9] Carus writes in Toxic Terror that "There is no way to know to what extent [Rajneesh] participated in actual decision-making. His followers believed he was involved in every important decision that Sheela made, but those allegations were nev- er proven."[30] Rajneesh insisted that Sheela, who he said was his only source of informa- tion during his period of isolation, used her position to impose "a fascist state" on the commune.[26] He acknowledged that the key to her actions was his silence.[26] Rajneesh left Oregon by plane on October 27, 1985 and was arrested when he landed in Charlotte, North Carolina, and charged with 35 counts of deliberate violations of immigra- tion laws.[31][32][33] As part of a plea bargain arrangement, he pled guilty to two counts of making false statements to immigration offi- cials.[12][19][32] He received a ten-year sus- pended sentence and a fine of USD$400,000, and was deported and barred from reenter- ing the United States for a period of five years.[12][33][34] He was never prosecuted for crimes related to the salmonella poison- ing.[12][19] Ma Anand Sheela and Ma Anand Puja were arrested in Germany on October 28, 1985.[12] After protracted negotiations, they were extradited to the United States and ar- rived in Portland on February 6, 1986.[12] They were charged with attempting to murder Rajneesh's personal physician, first- degree assault for poisoning Judge William Hulse, second-degree assault for poisoning The Dalles Commissioner Raymond Mat- thews, and product tampering for the poison- ings in The Dalles, as well as wiretapping and immigration offenses.[5][12] The U.S. Attor- ney's office handled the prosecution of the poisoning cases related to the ten restaur- ants, and the Oregon Attorney General's of- fice prosecuted the poisoning cases of Com- missioner Matthews and Judge Hulse.[32] On July 22, 1986, both women entered no- contest ("Alford") pleas for the salmonella poisoning and the other charges, and re- ceived sentences ranging from three to twenty years, to be served concurrently. Sheela received twenty years for the attemp- ted murder of Rajneesh's physician, twenty years for first-degree assault in the poisoning of Judge Hulse, ten years for second-degree assault in the poisoning of Commissioner Matthews, four and a half years for her role in the salmonella poisoning, four and a half years for the wiretapping conspiracy, and five years' probation for immigration fraud; Puja received fifteen, fifteen, seven and a half, and four and a half years respectively for her role in the first four of these crimes, as well as three years' probation for the wiretapping conspiracy.[5][12][32] Both Sheela and Puja were released early for good beha- vior, after serving twenty-nine months of their sentences in a minimum-security feder- al prison.[5][12][35][36] Sheela was deported, and went on to run two nursing homes in Switzerland.[37] Aftermath The Rajneeshees committed the most signi- ficant crimes of their kind in the history of the United States ... The largest single in- cident of fraudulent marriages, the most massive scheme of wiretapping and bug- ging, and the largest mass poisoning. Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmayer The Oregonian ran a 20-part series on Ra- jneesh's movement, beginning in June 1985, which included an investigation into the sal- monella incident.[14] As a result of a follow- up investigation, The Oregonian learned that Leslie L. Zaitz, one of their investigative journalists, had been placed as number three on a top-ten hit list by Sheela's group.[14] Then-Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohn- mayer commented on the poisoning incident and other acts perpetrated by the group, stating: "The Rajneeshees committed the most significant crimes of their kind in the history of the United States ... The largest single incident of fraudulent marriages, the most massive scheme of wiretapping and bugging, and the largest mass poison- ing."[8][38] Looking back on the incident, Dr. Skeels stated, "We lost our innocence over this ... We really learned to be more suspi- cious ... The first significant biological attack on a U.S. community was not carried out by foreign terrorists smuggled into New York, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 5 but by legal residents of a U.S. community. The next time it happens it could be with more lethal agents ... We in public health are really not ready to deal with that."[20] The Rajneesh group is the only known or- ganization to have cultured their own patho- gen for terrorist purposes.[39] Federal and state investigators requested that details of the incident not be published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) for twelve years, for they feared a description of the events could spark copycat crimes, and JAMA complied.[20] No repeat attacks or hoaxes subsequently occurred, and a detailed account of the incident and investigation was published in JAMA in 1997.[13][40][41] A 1999 empirical analysis in the journal Emerging In- fectious Diseases published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention described six motivational factors associated with bio- terrorism, including: charismatic leadership; no outside constituency; apocalyptic ideo- logy; loner or splinter group; sense of para- noia and grandiosity; and defensive aggres- sion.[42] According to the article, the "Ra- jneesh Cult" satisfied all motivational factors except for an "apocalyptic ideology".[42] An analysis in the book Cults, Religion and Vi- olence disputes the link to charismatic lead- ership, pointing out that in this and other cases, it was organizational lieutenants who played a pivotal role in the initiation of viol- ence.[43] Arguing for a contextual rather than decisive view of charisma, the authors state that the attribution of outcomes to the per- sonality of a single individual, even a charis- matic leader, usually camouflages a far more complex field of social relationships.[43] A plaque at the Antelope post office com- memorates local resistance to the Rajneeshee "invasion". The media revisited the incident during the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States.[44][45][46][47] The 2001 publication of Judith Miller's Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which contained an analysis and detailed description of the events, also brought discussion of the incid- ent back into the news.[48][49][50] Residents of The Dalles commented that they have an understanding of how bioterrorism can occur in the United States.[2] The incident had spread fear in the community, and drained the local economy.[2] All but one of the res- taurants affected went out of business.[51] In 2005, the Oregon State Land Board agreed to sell 480 acres (1.9 km2) of Wasco County, in- cluding Rajneeshpuram, to the Colorado- based youth ministry Young Life.[52][53] On February 18, 2005, Court TV aired an epis- ode of Forensic Files about the incident, entitled: "'Bio-Attack' Oregon Cult Poison- ings".[54] The salmonellosis outbreak was also discussed in the media within the con- text of the 2006 North American E. coli out- break.[55][56][57] The book Emerging Infectious Diseases: Trends and Issues cites the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack, along with the Aum Shin- rikyo group's attempts to use anthrax and other agents, as exceptions to the belief "that only foreign-state supported groups have the resources to execute a credible bioterrorism event".[58] According to Deadly Cultures: Bi- ological Weapons Since 1945, these are the only two confirmed uses of biological weapons for terrorist purposes to harm hu- mans.[5] The incident was the single largest bioterrorist attack in United States his- tory.[3][59][60] In the chapter titled: "Influen- cing An Election: America's First Modern Bi- oterrorist Attack" in his 2006 book Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the For- gotten, author Joseph T. McCann concludes: "In every respect, the salmonella poisoning carried out by the cult members was a major bioterrorist attack that fortunately failed to achieve its ultimate goal and resulted in no fatalities."[19] See also 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot Biological warfare Deportation Electoral fraud Elections in the United States List of terrorist incidents Public health From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 6 Terrorism in the United States U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Voting system References [1] "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/ www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. [2]^ Flaccus, Gillian (October 19, 2001). "Ore. Town Never Recovered From Scare". Associated Press. [3]^ Scripps Howard News Service (January 28, 2007). "Health experts fear bioterror attack". Grand Rapids Press: p. G1. "A total of 751 people, including members of the Wasco County Commission, became ill with nausea, diarrhea, headaches and fever. Forty-five people were hospitalized, but no one died. It was the first, and still the largest, germ-warfare attack in U.S. history." [4] Lewis, Susan K (November 2001). "History of Biowarfare: Bioterror, The Cults". Nova Online Website. WGBH/NOVA. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ nova/bioterror/hist_nf.html#cult. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. [5]^ Wheelis, Mark; Lajos Rzsa, Malcolm Dando (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Harvard University Press. pp. Pages 284293, 301303. ISBN 0674016998. [6]^ Weaver, James (April 24, 2001). "Slow Medical Sleuthing". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage.html?res=9D00E0DC1639F937A15757C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. [7]^ Gordon, James S. (1987). The Golden Guru The Strange Journey of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. The Stephen Greene Press. pp. Page 181182. ISBN 0-8289-0630-0. [8]^ Snow, Robert L. (2003). Deadly Cults: The Crimes of True Believers. Praeger/ Greenwood. pp. Pages 8790. ISBN 0275980529. [9]^ FitzGerald, Frances (1987). Cities on a Hill. Simon & Schuster. pp. Pages 360361, 378. ISBN 0671552090. [10]^ Thompson, Christopher M. (December 2006) (PDF). The Bioterrorism Threat By Non-State Actors: "The Rajneeshee Cult". United States Navy. pp. Pages 1730. http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/ theses/thompson06.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. [11]^ Carus, W. Seth (2002) (PDF). Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Minerva Group, Inc.. pp. Pages 5055. ISBN 1410100235. http://www.fas.org/irp/ threat/cbw/carus.pdf. [12]^ Carter, Lewis F. (1990). Charisma and Control in Rajneeshpuram. Cambridge University Press. p. Pages 202238. ISBN 0521385547. [13]^ Entis, Phyllis (2007). Food Safety: Old Habits, New Perspectives. Blackwell Publishing. pp. Pages 244246. ISBN 1555814174. [14]^ Grossman, Lawrence K. (January/ February 2001). "The Story of a Truly Contaminated Election". Columbia Journalism Review. http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/01/ 1/grossman.asp. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. [15]^ Miller, Judith; William Broad, Stephen Engelberg (September 17, 2002). Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. Simon & Schuster. pp. Pages 134: "The Attack". ISBN 0684871599. [16]Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine (2006). Addressing Foodborne Threats to Health: Policies, Practices, and Global Coordination. National Academies. pp. Pages 39, 41. ISBN 0309100437. [17]^ Urbano, Mary Theresa (2006). The Complete Bioterrorism Survival Guide. Sentient Publications. pp. Pages 6061. ISBN 1591810515. [18]Schweitzer, Glenn E.; Carole Dorsch Schweitzer (2002). A Faceless Enemy: The Origins of Modern Terrorism. Da Capo Press. p. Page 121. ISBN 0738207578. [19]^ McCann, Joseph T. (2006). Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten. Sentient Publications. pp. Pages 151158. ISBN 1591810493. [20]^ Garrett, Laurie (2000). Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. New York: Hyperion. pp. Pages 540541, 544. ISBN 0786884401. [21]Staff; UPI (November 9, 1984). "Few Followers of Guru Vote". The New York From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 7 Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage.html?res=990DE6DE1139F93AA35752C1A962948260. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. [22]Stripling, Mahala Yates (2005). Bioethics And Medical Issues In Literature. Greenwood Press. p. Page 24. ISBN 0313320403. [23]Novick, Lloyd (2003). Public Health Issues Disaster Preparedness: Focus on Bioterrorism. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. Pages 90, 104, 113. ISBN 0763725005. [24]Staff (October 21, 1984). "Ill Handlers Suspected in Oregon Food Poisonings". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9404E3D91439F932A15753C1A962948260&scp=1. Retrieved on 2008-03-15. [25]Weaver, James (February 28, 1985). "The Town That Was Poisoned" (PDF). Congressional Record (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office) 131 (3-4): Pages 41854189, 99th United States Congress, 1st Session. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Image:1985_Feb_28_Congressman_Weaver_THE_TOWN_THAT_WAS_POISONED.pdf. Transcription at WikiSource. [26]^ Martin, Douglas (September 22, 1985). "Guru's Commune Roiled As Key Leader Departs". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://select.nytimes.com/search/ restricted/ article?res=F60F15FD3F5D0C718EDDA00894DD484D81. Retrieved on 2008-03-15. [27]Larabee, Mark (December 16, 2000). "Two Rajneeshee members plead guilty: Sally-Anne Croft and Susan Hagan return to the United States to face 15-year-old wiretapping charges". The Oregonian. [28]Frost, Robin M. (2005). Nuclear Terrorism After 9/11. Routledge. p. Page 52. ISBN 0415399920. [29]Latkin, Carl A.; Sundberg, Norman D.; Littman, Richard A.; Katsikis, Melissa G.; Hagan, Richard A. (1994). "Feelings after the fall: former Rajneeshpuram Commune members' perceptions of and affiliation with the Rajneeshee movement". Sociology of Religion 55 (1): Pages 6574. doi:10.2307/3712176. [30]Tucker, Jonathan B. (Ed.); Seth W. Carus (section) (2000). Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. MIT Press. pp. Pages 115138. ISBN 026270719. [31]Staff (2001). "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh". Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 5th ed. (Gale Group). [32]^ Bernett, Brian C. (December 2006) (PDF). U.S. Biodefense and Homeland Security Toward Detection and Attribution. United States Navy. pp. Pages 1335: "The Rajneeshee Cult Biological Attacks". http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/ theses/bernett06.pdf. [33]^ "Acharya Rajneesh". Contemporary Authors Online (Thomson Gale). September 5, 2003. [34]Staff (September 25, 2006). "Leadership, Director, Office of Policy and Planning, Joseph R. Greene". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/ ot_bio/joe_greene.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. [35]Senior, Jeanie (December 26, 1999). "Anand Sheela tends patients in Switzerland: The former spokeswoman for Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh works in two private nursing homes". The Oregonian. [36]Suo, Steve (December 21, 2002). "Ex- Rajneeshee pleads guilty in conspiracy". Oregon Live. [37]Senior, Jeanie; Dave Hogan (January 22, 2000). "Indian guru follower Anand Sheela arrested after German TV show: Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh's former spokeswoman is freed because a Swiss court already convicted her in 1999". The Oregonian. [38]Graham, Rachel (25th Anniversary Issue). "The Saffron Swami". Willamette Week. http://wweek.com/html/ 25-1983.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. [39]Leitenberg, Milton (December 1, 2005). Assessing the Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism Threat. Strategic Studies Institute. ISBN 1428916261. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/ pubs/display.cfm?PubID=639. [40]T. J. Trk, R. V. Tauxe, R. P. Wise, J. R. Livengood, R. Sokolow, S. Mauvais, K. A. Birkness, M. R. Skeels, J. M. Horan and L. R. Foster (August 6, 1997). "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 8 Restaurant Salad Bars". Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (5): Pages 389395. doi:10.1001/ jama.278.5.389. http://jama.ama- assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/278/5/389. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. [41]Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (December 15, 1999) (PDF). Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction. DIANE Publishing. pp. Pages 1819. ISBN 1428981128. http://www.rand.org/ nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf. [42]^ Tucker, Jonathan B. (July 1, 1999). "Historical Trends Related to Bioterrorism: An Empirical Analysis". Emerging Infectious Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 5 (4). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/ vol5no4/tucker.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. [43]^ Bromley, David G.; J. Gordon Melton (May 13, 2002). Cults, Religion and Violence. Cambridge University Press. p. Page 47. ISBN 0521668980. [44]Dobbs, Lou (October 12, 2001). "Anthrax Exposure Discovered in New York; Interview With William Cohen". Lou Dobbs Moneyline (CNN). http://transcripts.cnn.com/ TRANSCRIPTS/0110/12/mlld.00.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. [45]Staff (October 21, 2001). "Bioweapons are possible to get, but it's not easy". Star Tribune. [46]Mishra, Raja (September 27, 2001). "A Heightened Alert for Bioterrorism Detection System is Keeping Health Officials Apprised". Boston Globe. [47]Staff; Associated Press (October 21, 2001). "Bioterror's first US victims offer hope to a nation Cult Attack: The small town of The Dalles, near Portland, Oregon, was in 1984 the first place in America hit with germ warfare. The people of the town say that the country will get through this as well". Taipei Times: p. 4. http://www.taipeitimes.com/ News/against/archives/2001/10/21/ 108063. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. [48]Beard, David (October 16, 2001). "'Germs' Examines US in Age of Bioterrorism". Boston Globe: p. E3. [49]Lalich, Janja (2004). Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults. University of California Press. pp. Pages 910. ISBN 0520240189. [50]Elmer-Dewitt, Philip (September 30, 2001). "America's First Bioterrorism Attack". TIME (Time Warner). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1101011008-176937,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. [51]Nestle, Marion (2003). Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism. University of California Press. pp. Pages 266267. ISBN 0520232925. [52]Associated Press (December 15, 2005). "Oregon agrees to sell former Rajneeshees cult encampment". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/ localnews/ 2002685608_webrajneeshees15.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-24. [53]Staff (December 15, 2005). "State agrees to sell former Rajneesh encampment". KATU 2 Portland. [54]Staff (February 18, 2005). "'Bio-Attack' Oregon Cult Poisonings: In 1984, hundreds of people in The Dalles, Oregon became ill with food poisoning. Local, state and federal disease detectives slowly unraveled the medical mystery. Along with a unique strain of bacteria, they discovered a religious cult's bizarre plot to overthrow the government using germ warfare". Forensic Files: Court TV (Turner Entertainment Digital Network, Inc.). [55]Staff (September 21, 2006). "Spinach scare sparks memories of The Dalles". Nashua Telegraph (Telegraph Publishing Company). [56]Staff (September 23, 2006). "Spinach and bioterrorism prevention". Ocala Star-Banner. [57]Staff (September 19, 2006). "Bioterror and spinach". Scripps Howard News Service. [58]Lashley, Felissa R.; Jerry D. Durham (2007). Emerging Infectious Diseases: Trends and Issues. Springer Publishing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 9 Company. p. Page 419. ISBN 0826102506. [59]Cramer, John (October 14, 2001). "Oregon suffered largest bioterrorist attack in U.S. history, 20 years ago". The Bulletin (bendbulletin.com). [60]Hargrove, Thomas (November 25, 2006). "Lab Unprepared for Germ Warfare". The Kentucky Post: p. A11. Further reading Bernett, Brian C. (December 2006) (PDF). U.S. Biodefense and Homeland Security Toward Detection and Attribution. United States Navy. pp. Pages 1335: "The Rajneeshee Cult Biological Attacks". http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/ theses/bernett06.pdf. Carter, Lewis F.; Ernest Q. Campbell, contributor (1990). Charisma and Control in Rajneeshpuram. Cambridge University Press. pp. Pages 202257. ISBN 0521385547. Carus, W. Seth (2002) (PDF). Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Minerva Group, Inc.. pp. Pages 5055. ISBN 1410100235. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cbw/ carus.pdf. Entis, Phyllis (2007). Food Safety: Old Habits, New Perspectives. Blackwell Publishing. pp. Pages 244246: "Salad Days in The Dalles". ISBN 1555814174. FitzGerald, Frances (1987). Cities on a Hill. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671552090. Garrett, Laurie (2000). Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. New York: Hyperion. pp. Pages 540541, 544. ISBN 0786884401. McCann, Joseph T. (2006). Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten. Sentient Publications. pp. Pages 151158 "Influencing An Election: America's First Modern Bioterrorist Attack". ISBN 1591810493. Miller, Judith; William Broad, Stephen Engelberg (September 17, 2002). Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. Simon & Schuster. pp. Pages 134: "The Attack". ISBN 0684871599. Thompson, Christopher M. (December 2006) (PDF). The Bioterrorism Threat By Non-State Actors. United States Navy. pp. Pages 1730: "The Rajneeshee Cult". http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/ theses/thompson06.pdf. Tucker, Jonathan B. (Ed.); Seth W. Carus (section) (2000). Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. MIT Press. pp. Pages 115138. ISBN 0262700719. Weaver, James (February 28, 1985). "The Town That Was Poisoned" (PDF). Congressional Record (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office) 131 (3-4): Pages 41854189, 99th United States Congress, 1st Session. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Image:1985_Feb_28_Congressman_Weaver_THE_TOWN_THAT_WAS_POISONED.pdf. External links Ayers, Shirley. "Bioterrorism in Oregon". Emergency Film Group. http://www.efilmgroup.com/News/ Bioterrorism-in-Oregon.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. Oregon State Archives. "Wasco County History". Oregon Historical County Records Guide. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/county/ cpwascohome.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. Oregon State Archives (2007). "Oregon History: Chronology 1952 to 2002". Oregon Blue Book. http://bluebook.state.or.us/cultural/ history/chron04.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. Oregon State Department of Human Services. "Bioterrorism questions and answers". OREGON.gov. http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/acd/ bioterrorism/btfaq.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (September 25, 2006). "Leadership, Director, Office of Policy and Planning, Joseph R. Greene". ICE. http://www.ice.gov/about/leadership/ ot_bio/joe_greene.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. WBUR. "Bioterrorism in History 1984: Rajneesh Cult Attacks Local Salad Bar". NPR. http://www.wbur.org/special/ specialcoverage/feature_bio.asp. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 10 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Rajneeshee_bioterror_attack" Categories: Religiously motivated violence in the United States, Biological warfare, Osho movement, 1984 in the United States, Scandals in Oregon, Terrorist incidents in 1984, Terror- ist incidents in the United States, 1984 crimes This page was last modified on 16 April 2009, at 12:55 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 11 </p>
