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Diphthong
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In phonetics, a diphthong, pronounced /ˈdɪf.θɒŋ/ or
/ˈdɪp.θɒŋ/, (also gliding vowel) (from Greek δίφθογγος,
"diphthongos", literally "two sounds" or "two tones") is
a contour vowel—that is, a unitary vowel that changes
quality during its pronunciation, or "glides", with a
smooth movement of the tongue from one articulation
to another, as in the English words eye, boy, and cow. This
contrasts with "pure" vowels, or monophthongs, where
the tongue is held still, as in the English word papa.[1]
Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are
run together in rapid speech. However, there are also
unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above,
which are heard by listeners as single vowel sounds
(phonemes).[2]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pure vowels
are transcribed with one letter, as in English "sum"
[sʌm]. Diphthongs are transcribed with two letters, as in
English "eye" [aɪ̯] or "same" [seɪ̯m]. The two vowel sym-
bols are chosen to represent the beginning and ending
positions of the tongue, though this can be only approx-
imate. The diacritic < ̯> is placed under the less promin-
ent component to show that it is part of a diphthong
rather than a separate vowel, though it is sometimes left
off in languages such as English, where there is not
likely to be any confusion. (That is, in precise transcrip-
tion, [ai] represents two vowels in hiatus, as found for
example in Hawaiian and in the English word "naïve". It
would not be a diphthong, for instance, in the English
word, "knives").
Types of diphthong
Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a vowel
quality of higher prominence (higher pitch or louder)
and end in a semivowel with less prominence, like [aɪ̯] in
"eye", while rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with
a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prom-
inent full vowel, like [ɪ̯a] in "yard". The less prominent
component in the diphthong may also be transcribed as
an approximant, thus [aj] in "eye" and [ja] in "yard".
However, when the diphthong is analysed as a single
phoneme, both elements are often transcribed with
vowel letters (/aɪ̯/, /ɪ̯a/). Note also that semivowels and
approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and
in the English and Italian languages, among others,
many phoneticians do not consider rising combinations
to be diphthongs, but rather sequences of approximant
and vowel. There are many languages (such as Romani-
an) that contrast one or more rising diphthongs with
similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonet-
ic inventory.[3]
In closing diphthongs, the second element is more
close than the first (e.g. [ai]); in opening diphthongs,
more open (e.g. [ia]). Closing diphthongs tend to be fall-
ing ([ai̯]), and opening diphthongs are generally rising
([i̯a]), because open vowels are more sonorous and
therefore tend to be more prominent. However, excep-
tions to this rule are not rare in the world’s languages. In
Finnish, for instance, the opening diphthongs /ie̯/ and
/uo̯/ are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder
and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the
diphthong.
A centering diphthong is one that begins with a
more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central
one, such as [ɪə̯], [ɛə̯], and [ʊə̯] in Received Pronunciation
or [iə̯] and [uə̯] in Irish. Many centering diphthongs are
also opening diphthongs ([iə̯], [uə̯]).
Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs,
the latter usually being described as having a long first
element. Languages that contrast three quantities in
diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of:
Northern Sami is known to contrast long, short and fi-
nally stressed diphthongs, the last of which are distin-
guished by a long second element.
While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs
are not the same as a combination of a vowel and a
semivowel or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are
contained in the syllable nucleus[4] while a semivowel or
glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the
onset or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetic-
ally by a greater degree of constriction.[5] though this
phonetic distinction is not always clear.[6] The English
word yes, for example, consists of a palatal glide fol-
lowed by a monophthong rather
than a rising
diphthong.
Diphthongs in various
languages
Catalan
Catalan possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all
of which begin or end in [j] or [w]. They include:[7]
In addition to these, Catalan also possesses two sets of
diphthongs in variation; [wi] varies with [uj] (as in
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
1
[ej]
rei
’king’
[ɛw]
peu
’foot’
[uj]
avui
’today’
[ow]
pou
’well’
[ja]
iaia
’grandma’
[wa]
quatre
’four’
[jɛ]
veiem
’we see’
[wə]
aigua
’water’
Diphthongs of Dutch
Netherlandic[13]
Belgian[14]
zeis
[ɛɪ̯]
ui
[œʏ̯]
zout
[ʌʊ̯]
[ɔʊ̯]
beet1
[eɪ̯]
[eː]
neus1
[øʏ̯]
[øː]
boot1
[oʊ̯]
[oː]
afluixar [aflujˈɕa~aflwiˈɕa] ’to loosen’) and [iw] with
[ju].[8]
There are also certain instances of compensatory diph-
thongization in the Majorcan dialect so that /ˈtroncs/
(’logs’) (in addition to deleting the palatal plosive) devel-
ops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as [ˈtrojns]
(and contrasts with the unpluralized [ˈtronʲc]). Diph-
thongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop
(part of Catalan’s segment loss compensation). There are
other cases where diphthongization compensates for the
loss of point of articulation features (property loss com-
pensation) as in [ˈaɲ] (’year’) vs [ˈajns] (’years’).[9]
The dialectal distribution of compensatory diph-
thongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal
plosive (whether it is velar or palatal) and the extent of
consonant assimilation (whether or not it’s extended to
palatals).[10]
Croatian
•
i(j)e, as in mlijeko[11]
Croatian dialects also have uo, as in kuonj, ruod, uon[12]
while, in Standard Croatian, these words are konj, rod,
on)
Czech
There are three diphthongs in Czech:
• /aʊ̯/ as in auto (almost exclusively in words of
foreign origin)
• /eʊ̯/ as in euro (in words of foreign origin only)
• /oʊ̯/ as in koule
Vowel groups ia, ie, ii, io, and iu in foreign words are not
regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with /j/
between the vowels [ɪja, ɪjɛ, ɪjɪ, ɪjo, ɪju].
Dutch
1.
[eɪ̯], [øʏ̯], and [oʊ̯] are normally pronounced as
closing diphthongs except before [ɾ] in the same
word, in which case they are centering diphthongs:
[eə̯], [øə̯], and [oə̯]. In many dialects, they are
monophthongized[15]
The dialect of Hamont (in Limburg) has five centring
diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of [ɛɪ̯],
[œʏ̯], [ɔʊ̯], and [ɑʊ̯].[16]
English
See also: IPA chart for English dialects
All English diphthongs are falling, apart from /juː/,
which can be analyzed as [i̯uː].
1. Canadian English exhibits allophony of /aʊ̯/ and /aɪ̯/
called Canadian raising. GA and RP have raising to a
lesser extent in /aɪ̯/.
2.
In Received Pronunciation, the vowels in lair and lure
may be monophthongized to [ɛː] and [oː]
respectively.[17] Australian English speakers more
readily monophthongize the former.
3.
In Rhotic dialects, words like pair, poor, and peer can
be analyzed as diphthongs, although other
descriptions analyze them as vowels with [ɹ] in the
coda.
4. The erstwhile monophthongs /iː/ and /uː/ are
diphthongized in many dialects. In many cases they
might be better transcribed as [uu̯] and [ii̯], where
the non-syllabic element is understood to be closer
than the syllabic element. They are sometimes
transcribed /uw/ and /ij/.
Faroese
Diphthongs in Faroese are:
• /ai/ as in bein (can also be short)
• /au/ as in havn
• /ɛa/ as in har, mær
• /ɛi/ as in hey
• /ɛu/ as in nevnd
• /œu/ as in nøvn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
2
Standard English diphthongs
American
RP (British)
Australian
GA
Canadian
low
[əʊ̯]
[əʉ̯]
[oʊ̯]
loud
[aʊ̯]
lout
[aʊ̯]
[æɔ̯]
[aʊ̯]
[əʊ̯]1
lied
[aɪ̯]
light
[aɪ̯]
[ɑe̯]
[əɪ̯]1
lane
[eɪ̯]
[æɪ̯]
[eɪ̯]
loin
[ɔɪ̯]
[oɪ̯]
[ɔɪ̯]
loon
[uː]
[ʉː]
[ʊu̯]4
lean
[iː]
[ɪi̯]4
[ɪi̯]4
leer
[ɪə̯]
[ɪə̯]
[ɪɚ̯]3
lair
[ɛə̯]2
[eː]2
[ɛɚ]3
lure
[ʊə̯]2
[ʊə̯]
[ʊɚ̯]3
• /ʉu/ as in hús
• /ʊi/ as in mín, bý, ið (can also be short)
• /ɔa/ as in ráð
• /ɔi/ as in hoyra (can also be short)
• /ɔu/ as in sól, ovn
Finnish
All Finnish diphthongs are falling. Notably, Finnish has
true opening diphthongs (e.g. /uo/), which are not very
common crosslinguistically compared to centering diph-
thongs (e.g. /uə/ in English).
closing
•
[ai̯] as in laiva (ship)
•
[ei̯] as in keinu (swing)
•
[oi̯] as in poika (boy)
•
[æi̯] as in äiti (mother)
•
[øi̯] as in öisin (at night)
•
[au̯] as in lauha (mild)
•
[eu̯] as in leuto (mild)
•
[ou̯] as in koulu (school)
•
[ey̯] as in leyhyä (to waft)
•
[æy̯] as in täysi (full)
•
[øy̯] as in löytää (to find)
close
•
[ui̯] as in uida (to swim)
•
[yi̯] as in lyijy (lead)
•
[iu̯] as in viulu (violin)
•
[iy̯] as in siistiytyä (to clean up)
opening
•
[ie̯] as in kieli (tongue)
•
[uo̯] as in suo (bog)
•
[yø̯] as in yö (night)
French
Some diphthongs in French:
• /wa/ as in roi "king"
• /wi/ as in oui "yes"
• /wɛ̃/ as in groin "muzzle"
• /ɥi/ as in huit "eight"
• /jɛ̃/ as in lien "bond"
• /jɛ/ as in Ariège
• /aj/ as in travail "work"
• /ej/ as in Marseille
• /œj/ as in feuille "leaf"
• /uj/ as in grenouille "frog"
• /jø/ as in vieux "old"
While /wa/, /wɛ̃/, and /ɥi/ may be considered diph-
thongs (that is, fully contained in the syllable nucleus),
other sequences of a glide and vowel are considered part
of a glide formation process that turns a high vowel into
a glide (and part of the syllable onset) when followed by
another vowel.[18]
German
Diphthongs in German:
•
[aɪ̯] as in Reich ’empire’
•
[aʊ̯] as in Maus ’mouse’
•
[ɔʏ̯] as in neu ’new’
•
[eːɐ̯] as in sehr ’very’
•
[iːɐ̯] as in dir ’you (dative)’
•
[oːɐ̯] as in Bor ’boron (element)’
•
[øːɐ̯] as in Öhr ’eye (hole in a needle)’
•
[uːɐ̯] as in nur ’only’
•
[yːɐ̯] as in Tür ’door’
Some diphthongs in Bernese, a Swiss German dialect:
•
[iə̯] as in Bier ’beer’
•
[yə̯] as in Fuß ’feet’
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
3
•
[uə̯] as in Schue ’shoes’
•
[ou̯] as in Stou ’holdup’
•
[au̯] as in Stau ’stable’
•
[aːu̯] as in Staau ’steel’
•
[æu̯] as in Wäut ’world’
•
[æːu̯] as in wääut ’elects’
•
[ʊu̯] as in tschúud ’guilty’
Icelandic
Diphthongs in Icelandic are the following:
• /aw/ as in átta, "eight"
• /ow/ as in nóg, "enough"
• /œɥ/ as in auga, "eye"
• /aj/ as in hæ, "hi"
• /ej/ as in þeir, "they"
Combinations of j and a vowel are the following:
• /ja/ as in jata, "manger"
• /jaw/ as in já, "yes"
• /jo/ as in joð, "iodine," "jay," "yod" (only in a handful
of words of foreign origin)
• /jow/ as in jól, "Christmas"
• /jœ/ as in jötunn, "giant"
• /jaj/ as in jæja, "oh well"
Irish
All Irish diphthongs are falling.
•
[əi̯], spelled aigh, aidh, agh, adh, eagh, eadh, eigh, or eidh
•
[əu̯], spelled abh, amh, eabh, or eamh
•
[iə̯], spelled ia, iai
•
[uə̯], spelled ua, uai
Italian
In standard Italian, only falling diphthongs are con-
sidered to be true diphthongs. Rising diphthongs are
considered to be sequences of approximant and vowel.
falling
•
[ei̯] as in dei (preposition)
•
[ɛi̯] as in direi
•
[ai̯] as in avrai
•
[ɔi̯] as in poi
•
[oi̯] as in voi
•
[eu̯] as in Europa
•
[ɛu̯] as in feudo
•
[au̯] as in pausa
rising
•
[je] as in ateniese
•
[jɛ] as in piede
•
[ja] as in piano
•
[jɔ] as in piove
•
[jo] as in fiore
•
[ju] as in più
•
[wi] as in qui
•
[we] as in quello
•
[wɛ] as in guerra
•
[wa] as in guado
•
[wɔ] as in nuoto
•
[wo] as in liquore
Other combinations, such as [ui], [iu], [ii], are generally
considered hiatus by grammarians; however phonetic-
ally they are often true diphthongs in poetry and com-
mon speech.
Maltese
Maltese has seven falling diphthongs.[19]
•
[ɛɪ̯] ej or għi
•
[ɐɪ̯] aj or għi
•
[ɔɪ̯] oj
•
[ɪʊ̯] iw
•
[ɛʊ̯] ew
•
[ɐʊ̯] aw or għu
•
[ɔʊ̯] ow or għu
Mandarin Chinese
Rising diphthongs in Mandarin are usually regarded as a
combination of a medial glide (i, u, or ü) and a final seg-
ment, while falling diphthongs are seen as one final seg-
ment. Tone marker is always placed on the vowel with
more prominence.
rising
•
ia/ya:
•
[i̯a], as in jiā (?, home), yā (?, duck)
•
[i̯ɛ], as in jiǎn (?, to cut), yǎn (?, eye)
•
[i̯ɑ], as in xiǎng (?, to think), yǎng (?, itchy)
•
ie/ye: [i̯ɛ], as in xiè (?, to thank), yè (?, leaf)
• yo: [i̯ɔ], as in yō (?, an interjection) 1
•
iong/yong: [i̯ɤŋ], as in xiōng (?, menacing), yǒng (?,
forever)
• ua/wa:
•
[u̯a], as in guā (?, melon), wā (?, to dig), guǎn (?,
tube), uǎn (?, bowl)
•
[u̯ɑ], as in zhuāng (?, to fill), wàng (?, to forget)
• wen: [u̯ən], as in wèn (?, to ask) 12
• weng: [u̯ɤŋ], as in wēng (?, old man) 12
• uo/wo: [u̯ɔ], as in huǒ (?, fire), wǒ (?, I)
• üan/yuan: [y̯ɛn], as in xüǎn (?, to choose), yuǎn (?,
far) 2
• üe/yue: [y̯ɛ], as in xüé (?, to learn), yuè (?, to cross)
falling
• ai: [ai̯], as in ài (?, love)
• ei: [ei̯], as in lèi (?, tired)
• ao: [ɑʊ̯], as in dào (?, way)
• ou: [oʊ̯], as in dòu (?, bean)
1 only occurs in isolation
2 always followed by nasal
Northern Sami
The diphthong system in Northern Sami varies consider-
ably from one dialect to another. The Western Finnmark
dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening
diphthongs:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
4
Diphthongs of Portuguese
EP[22]
BP
anéis
[ɛɪ̯]
sai
[aɪ̯]
sei
[ɐɪ̯]
[eɪ̯]
mói
[ɔɪ̯]
moita
[oɪ̯]
anuis
[uɪ̯]
viu
[iu̯]
meu
[eu̯]
véu
[ɛu̯]
mau
[au̯]
cem
[ẽɪ̯]
mãe
[ɐ̃ɪ̯]
[ɐ̃ɪ̯]
anões
[õɪ̯]
muita
[ũɪ̯]
mão
[ɐ̃u̯]
• /eæ/ as in leat "to be"
• /ie/ as in giella "language"
• /oa/ as in boahtit "to come"
• /uo/ as in vuodjat "to swim"
In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way
contrast between long, short and finally stressed diph-
thongs. The last are distinguished from long and short
diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second
component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in
spelling.
Norwegian
There are five diphthongs in Norwegian:
•
[æɪ̯] as in nei, "no"
•
[øʏ̯] as in øy, "island"
•
[æʉ̯] as in sau, "sheep"
•
[ɑɪ̯] as in hai, "shark"
•
[ɔʏ̯] as in joik, "Sami song"
An additional diphthong, [ʉ̫ʏ̯], only occurs in the word
hui in the expression i hui og hast "in great haste".
Portuguese
European Portuguese has 14 phonemic diphthongs (10
oral and 4 nasal),[20] all of which are falling diphthongs
formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel. Brazili-
an Portuguese has roughly the same amount, although
the two dialects have slightly different pronunciations.
A [w] onglide after /k/ or /g/ as in quando [kʊ̯ɐ̃dʊ]
(’when’) or [ˈgʊ̯aɾdɐ] (’guard’) may also form rising diph-
thongs and triphthongs. Additionally, in casual speech,
adjacent heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diph-
thongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them;[21]
in more formal speech, these are realized as hiatus e.g.,
férias [ˈfɛ.ɾi.ɐʃ] ~ [ˈfɛ.ɾjɐʃ].
In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in Brazilian
Portuguese by the vocalization of /l/ in the syllable coda
with words like sol [sɔʊ̯] (’sun’) and sul [suʊ̯] (’south’) as
well as by yodization of vowels preceding /s/ in words
like arroz [aʁoɪ̯s] (’rice’) and mas [maɪ̯s] (’but’).[23]
Romanian
Romanian has two diphthongs: /e̯a/ and /o̯a/. As a res-
ult of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels un-
der stress), they appear only in stressed syllables[24] and
make morphological alternations with the mid vowels
/e/ and /o/. To native speakers, they sound very similar
to /ja/ and /wa/ respectively.[25] There are no perfect
minimal pairs to contrast /o̯a/ and /wa/,[26] and because
/o̯a/ doesn’t appear in the final syllable of a prosodic
word, there are no monosyllabic words with /o̯a/; ex-
ceptions might
include
voal
(’veil’)
and
trotuar
(’sidewalk’), though Ioana Chiţoran argues[27] that these
are best treated as containing glide-vowel sequences
rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the
semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be combined (either before,
after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguably[28]
forms additional diphthongs and triphthongs, only /e̯a/
and /o̯a/ can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as
in broască (’frog’) and dreagă (’to mend’).[29] implying
that /j/ and /w/ are restricted to the syllable boundary
and
therefore,
strictly
speaking,
do not
form
diphthongs.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
5
Spanish
Spanish has six falling diphthongs and eight rising diph-
thongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of
vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one
becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel,
in which case they fuse together) as in poeta [ˈpo̯eta]
(’poet’) and maestro [ˈmae̯stɾo] (’teacher’). The phonemic
diphthongs are:[30]
falling
• /ei̯/ as in rey (’king’)
• /ai̯/ as in aire (’air’)
• /oi̯/ as in hoy (’today’)
• /eu̯/ as in neutro (’neutral’)
• /au̯/ as in pausa (’break’)
• /ou̯/ as in bou (’seine fishing’)
rising
• /je/ as in tierra (’earth’)
• /ja/ as in hacia (’towards’)
• /jo/ as in radio (’radio’)
• /ju/ as in viuda (’widow’)
• /wi/ as in fuimos (’we went’)
• /we/ as in fuego (’fire’)
• /wa/ as in cuadro (’picture’)
• /wo/ as in cuota (’quota’)
Thai
In addition to vowel nuclei following /j/ and /w/, Thai
has three diphthongs:[31]
•
[ia̯]
•
[ɯa̯]
•
[ua̯]
Yiddish
Yiddish has three diphthongs:[32]
•
[ɛɪ̯] as in [plɛɪ̯tə] פּליטה (’refugee’ f.)
•
[aɛ̯] as in [naɛ̯n] נײַן (’nine’)
•
[ɔə̯] as in [ɔəf̯n̩] אופֿן (’way’)
Diphthongs may reach a higher target position (towards
/i/) in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when
words with such vowels are being emphasized.
Zulu
Diphthongs between true vowels never occur in Zulu,
with each syllable having only one vowel sound, eg.
[iːǃaːǃa]. However, Zulu has two semi-vowels which form
dipthongs with vowels:
•
[ja] as in [ŋijaɠuˈɓɛːɠa] ngiyakubeka (I am placing it)
•
[wa] as in [ŋiːwa] ngiwa (I fall/I am falling)
See also
• Hiatus
• List of phonetics topics
• Semivowel
• Triphthong
• Vowel cluster
References
[1]
The tongue will move at the boundaries even of
monophthongs, because this is necessary for the
pronunciation of adjacent consonants. However,
the description given here is correct for the middle
of the vowel, which is most prominent to the
human ear. Monophthongs can be pronounced in
isolation without any movement of the tongue,
which is not possible for diphthongs. More
technically, monophthongs are said to have one
target tongue position, diphthongs two, and
triphthongs three.
[2]
SIL International definition of ’Diphthong’ accessed
17 January 2008
[3]
Chitoran (2002:203)
[4]
Kaye & Lowenstamm (1984:139)
[5]
Padgett (2007:1938)
[6]
Schane (1995:606)
[7]
Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
[8]
Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
[9] Mascaró (2002:580-581)
[10] Mascaró (2002:581)
[11] (Croatian) Vjesnik Babić ne zagovara korijenski
pravopis, nego traži da Hrvati ne piju mlijeko nego
- mlieko
[12] (Croatian) Kolo Josip Lisac: Štokavsko narječje:
prostiranje i osnovne značajke
[13] Gussenhoven (1992:46)
[14] Verhoeven (2005:245)
[15] See Verhoeven & Van Bael (2002) for more
information.
[16] Verhoeven (2007:221)
[17] Roach (2004:240)
[18] Chitoran (2001:11)
[19] Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997:299)
[20] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
[21] Barbosa & Albano (2004:230)
[22] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
[23] Barbosa & Albano (2004:230)
[24] Chițoran (2002a:204)
[25] Chițoran (2002a:206)
[26] Chițoran (2002a:203)
[27] Chițoran (2002b:217)
[28] See Chițoran (2001:8-9) for a brief overview of the
views regarding Romanian semivowels
[29] Chițoran (2002b:213)
[30] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-
Sabaté (2003:256)
[31] Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:25)
[32] Kleine (2003:263)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diphthong
6
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Categories: Vowels, Phonetics
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Diphthong
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