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Water Buffalo Water Buffalo Water buffalo cow in Thailand Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Tribe: Bovini Genus: Bubalus Species: B. bubalis Binomial name Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) The Water Buffalo or domestic Asian wa- ter buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a large bovine animal, frequently used as livestock in Asia, and also widely in South America, southern Europe, north Africa and elsewhere. In 2000, the United Nations Food and Agri- culture Organization estimated that there were approximately 158 million water buffalo in the world and that 97% of them (approxim- ately 153 million animals) were in Asia.[1] There are established feral populations in northern Australia but the dwindling true wild populations are thought to survive in In- dia, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand. All the do- mestic varieties and breeds descend from one common ancestor, the wild Asian water buffalo, which is now an endangered species. Buffalo are used as draft, meat and dairy animals. Their dung is used as a fertilizer and as a fuel when dried. In Chonburi, Thailand, and in South Malabar Region in Kerala, In- dia, there are annual water buffalo races. A few have also found use as pack animals car- rying loads even for special forces. American bison are known as buffalo in parts of North America, but not normally in other usages; bison are more closely related to cattle, gaur, banteng, and yaks than to Asi- an buffalo. The water buffalo genus includes water buffalo, tamaraw and anoas—all Asian species. The ancestry of the African buffalo is unclear, but it is not believed to be closely re- lated to the water buffalo. It is known as "Water Buffalo" because it is adapted to and enjoys being in water. Endangered wild Asian water buffalo True wild Asian water buffalo (or wild Asiatic water buffalo) are thought to survive in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand. The IUCN Red List of threatened species classifies wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalis arnee) [2] as an Endangered species. The total number of wild Asian water buffalo left is thought to be less than 4,000, which sug- gests that the number of mature individuals will be less than 2,500, and an estimated con- tinuing decline of at least 20% within 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 1 years (ca. 2 generations) and at least 50% within 21 years seems likely given the sever- ity of the threats, especially hybridization with the abundant domestic Asian water buf- falo leading to genetic pollution.[3][4] Anatomy and morphology Horn differences between Cape buffalo (above) and Asian water buffalo (below) an albino water buffalo in Thailand Adult Water Buffalo range in size from 400 to 900 kg (880 to 2,000 lb) for the domestic breeds, while the wild animals are nearly 3 m (9.8 ft) long and 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, weighing up to 1,200 kg (2,600 lb); females are about two- thirds this size.[5] River buffalo are usually black and have long curled horns, where as swamp buffalo can be black or white, or both, with gently curved horns.[6] The largest recorded horns are just under 2 metres long.[5] There are differences between swamp buf- falo and river buffalo. Swamp buffalo have swept back horns and are native to the east- ern half of Asia from India to Taiwan. All are similar in general appearance. River buffalo generally have curved horns and are native to the western half of Asia. The rumen (the first chamber of the di- gestive system of a ruminant) of the Water Buffalo has important differences to that of other ruminants. It consists of essential mi- croorganisms; namely bacteria, protozoa and fungi which digest the food to produce fermentation end-products via anaerobic fer- mentation or Embden-Myerhof pathway.[7] The Water Buffalo rumen has been found to contain a larger population of bacteria par- ticularly the cellulolytic bacteria, lower pro- tozoa and higher fungi zoospores. In addi- tion, higher rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3- N) and higher pH have been found as com- pared to those in cattle.[8] Taxonomy The classification of the water buffalo is un- certain. Some authorities list a single spe- cies, Bubalus bubalis with three subspecies, the river buffalo (B. bubalis bubalis) of South Asia, the carabao or swamp buffalo (B. bubal- is carabanesis) of the Philippines and South- east Asia, and the arni, or wild Asian water buffalo (B. bubalis arnee). Others regard these as closely-related but separate spe- cies.[9] The swamp buffalo is primarily found in the eastern half of Asia and has 48 chromo- somes. The river buffalo is mostly found in the western half of Asia (and in Europe and Africa), and has 50 chromosomes. The two types do not readily interbreed, but fertile offspring can occur. Buffalo-cattle hybrids have not been observed to occur, and the em- bryos of such hybrids do not reach maturity in laboratory experiments.[10] Evolution Geologically speaking, the Bovidae is much recent group as compared to Cervidae be- cause their members are untraceable in the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 2 layers of the earth. The fossil forms of the buffalo provide a definite link between the In- dian type and their present extreme repres- entatives and their extinct allies. All Asiatic buffaloes seem to form a closely allied group of species which represent more or less a passage from one variety to another. Distribution Type Locality: "Habitat in Asia, cultus in Italia". Restricted by Thomas (1911a:154) to Italy, Rome, but Linnaeus’ (1758) comment indicates Asia (India?). Distribution: Bangladesh, Burma, Cam- bodia, India (survives in Assam and Orissa), Nepal, N Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly at least formerly in Laos; domesticated in N Africa, S Europe, and even England, east to Indonesia and in E South America; sup- posedly feral populations in Sri Lanka, Su- matra, Java, Borneo, Philippines and other parts of SE Asia; feral populations resulting from introductions in New Britain and New Ireland (Bismarck Arch., Papua New Guinea), and Australia. Status: CITES – Appendix III (Nepal) as B. arnee (excludes domesticated forms - but see comments below; IUCN – Endangered Average lifespan in captivity: up to 25 years Asia Water Buffalo ploughing rice fields in Java,Indonesia Asia is the native home of the water buffalo, with 95% of the world population of water buffalo, with about half of the total in India. Many Asian countries depend on the water buffalo as its primary bovine species. It is valuable for its meat and milk as well as the labour it performs. As of 1992 the Asian population was estimated at 141 million. The fat content of buffalo milk is the highest amongst farm animals and the butterfat is a major source of ghee in some Asian coun- tries. Its success in Asia is evident by its ex- tensive range. Both variants occur in Asia. River buffalo are found in elevations of 2,800 m in Nepal, and swamp buffalo are found throughout the lowland tropics. Part of their success is due to their ability to thrive on poor foodstuffs and yet be valuable econom- ically. Moreover they are much better suited to plough the muddy paddy fields as they are better adapted than common cattle (Bos taur- us) to move in swamps. Buffalo headcount in 2004 Carabao Cart Australia Swamp buffalo were introduced into the Northern Territory early in the 19th century as a beast of burden. They escaped and be- came feral, causing significant environmental damage. As a result of this it may be hunted. Melville Island is a popular hunting location, where a steady population of up to 4,000 in- dividuals exist. Buffalo are also found in Arnhem Land and the Top End. Safari outfits run out of Darwin to Melville Island and oth- er locations in the Top End often with the use of bush pilots. The government has unsuc- cessfully attempted several eradication From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 3 programs. Their only natural predator in Aus- tralia are large adult saltwater crocodiles, with whom they share the billabongs. The buffalo live mainly in freshwater marshes and billabongs, and their range can be quite expansive during the Wet season. They have developed a different appearance from the Indonesian buffalo from which they descend. Europe and Middle East Introduced into North Africa and the Near East by 600 AD, the water buffalo was brought to Europe with returning Crusaders in the Middle Ages, and herds can be found in Bulgaria, Romania and Italy. As in Asia, buffalo of the Middle East and Europe live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land tradi- tionally available to peasants. They are an economic asset by serving as a protein source, draft animal, and storage of family or household wealth. In some areas, they also provide occasional recreation at annual ra- cing festivals. These buffalo are mostly river buffalo; due to genetic isolation, they have adopted a distinct appearance. Buffalo milk is used for the production of buffalo mozzarella in Campania and many other locations around the world. Egypt Water buffalo are a traditional farm animal in Egypt, which has a large number of them. They are used as the main source of red meat in Egypt. Cows have been introduced in mod- ern farms, yet water buffalo remain as the more widespread type of cattle in Egypt. North America Water buffalo heifers in Arkansas, USA There are very limited commercial herds in North America, for yogurt and cheese products.[11] Importance to humans There are many breeds of domestic water buffalo. Water buffalo have been domesticated for 5,000 years and have become economically important animals. They provide more than 5% of the world’s milk supply and 20% to 30% of the farm power in Southeast Asia.[12] Milk from these animals is used by many hu- man populations, and is the traditional raw material for mozzarella cheese and curd due to its higher fat content. In Africa and other locations, water buffalo milk is used for yogurt, as in Vermont, USA. The chief dairy breed of Buffalo is the Murrah breed. Buffalo meat, sometimes called "Carabeef", is often passed off as beef in certain regions and is also a major source of export revenue for In- dia which has the largest population of buf- falo in the world. However, in many Asian re- gions, buffalo meat is less preferred due to its toughness, however, recipes have evolved (Rendang for example) where the slow cook- ing process and spices not only make the meat palatable, but also preserves it; an im- portant factor in hot climates where refriger- ation is not always available. Water buffalo horns are used for the embouchure of music- al instruments such as ney and kaval. Water buffalo hide provides a tough and useful leather often used for shoes and motorcycle helmets. The bones and horns are often made into jewelry, especially earrings. The water buffalo has promise as a major source of meat, even the milking ones. The water buffalo also is the classic work animal in Asia, an integral part of that continent’s traditional village farming structure and also used for hauling cotton, pumping water in Pakistan and hauling logs in Turkey. The do- mesticated water buffalo is often referred to as “the living tractor of the East” as it is re- lied upon for plowing and transportation in many parts of Asia. Nutrition Milk Composition Analysis, per 100 grams [13][Full citation needed] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 4 Constituents unit Cow Goat Sheep Buffalo Water g 87.8 88.9 83.0 81.1 Protein g 3.2 3.1 5.4 4.5 Fat g 3.9 3.5 6.0 8.0 Carbohydrate g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9 Energy kcal 66 60 95 110 kJ 275 253 396 463 Sugars (Lactose) g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9 Fatty Acids: Saturated g 2.4 2.3 3.8 4.2 Mono-unsaturated g 1.1 0.8 1.5 1.7 Polyunsaturated g 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 Cholesterol mg 14 10 11 8 Calcium iu 120 100 170 195 Top Ten Buffalo Milk Producers — 11 June 2008 Country Production (Tonnes) Footnote India 56960000 * Pakistan 21500000 P People’s Repub- lic of China 2900000 F Egypt 2300000 F Nepal 930000 F Iran 241500 F Myanmar 205000 F Italy 200000 F Turkey 35100 F Vietnam 31000 F World 85396902 A No symbol = official figure, P = official fig- ure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi- official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate(may include official, semi-offi- cial or estimates); Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social De- partment: The Statistical Devision Adaptation and behavioral Water buffalo spend much of their day sub- merged in the muddy waters of Asia’s tropic- al and subtropical forests. They have wide- splayed hoofed feet which are used to pre- vent them from sinking too deeply in the mud. These adaptations allow them to move in wetlands and swamps. Water buffalo also prefer to feed in grasslands on grass and herbs. Water buffalo behavior sometimes differs from cattle. For example, most water buffa- loes are not trained to be driven. Instead, the herdsman must walk alongside or ahead of them. They then instinctively follow. They also rub against trees more often than cattle do, and they sometimes de- bark the trees causing them to die. Reproduction The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder. Without reasonable nutri- tion, the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or genetic capability would nor- mally allow. Females normally produce calves every other year after gestation of 9 to 11 months. Young bulls typically remain with maternal herds which consist of around 30 buffalo, for three years after birth. They then go on to form small all- male herds. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 5 Environmental effects The water buffalo may affect the environment in either positve or negative ways. Wildlife and conservation scientists have started to recommend and use introduced populations of feral water buffalo to manage uncontrolled vegetation growth in and around natural wetlands. Introduced Asian Water Buffalo at home in such environs provide cheap service by regularly grazing uncontrolled vegetation and opening up clogged water bodies for waterfowl, wetland birds and other wildlife.[14][15] Grazing water buffalo are sometimes used in Great Britain for conservation grazing, for example to man- age Chippenham Fen NNR. These buffalo have been found to be better suited to the wet conditions and poor-quality vegetation than many cattle. [16] However, in uncontrolled circumstances, water buffalo can cause environmental dam- age, such as trampling vegetation, disturbing bird and reptile nesting sites, and spreading exotic weeds.[17] Research First cloned buffalo On September 15, 2007, the Philippines an- nounced its development of Southeast Asia’s first cloned buffalo. The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Re- sources Research and Development (PCARRD), under the Department of Science and Technology in Los Baños, Laguna ap- proved this project. The Department of Agri- culture’s Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) will implement "Cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer as a tool for genetic im- provement in water buffaloes". "Super buf- falo calves" will be produced. There will be no modification or alteration of the genetic materials, as in GMOs (genetically modified organisms).[18] Super Carabao On January 1, 2008, the Philippine Carabao Center in Nueva Ecija, per Filipino scientists initiated a study to breed the super water buffalo that could produce 4 to 18 liters of milk/day (gene-based technology). Also, the 1st test-tube hybrid carabao was born there in 2004, “Glory,” named after President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Joseph Estrada’s most successful project as an opposition sen- ator, the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707, the Carabao Act of 1992.[19] world first hand made cloned buffalo was produced in National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, INDIA. In culture • Legend has it that the Chinese philosophical sage Lao Tzu left China through the Han Gu Pass riding a water buffalo. • According to Hindu lore, the god of death Yama, rides on a water buffalo. • The carabao variant is considered as a national symbol in the Philippines. • In Vietnam, water buffalo are often the most valuable possession of poor farmers: "Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp". They are treated as a member of the family: "Chồng cày, vợ cấy, con trâu đi bừa" ("The husband ploughs, the wife sows, water buffalo draw the rake") and are friends of the children. Children talk to their water buffalo, "Bao giờ cây lúa còn bông. Thì còn ngọn cỏ ngoài đồng trâu ăn." (Vietnamese children are responsible for grazing water buffalo. They will feed them a lot of grasses if they work laboriously for men.) In the old days, West Lake, Hà Nội had the name of Kim Ngưu- Golden Water Buffalo. • A golden water buffalo is the mascot of the 22nd Southeast Asian Games held in Vietnam as it represents the strength and martial spirit of the Vietnamese people. • The water buffalo has also seen its appearance in a few Veggie Tales episodes, notably in the very first Silly Song with Larry, "The Water Buffalo Song", though it also appears briefly in the "Song of the Cebu", when Larry says: "Oh wait—that’s a water Buffalo." • The film Apocalypse Now depicts an actual ritual slaughter of a water buffalo by a Montagnard tribe during the film’s climax. Some popular water buf- falo festivals Fighting festivals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 6 An unstaged water buffalo fight • [20],: Moh juj is held every year in Bhogali Bihu in Assam. Ahotguri in Nagaon is famous for it. • [21][22] is held each year on the 9th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar at Do Son Township, Haiphong City in Vietnam. It is one of the most popular Vietnam festivals & events in Haiphong City. The preparations for this buffalo fighting festival begin right from the 5th and the 6th lunar month itself. The competing buffalo are selected and methodically trained months in advance. It is a traditional festival of Vietnam attached to a Water God worshipping ceremony and the “Hien Sinh” custom to show marital spirit of the local people of Do Son, Haiphong. • [23][24] According to ancient records, the buffalo fighting in Hai Luu Commune has existed from the 2nd century B.C. General Lu Gia at that time, had the buffalo slaughtered to give a feast to the local people and the warriors, and organized buffalo fighting for amusement. Eventually, all the fighting buffalo will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities. • [25][26] is a very popular event held on special occasions such as New Year’s Day in January, and Songkran in mid-April, this festival features head-wrestling bouts in which two male Asian water buffalo are pitted against one another. Unlike in Spanish Bullfighting, wherein bulls get killed while fighting sword-wielding men, Buffalo Fighting Festival held at Ko Samui, Thailand is fairly harmless contest. The fighting season varies according to ancient customs & ceremonies. The first Buffalo to turn and run away is considered the loser, the winning buffalo becomes worth several million baht. Ko Samui is an island in the Gulf of Thailand in the South China, it is 700 km from Bangkok and is connected to it by regular flights. Racing festivals Water buffalo racing at Babulang 2006 • [27] Thousands of people flock to this entertainment in downtown Chonburi, 70 kilometers (44 miles) south of Bangkok, at the annual water buffalo festival. About 300 buffalo race in groups of five or six, spurred on by bareback jockeys wielding wooden sticks, as hundreds of spectators cheer. The water buffalo has always played an important role in agriculture in Thailand. For farmers of Chon Buri Province, near Bangkok, it is an important annual festival, beginning in mid-October. It is also a celebration among rice farmers before the rice harvest. At dawn, farmers walk their buffalo through surrounding rice fields, splashing them with water to keep them cool before leading them to the race field. This amazing festival started over a hundred years ago when two men arguing about whose buffalo was the fastest ended up having a race between them. That’s how it became a tradition and gradually a social event for farmers who gathered from around the country in Chonburi to trade their goods. The festival also helps a great deal in preserving the number of buffalo, which have been dwindling at quite an alarming rate in other regions. Modern machinery is rapidly replacing buffalo in Thai agriculture. With most of the farm work mechanized, the buffalo-racing tradition has continued. Racing buffalo are now raised just to race, they don’t work at all. Few farm buffalo which still do work are much bigger than the racers because of From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 7 the strenuous work they perform. Farm buffalo are in the “Buffalo Beauty Pageant”, a Miss Farmer beauty contest and a comic buffalo costume contest etc.. This festival perfectly exemplifies a favored Thai attitude to life — "sanuk," meaning fun. • Babulang is the largest or grandest of the many rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya (Borneo) community of Limbang, Sarawak. Highlights are the Ratu Babulang competition and the Water buffalo races which can only be found in this town in Sarawak, Malaysia. • [28] Each year, millions of Cambodians visit Buddhist temples across the country to honor their deceased loved ones during a 15-day period commonly known as the Festival of the Dead but in Vihear Suor village, about 22 miles northeast of the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, citizens each year wrap up the festival with a water buffalo race to entertain visitors and honor a pledge made hundreds of years ago. There was a time when many village cattle which provide rural Cambodians with muscle power to plow their fields and transport agricultural products died from an unknown disease. The villagers prayed to a spirit to help save their animals from the disease and promised to show their gratitude by holding a buffalo race each year on the last day of “P’chum Ben” festival as it is known in Cambodian. The race draws hundreds of spectators who come to see riders and their animals charge down the racing field, the racers bouncing up and down on the backs of their buffalo, whose horns were draped with colorful cloth. • The Maduranese people of the island of Madura, East Java, Indonesia, race their strongest and fastest buffalo in races hold regularly a few times a year, typically in August, September and October. It is a very popular spectacle in the towns of Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan. Besides the prize (and the pride that comes with it), buffalo that win a race are regarded very valuable and are a lot more expensive than their peers. This motivates the owners to feed their buffalo unusual cocktails of high calory food comprising raw eggs, honey, and herbs in addition to their regular training regime to give them the edge. See also • Wild Asian water buffalo • Water buffalo rumen ecology • List of Domestic Asian Water buffalo breeds • Gaur • African buffalo (Wild) • Zebu, the common breed of domestic cattle from India • Sacred cows of India References [1] "Water Buffalo, An asset undervalued". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2000. http://www.aphca.org/publications/files/ w_buffalo.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. [2] The IUCN Red list of threatened species classifies wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalis arnee) as "Endangered" [3] The IUCN Red list of threatened species classifies wild Asian water buffalo" (Bubalis arnee) as "Endangered" [4] Animal Info - Wild Asian (water) buffalo - Status: Endangered; By: Paul Massicot [5] ^ "Water buffalo". Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/636991/water-buffalo. Retrieved on 2009-05-19. [6] "Water Buffalo, An asset undervalued". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2000. http://www.aphca.org/publications/files/ w_buffalo.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. [7] Wanapat, M. et al. 2000. A comparative study on the rumen microbial population of cattle and swamp buffalo raised under traditional village conditions in the norteast of Thailand. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 918-921. [8] Wanapat,M. 2001. Swamp buffalo rumen ecology and its manipulation. Proceedings Buffalo Workshop, http://www.mekarn.org/procbuf/ wanapat.htm [9] Roth, J. and P. Myers (2004). "Bubalis Bubalis". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/ site/accounts/information/ Bubalus_bubalis.html#1ad6bbdabf14d37f5fd3dd0a26 Retrieved on 2008-10-18. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 8 [10]Laboratory report: "In vitro production of cattle-water buffalo (Bos taurus - Bubalus bubalis) hybrid embryos" [11]The Woodstock Water Buffalo Company [12]Roth, J. and P. Myers (2004). "Bubalis Bubalis". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/ site/accounts/information/ Bubalus_bubalis.html#1ad6bbdabf14d37f5fd3dd0a26e19210. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. [13]McCance, Widdowson, Scherz, Kloos. [1] [14]Buffalo improve wildlife habitat - The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales use the formidable beasts to help in conservation work at the 264-acre Teifi Marshes reserve; BBC, 15 February, 2004 [15] "Buffaloes and wetlands" -- grazing in wetland management: A discussion from the Ramsar Forum over late March 1998 [16] "Buffalo improve wildlife habitat in Cambridgeshire". Natural England. 2008-01-24. http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ regions/east/press-releases/240108.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-10. [17]Roth, J. and P. Myers (2004). "Bubalis Bubalis". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/ site/accounts/information/ Bubalus_bubalis.html#1ad6bbdabf14d37f5fd3dd0a26e19210. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. [18]Manila Times, RP to produce Southeast Asia’s first cloned buffalo [19] Inquirer.net, ’Super carabao’ making the scene in year of the rats [20]Dutta, Pullock. "Bonfire, feast & lots more". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080112/ jsp/northeast/story_8771062.jsp. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. [21]Do Son: buffalo fighting festival (Vietnam), 14/09/2005, VietNamNet Bridge [22]Do Son Buffalo Fighting Festival Vietnam, ASIAROOMS [23]Buffalo Fighting in Hai Luu Commune, Vietnam News Agency [24]VIDEO on You Tube:Water Buffalo- fighting festival: Buffalo-fighting festival is annually held on the 15th of the lunar two month in Hai Luu (Vinhphuc City). It results in this saying: "Go everywhere you want, but come back on the 15th of the lunar two month to attend the buffalo-fighting festival". Eventually, all those fighting buffalo are slaughtered as tributes to the deities. [25]Buffalo Fighting Festival Ko Samui, ASIAROOMS [26]Buffalo Fighting Festival, Koh Samui Festivals & Events, Thailand. Hotel and Travel Links Co. Ltd. Thailand [27]Buffalo Racing, Thailand, thailand- guide.org (p) some content provided by Tourism Authority of Thailand, Last Updated : 01-Jul-2007; Watching the Buffalo Racing, by Panrit "Gor" Daoruang, 14 October 2003, Thailand Life; Running of the buffalo: Thais take their beasts of burden to the races; by: Alisa Tang, Associated Press Writer; Buffalo Racing, The lowdown by Aliwyn Cole, August 1st, 2005, Urban Lowdown; "Running with the Buffalo", originally published in the Learning Post, a supplement of the Bangkok Post [28]Buffalo Racing in Cambodia, September 27, 2006 • Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521634954. • Guinness Book of Records, 2005 • Huffman, B. 2006. The ultimate ungulate page. UltimateUngulate.com. • International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2006. Syncerus caffer, Bubalus bubalis, Bubalus quarlesi, Bubalus depressicornis Bubalus mindorensis. • Ligda, D.J. 1996. The Water Buffalo. Website. [2] • Massicot, P. 2004. Animal Info. Website Wild Asian (Water) Buffalo • Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. Walker’s Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253 • Olson, T.J. 2006. Turkey Creek Water Buffalo Website [3] The best buffalo pictures! • Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, New Jersey, USA: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0937548081. ^ Roth, J. and P. Myers. "Bubalis Bubalis", University of Michigan Museum of Zoology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 9 Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on 15 Janu- ary 2009 • Fahimuddin, M. 1989. Domestic Water Buffalo. Janpath, New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8120404025. • The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal. Washington, D.C. 1981. National Academy Press. ISBN 8183416. • Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. 1993. Mammal Species of the World, Second Edition, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.Smithsonian Institution. Further reading • Ruangprim, T. et al.2007. rumen microbes and ecology of male dairy, beef cattle and buffaloes. In Proc. Animal Science Annual Meeting, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,Thailand. • Thu, Nguyen Van and T.R. Preston. 1999. Rumen environment and feed degradability in swamp buffaloes fed different supplements. Livestock Research for Rural Development 11(3) • Wanapat, M. 2000. Rumen manipulation to increase the efficient use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in the tropics. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13(Suppl.):59-67. • Wanapat, M. and P. Rowlinson. 2007. Nutrition and feeding of swamp buffalo: Feed resources and rumen approach. Paper to be presented at the VIII World Buffalo Congress, October 19-22, 2007, Caserta, Italy, organized by The International Buffalo Federation. External links • Asian Wild Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) by P.K.Mathur, P.K. Malik and P.D. Muley. From the “Wildlife Institute of India” website. • Pet Facts: Buffaloes • Breeds of Livestock • Buffalo QTL Research Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Buffalo" Categories: Beef, Bovines, Livestock, Mammals of Asia, Mammals of India, Fauna of Southeast Asia, Fauna of Thailand, Fauna of Malaysia, Fauna of Pakistan, Fauna of Vietnam, Mammals of Indonesia, Domesticated animals, Water buffalo breeds This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 15:53 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Water Buffalo 10
