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Baekje ??(??) Baekje ← ← 18 BC–660 AD → Baekje at its height in 375. Capital Wirye/Han (18 BC–475 AD) Ungjin (476–538) Sabi (538–660) Language(s) Old Korean Religion Buddhism, Confucianism, Korean shamanism Government Monarchy King - 18 BCE - 28 Onjo - 346 - 375 Geunchogo - 523 - 554 Seong - 641 - 660 Uija Historical era Ancient - Establishment 18 BC, 18 BC - Campaigns of King Geunchogo 346 - 375 - Introduction of Buddhism 385 - Fall of Sabi July 18, 660 Population - est. 3,800,000 (660) Baekje Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje Korean name Hangul ?? Hanja ?? Revised Romanization Baekje McCune- Reischauer Paekche History of Korea Prehistory Jeulmun period Mumun period From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 1 Gojoseon 2333–108 BC Jin state Proto-Three Kingdoms: 108–57 BC Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye Samhan: Ma, Byeon, Jin Three Kingdoms: 57 BC – 668 AD Goguryeo 37 BC – 668 AD Baekje 18 BC – 660 AD Silla 57 BC – 935 AD Gaya 42–562 North-South States: 698–935 Unified Silla 668–935 Balhae 698–926 Later Three Kingdoms 892–935 Later Goguryeo, Later Baekje, Silla Goryeo Dynasty 918–1392 Joseon Dynasty 1392–1897 Korean Empire 1897–1910 Japanese rule 1910–1945 Provisional Gov’t 1919–1948 Division of Korea 1945–1948 North, South Korea 1948–present Korean War 1950–1953 • Timeline • List of monarchs • Linguistic history • Science and technology history • Art history • Military history • Naval history Korea Portal Monarchs of Korea Baekje 1. Onjo 18 BCE–29 CE 2. Daru 29–77 3. Giru 77–128 4. Gaeru 128–166 5. Chogo 166–214 6. Gusu 214–234 7. Saban 234 8. Goi 234–286 9. Chaekgye 286–298 10. Bunseo 298–304 11. Biryu 304–344 12. Gye 344–346 13. Geunchogo 346–375 14. Geungusu 375–384 15. Chimnyu 384–385 16. Jinsa 385–392 17. Asin 392–405 18. Jeonji 405–420 19. Guisin 420–427 20. Biyu 427–455 21. Gaero 455–475 22. Munju 475–477 23. Samgeun 477–479 24. Dongseong 479–501 25. Muryeong 501–523 26. Seong 523–554 27. Wideok 554–598 28. Hye 598–599 29. Beop 599–600 30. Mu 600–641 31. Uija 641–660 Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE), or Paekche (IPA: [pɛk̚ʨe]), was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. Baekje was founded by Onjo, the third son of Goguryeo’s founder Jumong, at Wirye-sung (around present-day Seoul). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo, a state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon’s fall. Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms ex- panded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled some colonies in China and most of the west- ern Korean Peninsula, as far north as Pyongy- ang. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan. In 660, it was defeated by an alliance of Silla and China’s Tang Dynasty, submitting to Unified Silla. History Founding Mireuksa According to the Samguk Sagi, Baekje was founded in 18 BCE by King Onjo, who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. According to the Chinese record San Guo Zhi, during the Samhan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 2 period, one of the chiefdoms of the Mahan confederacy was called Baekje. The Samguk Sagi provides a detailed ac- count of Baekje’s founding. Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that king- dom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became King Dongmy- eongseong, and had two more sons, Onjo and Biryu. When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, Onjo and Biryu decided to head south with their people, along with ten vassals. Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam), and called his country Sipje (mean- ing "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day Incheon), against the vassals’ advice. The salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult, while the people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously. Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, ask- ing for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo re- fused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo wel- comed them and renamed his country Baekje ("Hundred Vassals"). King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru is believed to have moved the capital to the Bukhan Mountain Fortress in 132, probably in present-day Gwangju, to the southeast of Seoul. Through the early centuries of the Com- mon Era, sometimes called the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes. Expansion During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confeder- acy. In 249, according to the ancient Japan- ese text Nihonshoki, Baekje’s expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around the Nakdong River valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a king- dom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (Ac- cording to the Nihon Shoki : 247). King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje’s territory to the north through war against Goguryeo, while annexing the Korea in 375, The greatest territory expan- sion of Baekje. remaining Mahan societies in the south. Dur- ing Geunchogo’s reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang. Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in 384. Baekje also became a sea power and con- tinued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period, trans- mitting continental cultural influences to Japan. Chinese writing system, Buddhism, ad- vanced pottery, ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristo- crats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship.[1] During this period, the Han River basin re- mained the heartland of the country. Ungjin period In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 3 Baekje’s capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju) from 475 to 538. Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo. Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods, although at some points in time, Baekje controlled territ- ory in China that ringed the Bohai Sea. Sabi period In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. From this time, the official name of the country was Nam- buyeo ("South Buyeo"), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi Period witnessed the flowering of Baekje cul- ture, alongside the growth of Buddhism. Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje’s relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on the navigable Geum River, made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished dur- ing the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century, with the growing influ- ence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline. Fall and restoration movement In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, which was then al- lied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. King Uija and his son were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to Japan. Baekje forces attempted a brief restora- tion movement but faced Silla-Tang joint forces of 130,000 men. General Boksin pro- claimed Prince Buyeo Pung as the new king of Baekje, called King Pung (??). Baekje re- quested Japanese aid, and King Pung re- turned to Baekje with a contingent of 5,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japan- ese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang. The Tang dynasty also sent 7000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval con- frontations that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Dongjin river, the Silla-Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo. Social and political structure The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi, who may have first established patrilin- eal succession. Like most monarchies, a great deal of power was held by the aristo- cracy. King Seong, for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a dis- astrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son. The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had consid- erable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Eight clans (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin, Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian. Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the Sol rank, the first (Jwapyeong) through the sixth (Naesol) officials were political, ad- ministrative, and military commanders. In the Deok rank, the seventh (Jangdeok) through the eleventh (Daedeok) officials may have headed each field. Mundok, Mudok, Jwagun, Jinmu and Geuku from the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators. According to the Samguk Yusa[2], during the Sabi period, the chief minister (Jaesang) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 4 temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form of selection-by-lot or a covert selection by the elite is not clear. Language and culture Bangasayusang Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language, a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje. In a case of diglossia, the indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variation or dialect of the same language. Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influ- ences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are ex- tremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatif- ic Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art. Taoist influences are also wide- spread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang Dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period. The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), al- though modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown or- naments, gold belts, and gold earrings. Mor- tuary practices also followed the unique tra- dition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a rep- resentative tomb of the Ungjin period. Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, in- tricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writ- ing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner (??????? Baekjegeumdongdaehyeongno) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County, exemplifies Baekje art. Little is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time. Foreign relations Relations with China In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin Dynasty of China, located in the basin of the Yangtze River. After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song Dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies. Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for the first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to at- tack Goguryeo. Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and re- ceived titles of nobility. Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang’s tomb style. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 5 Embassador of Baekje in China Baekje’s presence on the continent Although controversial, some Chinese and Korean records indicate that Baekje territory included parts of present-day China, across the Yellow Sea.[3][4][5][6] According to the Book of Song, “Goguryeo came to conquer and occupy Liaodong, and Baekje came to occupy Liaoxi (??) (in modern Tangshan, Hebei); the place that came to be governed by Baekje was called the Jinping District, Jinping Province.”[7] The records of Book of Jin on Murong Huang states that the alliance of Goguryeo, Baekje, and a Xianbei tribe took military action.[8] The Samguk Sagi records that these battles occurred dur- ing the reign of King Micheon of Goguryeo (309-331). According to the Book of Liang, “during the time of Jin Dynasty (265-420), Goguryeo conquered Liaodong, and Baekje also occu- pied Liaoxi and Jinping, and established the Baekje provinces.”[9] The Zizhi Tongjian, compiled by Sima Guang (1019-1086) of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), states that in 346, Baekje in- vaded Buyeo, located at Lushan, and as a res- ult the people of the country were scattered westward toward Yan.[10] That year was the first year of the King Geunchogo’s reign (346-375) in Baekje. The nearly contemporary record of the Book of Qi, as well as the later Zizhi Tongji- an, state that a Northern Wei (386-534) army, composed of 100,000 cavalry, attacked Baekje but were defeated in 488. This ac- count is confirmed by the Samguk-sagi re- cords on the tenth year of King Dongseong’s reign (488).[11] Since such an army could not have travelled from northern China to the southwestern corner of the Korean peninsula without passing through the hostile and powerful Goguryeo (in the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo (413-491)), without being recorded in contemporary chronicles, the “Baekje” in those records must refer to Baekje presence on the other side of Goguryeo, in Liaoxi. The Book of Qi also records that in 495 Baekje’s King Dongseong requested honorary titles for the generals who repulsed the Wei attack. The titles given by the Southern Qi court carried the names of their domains that sounded like some Liaoxi areas, such as Guangling, Qinghe, Chengyang, etc.[12] The Territory Section of Mǎnzhōu Yuánliú Kǎo (?????, "Considerations on the Origin of Manchu") also summarizes Baekje’s territor- ies, obviously including a portion of Liaoxi:[13] The boundary of Baekje begins from the present-day Guangning and Jinyi provinces in the northwest and then crosses the sea in an easterly direction to arrive at the Joseon’s Hwanghae, Chungcheong, Jeolla, etc. provinces. Running east to west, Baekje’s territory is narrow; running north to south, it is long. Thus it occurs that if one looks at Baekje’s territory from the Liucheng and Beiping area, Silla is located in the southeast of Baekje, but if one looks from the Gyeongsang and Ungjin area of Baekje, Silla is located in the northeast. Baekje also borders Mohe in the north. Its royal capital has two castles at two different places in the east and west. Both castles are called “Goma.” The Book of Song says that the place governed by Baekje was called the Jinping district of the Jinping province. Tong-gao says that the the Jinping province was located between Liucheng and Beiping of the Tang period.[14] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 6 Hence one of Baekje’s capitals was located in “Liaoxi,” and the other inside the "Joseon" provinces. It was during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang that Baekje relocated its capital to southern Korea. Both the Old and the New History of Tang say that the old Baekje territories were di- vided up and taken by Silla and Balhae.[15] If Baekje was limited to the southwestern corner of the Korean peninsula, then it would have been impossible for the Balhae to oc- cupy any of the old Baekje territories. The Silla scholar and alleged Sinocentrist Choi Chi-won (857-?) wrote that “Goguryeo and Baekje at the height of their strength maintained strong armies numbering one mil- lion persons, and invaded Wu and Yue in the south and You, Yan, Qi, and Lu in the north of the mainland China, making grave nuisances to the Middle Kingdom”.[16] According to these records, Baekje must have held the Liao-xi province for more than a hundred years. Relations with Japan Baekje gave Seven-pronged Sword to Yamato. Familial ties and Military assistance To confront with the military pressure of Goguryeo and Silla, Baekje (Kudara in Japan- ese) established close relations with Japan. According to the Korean chronicle Samguk Sagi, Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages.[17] These Koreans brought to Japan knowledge of the Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron pro- cessing for weapons, and various other tech- nologies.[18][19] In exchange, Japan provided military support.[20] The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms and Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms cite some of the Baekje royal family’s descend- ants and some nobles as dignitaries in the Japanese court, maintaining Korean influence and ensuring the continuation of the Yamato alliance, as in the time of Emperor Yomei, when the Buddhist temple of Horyuji was constructed. It is also known that Muryeong of Baekje, the twenty-fifth king, was born in Japan. Accoridng to mythical accounts in the con- troversial Nihon Shoki, empress Jingu extrac- ted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo. At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20the century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with a passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideolo- gical rationale to the imperialist outcry for in- vasion of Korea.[21][22] Also complicating the matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is supposed to be the maternal predecessor of Empress Jingū. This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly. Scholars believe that the "Nihon Shoki" gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed, centralized powers. It is very un- likely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla.[23][24][25]. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable source of information as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts.[26][27][28] Some Japanese scholars interpret the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo, as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese inva- sion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje.[29] Chinese scholars participated in the study after 1980s. Wang Jianqun interviewed local farmers and decided the intentional fabrica- tion did not occurred and the lime was pas- ted by local copy-making workers to enhance readability.[30] Xu Jianxin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered the earliest rubbed copy which was made before 1881. He also concluded that there was no From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 7 evidence Japanese had damaged any of the stele characters.[31] Today, most Chinese and Japanese schol- ars controvert the Conspiracy theories, based on the study of the stele itself and advocate Japanese intervention in the era,[31][32][33] al- though its size and participant are disputed. In the project of writing a common history textbook, Kim Tae-sik of Hongik University (Korea)[34] and Kosaku Hamada of Kyushu University (Japan)[35] reported his interpreta- tion of the Gwanggaeto Stele text, neither of them adopting the intentionally damaged stele theory in their interpretations. The fall of Baekje and the retreat to Japan Sumida Hatiman Mirror looks like mirrors of Baekje Some members of the Baekje nobility and royalty emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown. In response to Baekje’s request, Japan in 663 sent the gen- eral Abe no Hirafu with 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje with Buyeo Pung (known in Japanese as Hōshō), a son of Uija of Baekje who had been an emissary to Japan. Around August of 661, 10,000 soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu, arrived. Additional Japanese reinforcement, including 27,000 soldiers led by Kamitsukeno no Kimi Wakako and 10,000 soldiers led by Iohara no Kimi also arrived at Baekje in 662. This attempt, however, failed at the battle of Baekgang, and the prince escaped to Goguryeo. According to the Nihon Shoki, 400 Japanese ships were lost in the battles. Only half of the troops were able to return to Japan. The Japanese army retreated to Japan with many Baekje refugees. The former royal family members were initially treated as "for- eign guests" (??) and were not incorporated into the political system of Japan for some time. Buyeo Pung’s younger brother Sun- gwang (Zenkō in Japanese) (?? or ??) used the family name Kudara no Konikishi ("King of Baekje") (???) (they are also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese). The mother of Emperor Kammu (737-806) was Takano no Niigasa, a descend- ant of King Muryeong of Baekje. Emperor Kammu treated the Kudara no Konikishi clan as his "relatives by marriage". Baekje royalty are also the ancestors of the Ouchi clan, the Sue clan, Soga clan[36] and others. Legacy Baekje was briefly revived in the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea period, as Unified Silla collapsed. In 892, General Gyeon Hwon es- tablished Hubaekje (“Later Baekje”), based in Wansan (present-day Jeonju). Hubaekje was overthrown in 936 by King Taejo of Goryeo. In contemporary South Korea, Baekje rel- ics are often symbolic of the local cultures of the southwest, especially in Chungnam and Jeolla. The gilt-bronze incense burner, for ex- ample, is a key symbol of Buyeo County, and the Baekje-era Buddhist rock sculpture of Seosan Maaesamjonbulsang is an important symbol of Seosan City. 17th of April, 2009, Ōuchi Kimio (????) of Ōuchi clan visited Iksan, Korea to pay tribute to his Baekje ancestors. [37] Notes [1] "Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism," Seoul Times, June 18, 2006; "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," JapanGuide.com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor.com. [2] Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Book Two, page 121. Silk Pagoda (2006). ISBN 1596543485 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 8 [3] http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/ paekche/eng/hi3-7.pdf Hong, Wontak, Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan, Myongwhasa (1994) [4] ?, ?? (2002). ?? ?? ??? ?? (Gaya baekje geurigo ilbon; Gaya, Baekje and Japan). ? ?: ???. ISBN 89-85290-12-6. [5] ???, ?? ?????? ??? (The Problem of Controlling Continent by Baekje), ?????? ?, 4, 392-450 (1992) [6] ???, ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? (The Background and Features of Economical and Military Activities by Baekje in the Current Chinese Land), Master Thesis, Department of History, Seoul National University (1981) [7] ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? [8] ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???...????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????...????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? [9] ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? [10]???? ?? ?? ???? ???...? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? (?: 326) [11]???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????...????????? ??????????? (?: 1159) ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????...?????? ??? ???? ???????...??...????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? [12]??? ??? . . .????? ????…????…???? ???? … ??…??? … ???? … ?? ???? [13]??????? ?? ??? ???? … ?? … ???? ???????? ??? ? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????[502-19] ?? ??? ? ?????[656-60]?? ????? … ??????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????? … ???? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??????? … ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? … ???…????????????…???? ??????…???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? … ????????? ??? ??? … ??? ??????????????????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? … ????????? … ???????… ???? ???????????? [14]?? ????? ?? ?? ?? … ?? [?????? ????]… ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? … ?? … ???????? ??? [15]??? ?? ?? ?? … ???????????????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? … ??????? ?????? ???? [16]???? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ...???????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? [17] (in Korean) Samguk Sagi. http://www.koreandb.net/Sam/bon/ samkuk/04_250_2001365.htm. "?? ??? ?? ???? ???????" [18] "Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism," Seoul Times, June 18, 2006; "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," [19] JapanGuide.com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor.com. [20]Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141. http://books.google.com/ books?visbn=0521223520&id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&pg= [21] *Mohan, Pankaj N. "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 1 (2004): 89-115. [22] ’Gina L. Barnes’, "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press [23]*Mohan, Pankaj N. "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 1 (2004): 89-115. [24]**Grayson, James. "Mimana, A Problem in Korean Historiography," Korea Journal, 17 (1977):65-69. [25] ’John Whitney Hall’, "Cambridge History of Japan", 1988 Cambridge University Press [26]Lee, Hui Jin: ??? ??? ??, Random house Joongang,2001. ISBN 89-8457-059-1 [27] ’Boia et al’, "Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary", 1989 Greenwood press [28] ’William Wayne Farris’, "Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645-900", 1995 Harvard University Asia Center [29]*Mohan, Pankaj N. "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 1 (2004): 89-115. [30]??????, ???, 1984, ???? [31]^ Xu, Jianxin. ????????? (An Investigation of Rubbings from the Stele of Haotai Wang). Tokyodo Shuppan, 2006. ISBN 9784490205695. [32]Takeda, Yukio. "Studies on the King Gwanggaeto Inscription and Their Basis". Memoirs of the Research From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 9 Department of the Toyo Bunko. 47(1989):57-87. [33]Oh, Byung-sang, "FOUNTAIN: Echoes of drumming hoofbeats", JoongAng Ilbo, October 04, 2002. [34]Kim, Tae-Sik. Korean-Japanese Relationships in 4th Century; based on Wa Troops Issues in Gwanggaeto Stele. The Japan-Korea Cultural Foundation. 2005.[1] [35]Hamada, Kosaku. Japanese-Korean Relationships in 4th Century. The Japan- Korea Cultural Foundation. 2005.[2] [36]http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/ shellview.htm?articleid=2009041714570953401&linkid=42&newssetid=495 [37]http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/ shellview.htm?articleid=2009041714570953401&linkid=42&newssetid=495 See also • List of Baekje monarchs • List of Korea-related topics • History of Korea • List of Baekje researchers • Crown of Baekje • List of monarchies External links • Baekje History & Culture Hall maintained by South Chungcheong Province of South Korea • Buyeo National Museum • Gongju National Museum • Baekje Research Institute eatablished in Chungnam National University • East Asian History by Wontack Hong, Professor Emeritu, Seoul National University • Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan, Wontack Hong, Seoul: Kudara International, 1994. ISBN 89-85567-02-0 93910 Includes bibliographical references and index. Several PDF available online. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje" Categories: Former monarchies, Articles with unsourced statements since August 2,008, States and territories established in 18 BC, 660 AD disestablishments, Baekje, Ancient peoples, Buyeo languages, Former countries in Korean history, 660 disestablishments, Former countries in East Asia This page was last modified on 1 May 2009, at 02:27 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Baekje 10
