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Denver City and County of Denver Skyline Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Mile-High City, Queen City of the Plains, The 303, D-Town Location of Denver in the State of Colorado Location of Colorado in the United States Coordinates: 39°44′21″N 104°59′5″W / 39.73917°N 104.98472 39.73917; -104.98472Coordinates: 39°44′21″N 104°59′5″W / 39.73917°N 104.98472°W / 39.73917; -104.98472 Country United States State Colorado City and County Denver[1] Founded 1858-11-22, as Denver City, K.T.[2] Incorporated 1861-11-07, as Denver City, C.T.[3] Consolidated 1902-11-15, as the City and County of De Named for James William Denver Government - Type Consolidated City and County[1] - Mayor John Hickenlooper (D) Area [2] - City and County 154.9 sq mi (401.3 km2) - Land 153.3 sq mi (397.2 km2) - Water 1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2) 1.03% - Metro 8,414.4 sq mi (21,793.2 km2) Elevation [2] 5,280 ft (1,609 m) Population (2008)[4][5] [6] - City and County 598,707 - Density 3,905/sq mi (1,507/km2) - Urban 953,987 - Urban Density 3,979.3/sq mi (1,536.4/km2) - Metro 2,506,626 Time zone MST (UTC-7) - Summer (DST) MDT (UTC-6) ZIP codes 80201-80212, 80214-80239, 80241, 80243-80244, 80246-80252, 80256-80266 80271, 80273-80274, 80279-80281, 80290-80291, 80293-80295, 80299, 8001 80014, 80022, 80033, 80123, 80127[7] Area code(s) Both 303 and 720 FIPS code 08-20000 GNIS feature ID 0201738 Highways I-25, I-70, I-76, I-225, I-270, US 6, US 40, 85, US 285, US 287, SH 2, SH 26, SH 30, 35, SH 83, SH 88, SH 95, SH 121, SH 177 265, SH 470, E-470 Most populous Colorado city Website City and County of Denver Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/) is the capital and the most populous city of the state of Co- lorado, in the United States. Denver is a con- solidated city-county located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains just From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 1 east of the Front Range of the Rocky Moun- tains. The Denver downtown district is loc- ated immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, ap- proximately 15 miles (24 km) east of the foot- hills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nick- named the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile, or 5,280 feet (1,609 m) above sea level.[2] The 105th me- ridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station, making it the reference point for the Mountain Time Zone. The United States Census Bureau estim- ates that the population of the City and County of Denver was 598,707 in 2008, mak- ing it the 27th most populous U.S. city.[8]The 5-county Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statist- ical Area had an estimated 2008 population of 2,506,626 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area[9] and the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2008 population of 3,049,562 and ranked as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[10] The 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor had an estimated 2007 population of 4,166,855.[11] It is also the second largest city in the Mountain West after Phoenix. The city has the 10th largest central business dis- trict in the United States.[12] History Denver City was founded on November 1858 as a mining town during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush in western Kansas Territory.[13] That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, arrived and established Montana City on the banks of the South Platte River. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold-mining town of Auraria, Georgia) and St. Charles City by the summer of 1859. The Montana City site is now Grant-Frontier Park and includes mining equipment and a log cabin replica. On November 22, 1858, General William Larimer, a land speculator from eastern Kan- sas, placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the hill overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria. Larimer named the town site Den- ver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Former Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882. Governor James W. Denver.[14] Larimer hoped that the town’s name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County, but ironically Governor Denver had already resigned from office. The location was ac- cessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho. The site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park in downtown Denver. Lar- imer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new emigrants. Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, live- stock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861,[15] Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861,[15] and Denver City was incorporated on November 7, 1861.[3] Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902.[16] In 1865, Denver City became the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 2 Territorial Capital.[15] With its new-found im- portance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver.[16] On August 1, 1876, Denver became the State Capital when Colorado was admitted to the Union.[15] Between 1880-1895 the city experienced a huge rise in city corruption, as crime bosses, such as Soapy Smith, worked side-by-side with elected officials and the police to control the elections, gambling, and the bunko gangs.[17] In 1887, the precursor to the inter- national charity United Way was formed in Denver by local religious leaders who raised funds and coordinated various charities to help Denver’s poor.[18] By 1890, Denver had grown to be the second largest city west of Omaha, but by 1900 it had dropped to third place behind San Francisco and Los Angeles.[19] In 1901 the Colorado General Assembly voted to split Arapahoe County into three parts: a new consolidated City and County of Denver, a new Adams County, and the re- mainder of the Arapahoe County to be re- named South Arapahoe County. A ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court, subsequent le- gislation, and a referendum delayed the cre- ation of the City and County of Denver until November 15, 1902. Denver has hosted the Democratic Nation- al Convention twice, during the years of 1908, and again in 2008, taking the oppor- tunity to promote the city’s status on the na- tional, political, and socioeconomic stage. Early in the 20th century, Denver, like many other cities, was home to a pioneering brass age automobile company; Colburn was copied from the contemporary Renault.[20] Panorama of Denver circa 1898. Image is fa- cing northwest, looking down 16th St. with the old Arapahoe County courthouse on the left, taken from the top of the Colorado State Capitol Denver was selected in 1970 to host the 1976 Winter Olympics to coincide with Color- ado’s centennial celebration, but in Novem- ber 1972 Colorado voters struck down ballot initiatives allocating public funds to pay for the high costs of the games, so the games were moved to Innsbruck, Austria. The no- toriety of becoming the only city ever to de- cline to host an Olympiad after being selec- ted has made subsequent bids difficult. The movement against hosting the games was based largely on environmental issues and was led by then State Representative Richard Lamm, who was subsequently elected to three terms (1974-86) as Colorado governor. Denver has also been known historically as the Queen City of the Plains because of its important role in the agricultural industry of the plains regions along the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Several US Navy ships have been named USS Denver in honor of the city. Panorama of downtown Denver, circa 2007, looking north at the intersection of Auraria Pkwy. and Speer Blvd. Geography Satellite image of the Denver Metropolitan area Denver is located in the center of the Front Range Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 154.9 square miles (401.3 km²), of which 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²), or 1.03%, is wa- ter. The City and County of Denver is sur- rounded by only three other counties: Adams County to the north and east, Arapahoe County to the south and east, and Jefferson County to the west. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 3 Climate Denver has a semi-arid climate with four dis- tinct seasons. While Denver is located on the Great Plains, the weather of the city and sur- rounding area is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Rocky Mountains to the west. The climate, considered a high-desert climate and while generally mild compared to the mountains to the west and the plains fur- ther east, can be very unpredictable. Before the city’s settlement, the Denver landscape was made up of primarily prairie and desert lands. Because Denver and most of its sub- urbs sit in a "bowl", the city is often protec- ted from harsh cold and strong winds. Meas- urable amounts of snow have fallen in the Denver area as late as June and as early as September. [21][22] Platte River near Commons Park The average temperature in Denver is 50.1 °F (10.1 °C), and the average yearly pre- cipitation is 15.81 inches (402 mm). The sea- son’s first snowfall generally occurs around October 19, and the last snowfall is about April 27, averaging 54.9 inches (156 cm) of seasonal accumulation. The National Weath- er Service records an annual average of sun- shine during 69 percent of all possible day- light hours.[23] Denver’s winters can vary from mild to cold, and although large amounts of snow can fall on the mountains just west of the city, the effects of orographic lift dry out the air passing over the Front Range, shielding the city from precipitation for much of the season. Additionally, warm chinook winds oc- casionally occur as air passing over the mountains heats as it descends, quickly melt- ing snow accumulations and making Denver’s winters milder than areas without this effect. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Denver was recorded on January 9, 1875 at -39 °F (-39.5 °C), and the last time Denver re- corded a temperature below -20 °F (-29 °C) was during February 2007, when the low temperature was -22 °F (-30 °C). Spring brings with it significant changes as Denver can be affected by air masses on all sides. Arctic air from the north can often combine with Pacific storm fronts bringing snow to the city. In fact, March is Denver’s snowiest month, averaging 11.7 inches (29.7 cm) of snow. Additionally, warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring the first thunderstorms of the season, and continental warm air can bring summer-like warm and dry conditions. Starting in mid-July, the monsoon brings tropical moisture into the city and with it come frequent short (and occasionally severe) late-afternoon thunderstorms. However, despite this tropical moisture, hu- midity levels during the day generally remain low. The average high during the summer is 88 °F (31 °C) and the average low is 59 °F (15 °C). The hottest temperature ever recor- ded in Denver is 105°F (40 °C) (National Weather Service). In the autumn, the tropical monsoon flow dies down and as Arctic air begins to ap- proach, it can combine with moisture from the Pacific Northwest to bring significant snowfall to the city – November is Denver’s second snowiest month, and Denver’s greatest recorded snowfall from a single storm, 45.7 inches (116 cm), fell in late au- tumn from December 1 to December 6, 1913.[24] Denver’s 79 official neighborhoods shown on this map Neighborhoods See also: List of Denver neighborhoods From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 4 The City and County of Denver has defined 79 official neighborhoods that the city and community groups use for planning and ad- ministration. Although the city’s delineation of the neighborhood boundaries is somewhat arbitrary, it corresponds roughly to the defin- itions used by residents. These "neighbor- hoods" should not be confused with cities or suburbs, which are separate entities within the metro area. These neighborhoods’ character vary sig- nificantly from each other and include everything from large skyscrapers to turn of the twentieth century houses to modern, sub- urban style developments. Generally, the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser, older and contain more brick build- ing material. Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II, and are built with more modern ma- terials and style. Some of the neighborhoods even further from the city center, or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city have either very suburban characteristics or are new urbanist developments that attempt to recreate the feel of older neighborhoods. Most neighborhoods contain parks or other features that are the focal point for the neighborhood. Denver also has a number of neighbor- hoods not reflected in the administrative boundaries. Sometimes, these neighborhoods reflect the way people in an area identify themselves; sometimes, they reflect how oth- ers, such as real estate developers, have defined those areas. Well-known neighborhoods include the historic and trendy LoDo (short for "Lower Downtown"), part of the city’s Union Station neighborhood; Capitol Hill, Highland, Wash- ington Park, Lowry; Uptown, part of the North Capitol Hill neighborhood; Curtis Park, part of the Five Points neighborhood; Alamo Placita, the northern part of the Speer neigh- borhood; Park Hill, a successful example of intentional racial integration;[26] and Golden Triangle, in the Civic Center. Parks and recreation When Denver was founded in 1858, the city was little more than a dusty collection of buildings on a long, grassy plain with a few contorted cottonwood and willow trees on ri- verbanks. As of 2006, Denver has over 200 parks, from small mini-parks all over the city to the giant 314 acre (1.3 km²) City Park.[27] Denver also has 29 recreation centers provid- ing places and programming for resident’s recreation and relaxation.[28] Chess players on the 16th Street Mall. Many of Denver’s parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with the City Beautiful movement, and legendary Denver mayor Robert Speer (1904-12 and 1916-18) set out to expand and beautify the city’s parks. Reinhard Schuetze was the city’s first landscape architect, and he brought his German-educated landscaping genius to Washington Park, Cheesman Park, and City Park among others. Speer used Schuetze as well as other landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Saco Rienk DeBoer to design not only parks such as Civic Center Park, but many city parkways and tree-lawns. All of this greenery was fed with South Platte River water diverted through the city ditch.[29] Cheesman Park started as a cemetery. In addition to the parks within Denver it- self, the city acquired land for mountain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 5 parks starting in the 1910s.[30] Over the years, Denver has acquired, built and main- tained around 14,000 acres (56 km²) of mountain parks, including Red Rocks Park, which is known for its scenery and musical history revolving around the unique Red Rocks Amphitheatre.[31][32] Denver also owns the hill on which the Winter Park Resort ski area is operated in Grand County, 67 miles (110 km) west of Denver.[33] City parks are important places for both Denverites and vis- itors, inciting controversy with every change. Denver continues to grow its park system with the development of many new parks along the Platte River through the city, and with Central Park and Bluff Lake Nature Center in the Stapleton neighborhood re- development. All of these parks are import- ant gathering places for residents and allow what was once a dry plain to be lush, active, and green. Since 1974, Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for re- creational use by hikers and cyclists. The main stem of the South Platte River Green- way runs along the South Platte from Chat- field Reservoir 35 miles (56 km) into Adams County in the north. The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclama- tion projects in the U.S., winning, for ex- ample, the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001. Demographics See also: Diversity in Denver Historical populations Census Pop. %± 1860 4,749 — 1870 4,759 0.2% 1880 35,629 648.7% 1890 106,713 199.5% 1900 133,859 25.4% 1910 213,381 59.4% 1920 256,491 20.2% 1930 287,861 12.2% 1940 322,412 12.0% 1950 415,786 29.0% 1960 493,887 18.8% 1970 514,678 4.2% 1980 492,365 −4.3% 1990 467,610 −5.0% 2000 554,636 18.6% Est. 2008 598,707 [34] 7.9% U.S. Census Bureau[35][36] The United States Census Bureau estimates that, in 2008, the population of the City and County of Denver was 598,707, making it the 26th most populous U.S. city.[11] The Denver- Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2006 population of 2,464,866 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metro- politan statistical area,[37] and the larger Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2006 population of 2,927,911 and ranked as the 17th most popu- lous U.S. metropolitan area.[38] Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550 miles (885 km) mag- nitude.[39] Denverites is a term used for res- idents of Denver (city or county). According to census estimates, the City and County of Denver contains approximately 566,974 people (2006) and 239,235 house- holds (2000). The population density is 3,698/ sq mi (1,428/km²). There are 268,540 hous- ing units (2005) at an average density of 1,751/sq mi (676/km²).[40] However, the aver- age density throughout most Denver neigh- borhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density in- creases to around 5,470/sq mi.[41] According to the 2005-2007 American Community Survey, the city’s population was 74.5% White (50.5% non-Hispanic-White alone), 10.8% Black or African American, 1.9% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.7% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 11.6% from some other race and 2.4% from two or more races. 34.2% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race .[42] 69.9% of the city’s popula- tion spoke only English at home and 23.9% spoke Spanish. 37.7% of Denver’s population had a Bachelor’s degree or higher.[43] There are 250,906 households, out of which 23.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% are non-families. 39.3% of all house- holds are made up of individuals and 9.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.27 and the average family size is 3.14. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 6 In the city, the population is spread out with 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $41,767, and the median income for a family is $48,195.[44] Males have a median income of $36,232 versus $33,768 for fe- males. The per capita income for the city is $24,101. 14.3% of the population and 10.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Government Denver City and County Building (circa 1941), looking west. Denver City and County Building with Christ- mas decorations (1955). Denver is a consolidated city-county with a mayor elected on a nonpartisan ballot, a 13-member city council and an auditor. The Denver City Council is elected from 11 dis- tricts with two at-large council-members and is responsible for passing and changing all laws, resolutions, and ordinances, usually after a public hearing. They can also call for Vietnam War Memorial Obelisk with Denver City and County Building in background. misconduct investigations of Denver’s depart- mental officials. Denver has a strong mayor/weak city council government. The mayor can approve or veto any ordinances or resolutions ap- proved by the council, makes sure all con- tracts with the city are kept and performed, signs all bonds and contracts, is responsible for the city budget, and can appoint people to various city departments, organizations, and commissions. However, the council can over- ride the mayor’s veto with a nine out of thir- teen member vote, and the city budget must be approved and can be changed by a simple majority vote of the council. The auditor checks all expenditures and may refuse to al- low specific ones, usually based on financial reasons.[45] All elected officials have four-year terms, with a maximum of three terms. While Den- ver elections are non-partisan, Democrats have long held a majority sway on Denver politics with most officials elected citywide having Democratic Party affiliation. In feder- al elections, Denverites also tend to vote for Democratic candidates, voting for the Demo- cratic Presidential nominee in every election since 1960 (excluding 1980 and 1972). The From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 7 office of Denver’s Mayor has been occupied by a Democrat since the municipal general election of 1963, including the current may- or, John Hickenlooper. Denver is represented at the federal level by congresswoman Diana DeGette, a Democrat representing Colorado’s 1st congressional district, which includes all of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County. Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver, Colorado for two periods, the first from 1923–1931 and the second from 1935–1947. Stapleton was responsible for many civic improvements during his term, notably during his second stint as mayor when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal. During this time, the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed. His signature project was the construction of Denver Muni- cipal Airport, which began in 1929 amidst heavy criticism. It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor. Today, the airport no longer stands, but has been replaced by a neighborhood also named Stapleton. Stapleton Street continues to bear his name. After Stapleton left office, it was discovered that he was tied to the Ku Klux Klan, which enjoyed considerable influence in return for its electoral support. This associ- ation continues to overshadow contributions to Denver’s economic and cultural institutions. During the 1960s and 1970s, Denver was one of the epicenters of the Chicano Move- ment. The boxer-turned-activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales formed an organization called the Crusade for Justice, which battled police brutality, fought for bilingual educa- tion, and, most notably, hosted the First Na- tional Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in March 1969. Colorado State Capitol looking east In recent years, Denver has taken a stance on helping people who are or become home- less, particularly under the administrations of mayors John Hickenlooper and Wellington Webb. Denver’s homeless population is con- siderably lower than many other major cities, but residents of the city streets have suffered during Denver’s winters. Although mild and dry much of the time, Denver’s winters can have brief periods of cold temperatures and varying amounts of snow. As a result, the city has set a national precedent on homeless ser- vices, with the creations of a ten-year plan to end homelessness (a plan now becoming pop- ular in other cities as well), a task force and commission to end homelessness, and an ex- pansion of human and civil services through the Denver area. In 2005, Denver became the first major city in the U.S. to make the private use of less than an ounce of marijuana legal for adults 21 and older. The city voted 53.49-46.51 percent in favor of the marijuana legalization measure. This initiative does not usurp state law, which currently treats marijuana possession in much the same way as a speeding ticket with fines of up to $100 and no jail time.[46] The electorate of Color- ado voted on and rejected a similar state- wide initiative in November 2006. Denver passed an initiative in the fourth quarter of 2007 requiring the mayor to appoint an 11 member review panel to monitor the city’s compliance with the 2005 ordinance.[47] Cur- rent Denver mayor John Hickenlooper is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[48] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Mi- chael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. Denver hosted the 2008 Democratic Na- tional Convention, which was coincidentally the centennial of the city’s first hosting of the landmark 1908 convention. It also hosted the G7 (now G8) summit between June 20 and June 22 in 1997. Economy Denver’s economy is based partially on its geographic position and its connection to some of the major transportation systems of the country. Because Denver is the largest city within 600 miles (1,000 km), it has be- come a natural location for storage and dis- tribution of goods and services to the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 8 The 17th street district includes many finan- cial, business and corporate buildings, often called The Wall Street of the West.[49] Mountain States. Denver is also approxim- ately halfway between the large cities of the Midwest like Chicago and St. Louis and the cities of the West Coast, another benefit for distribution. Over the years, the city has been home to other large corporations in the cent- ral United States, making Denver a key trade point for the country. Several well known companies originated in or have relocated to Denver. William Ainsworth opened the Denver Instrument Company in 1895 to make analytical balances for gold assayers. Its factory is now in Ar- vada. Also Samsonite Corp., the world’s largest luggage manufacturer, began in Den- ver in 1910 as Shwayder Trunk Manufactur- ing Company but Samsonite closed its NE Denver factory in 2001, and moved its headquarters to Massachusetts after a change of ownership in 2006. The Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company, founded in Denver in 1911, is now a part of telecommunications giant Qwest. The Gates Corporation, the world’s largest producer of automotive belts and hoses, was established in S. Denver in 1919. Russell Stover Candies Inc. made its first chocolate candy in Denver in 1923, but moved to Kansas City in 1969. The Wright & McGill Company has been mak- ing its Eagle Claw brand of fishing gear in NE Denver since 1925. The original Frontier Airlines began operations at Denver’s old Stapleton International Airport in 1950. Fron- tier was reincarnated at DIA in 1994. Scott’s Liquid Gold, Inc., has been making furniture polish in Denver since 1954. Village Inn restaurants began as a single pancake house in Denver in 1958. Big O Tires, LLC, of Cen- tennial opened its first franchise in 1962 in Denver. The Shane Company sold its first dia- mond jewelry in 1971 in Denver. Johns Man- ville Corp., a manufacturer of insulation and roofing products, relocated its headquarters to Denver from New York in 1972. CH2M HILL Inc., an engineering and construction firm, relocated from Oregon to the Denver Technological Center in 1980. The Ball Corp. sold its glass business in Indiana in the 1990s and moved to suburban Broomfield. Ball has several operations in greater Denver. Molson Coors Brewing Company established its U.S. headquarters in Denver in 2005. Its subsidi- ary and regional wholesale distributor, Coors Distributing Company, is in NW Denver. Large Denver-area employers that have headquarters elsewhere include Lockheed Martin Corp., United Airlines, Kroger Co. and Xcel Energy, Inc. Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence, with many federal agencies based or having of- fices in the Denver area. In fact, the Denver- Aurora Metropolitan Area has more federal workers than any other metropolitan area ex- cept for the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Along with the plethora of federal agen- cies come many companies based on US de- fense and space projects, and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado. The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats, the Denver Federal Center, the Denver Mint and the National Re- newable Energy Laboratory. In 2005, a $310.7 million expansion for the Colorado Convention Center was com- pleted, roughly doubling its size. The hope was that the center’s expansion would elev- ate the city to one of the top 10 cities in the nation for holding a convention.[50] Denver’s position near the mineral-rich Rocky Mountains encouraged mining and en- ergy companies to spring up in the area. In the early days of the city, gold and silver booms and busts played a large role in the economic success of the city. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the energy crisis in America created an energy boom in Denver captured in the soap opera Dynasty. Denver was built up considerably during this time with the construction of many new downtown sky- scrapers, see List of tallest buildings in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 9 Construction of the Spire, a new 41 story res- idential building near the convention center Denver. When the price of oil dropped from $34 a barrel in 1981 to $9 a barrel in 1986 the Denver economy dropped with it, leaving almost 15,000 oil industry workers in the area unemployed (including current mayor John Hickenlooper, a former geologist), and the highest office vacancy rate in the nation (30%).[51] Energy and mining are still import- ant in Denver’s economy today, with compan- ies such as EnCana, Halliburton, Smith Inter- national, Rio Tinto Group, Newmont Mining, Noble Energy, and Anadarko. The Wells Fargo Center, often called the Cash Register Building.[52] Denver’s west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC -7) also be- nefits the telecommunications industry by al- lowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia in the same business day. Denver’s location on the 105th meridian at over 1-mile (1.6 km) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a ’one-bounce’ real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day. Qwest Communica- tions, Dish Network Corporation, Starz-En- core, DIRECTV, and Comcast are just a few of the telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area. These and other high-tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s. Denver cur- rently has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 3.8 percent as of Octo- ber 2007.[53] The Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment with the construction of new skyscrapers. Denver has also enjoyed success as a pion- eer in the fast casual restaurant industry, with many of these restaurants founded and based in Denver. Both Chipotle Mexican Grill and Quizno’s were founded and are currently headquartered in Denver. Additionally, Qdoba Mexican Grill and Noodles & Com- pany both originated in Denver, but have moved their headquarters to nearby suburbs. Media The Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area is served by a variety of media outlets in print, radio, television, and the Internet. Denver is the #18 market in the country for television, according to the Nielsen DMA’s. Some sta- tions, such as KWGN and KRMA, are broad- cast regionally to areas that do not have their own network affiliations. KWGN 2, the CW af- filiate, is owned and operated by Tribune Me- dia of Chicago. KWGN is the direct sister sta- tion to WGN Chicago. KCNC 4 is the CBS owned and operated station. KRMA 6 serves as a holding company (Rocky Mountain PBS) and broadcasts signals to a variety of affili- ates, including Pueblo (KTSC-TV), Grand Junction (KRMJ) and other stations in New Mexico, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Kansas. Channel 6 generally serves those who cannot receive an over-the-air signal (such as a Su- perstation). KBDI 12 is another Denver PBS affiliate, making the Denver market one of only a few markets with 2 PBS stations. KMGH 7 is the ABC affiliate, owned and op- erated by McGraw-Hill. KUSA 9 is the NBC affiliate, owned and operated by Gannett Communications. KDVR 31 is the Fox From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 10 affiliate, owned and operated by Local TV LLC. KTVD 20 was formerly the UPN affili- ate, but when the CW was launched, KWGN won the affiliation and subsequently the MyNetworkTV affiliation was given to KTVD. KCEC 50 is the Univision affiliate. Denver is also served by over 40 AM and FM radio stations, covering a wide variety of formats and styles. Denver radio is the #21 market in the United States, according to the Fall 2008 Arbitron ranking. For a list of radio stations, see Radio Stations in Colorado After a continued rivalry between Den- ver’s two main newspapers, the Denver Post and Rocky Mountain News, the papers merged operations in 2001 under a Joint Operating Agreement which formed the Den- ver Newspaper Agency[54] until February 2009 when E. W. Scripps, the owner of the Rocky Mountain News closed the paper. There are also several alternative or localized newspapers published in Denver, including Westword, Denver Daily News, The Onion, and Out Front Colorado. Denver is home to multiple regional magazines such as 5280, which takes its name from the city’s 5280 feet (1609 m) high elevation, and Denver Magazine, which highlights the finer things Denver has to offer. Transportation The skyline of downtown Denver from the southwest City streets Most of Denver has a straightforward street grid oriented to the four cardinal directions. Blocks are usually identified in hundreds from the median streets, identified as "00", which are Broadway (the east–west median, running north–south) and Ellsworth Avenue (the north–south median, running east–west). Colfax Avenue, the major east-west artery through Denver, is 15 blocks (1500) north of the median. Avenues north of Ellsworth are numbered (with the exception of Colfax Aven- ue and a few others), while avenues south of Ellsworth are named. There is also an older downtown grid sys- tem that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the South Platte River and Colfax Avenue at Broadway, where the down- town street grid and the "normal" city grid meet. Colfax Avenue carries US Highway 40 through Denver. Cherry Creek. Most of the streets downtown and in LoDo run northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast. This system has an un- planned benefit for snow removal; if the streets were in a normal N-S/E-W grid, only the N-S streets would receive sunlight. With the grid oriented to the diagonal directions, the NW-SE streets receive sunlight to melt snow in the morning and the NE-SW streets receive it in the afternoon. This idea was from Henry Brown the founder of the Brown Palace Hotel. There is now a plaque across the street from the Brown Palace Hotel which honors this idea. The NW-SE streets are numbered, while the NE-SW streets are named. The named streets start at the inter- section of Colfax Avenue and Broadway with the block-long Cheyenne Place. The numbered streets start underneath the Col- fax and I-25 viaducts. There are 27 named and 44 numbered streets on this grid. There are also a few vestiges of the old grid system in the normal grid, such as Park Avenue, Morrison Road, and Speer Boulevard. Lar- imer Street, named after William Larimer, Jr., the founder of Denver, which is located in the heart of LoDo, is the oldest street in Denver. All roads in the downtown grid system are streets. (16th Street, Stout Street) Roads out- side of that system that travel east/west are From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 11 Cherry Creek Bike trail, running between the lanes of Speer Blvd given the suffix "avenue" and those that head north and south are given the "street" suffix. (Example, Colfax Avenue, Lincoln Street,). Boulevards are higher capacity streets and will travel any direction (more commonly North and South). Smaller roads are some- times referred to as places, drives or courts. Most streets outside of the area between Broadway and Colorado Boulevard are organ- ized alphabetically from the city’s center. Confusion may arise where the two grid systems meet, especially given downtown Denver’s one way streets. The system can be easily navigated with the help of directional signs. The mountains to the west also offer a great compass-point for those attempting to drive in the Mile High City. Many Denver streets have bicycle lanes, and there are also an abundance of off-road bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water, like Cherry Creek and the South Platte. This allows for a significant portion of Denver’s population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bi- cycle friendly city.[55] Freeways and Highways Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways I-25 and I-70. The intersection of the two interstates is referred to locally as "the mousetrap", because when airborne, the junction (and subsequent vehicles) resemble mice in a large trap. • Interstate 25 runs north-south from New Mexico through Denver to Wyoming • Interstate 225 traverses neighboring Aurora. I-225 was I-25 during rush hour designed to link Aurora with I-25 in the southeastern corner of Denver, and I-70 to the north of Aurora, with construction starting May 1964 and ending May 21, 1976. • Interstate 70 runs east-west from Utah to Maryland. • Interstate 76 begins from I-70 just west of the city in Arvada. It intersects I-25 north of the city and runs northeast to Nebraska where it ends at I-80. • US 6 follows the alignment of 6th Avenue west of I-25, and connects downtown Denver to the west-central suburbs of Golden and Lakewood. • US 36 connects Denver to Boulder and Rocky Mountain National Park near Estes Park. It runs east into Ohio, after crossing four other states. Denver also has a nearly complete beltway known as "the 470’s". These are SH 470 (also known as C-470), a freeway in the southwest Metro area, and two toll highways, E-470 (from southeast to northeast) and Northwest Parkway (from terminus of E-470 to US-36). SH 470 was originally intended to be I-470 and built with federal highway funds, but the funding was redirected to complete down- town Denvers’ 16th Street to a pedestrian mall, so construction was delayed until 1980 after state and local legislation was passed.[56] A highway expansion and transit project for the southern I-25 corridor, dubbed T-REX (Transportation Expansion Project), was com- pleted on November 17, 2006.[57] The project installed wider and additional highway lanes, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 12 and improved highway access and drainage. The project also includes a light rail line that traverses from downtown to the south end of the metro area at Lincoln Avenue.[58] The project spanned almost 19 miles (31 km) along the highway with an additional line traveling parallel to part of I-225, stopping just short of Parker Road. Metro Denver highway conditions can be accessed on the Colorado Department of Transportation website Traffic Conditions. Mass transportation Denver RTD Light Rail car at Colfax & Auraria Denver Union Station Mass transportation throughout the Denver- Aurora metropolitan area is managed and co- ordinated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). RTD currently operates more than 1,000 buses serving over 10,000 bus stops in 38 municipal jurisdictions in eight counties around the Denver-Aurora and Boulder Metropolitan Areas. Additionally, RTD operates six light rail lines, the C, D, E, F, G,and H with a total of 34.9 miles (56 km) of track, serving 36 stations.[59] FasTracks is a light rail expansion project which was approved by voters in 2004, which would serve neighboring communities. Amtrak, the national passenger rail sys- tem, provides service to Denver, operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco. Amtrak Thruway service operated by private bus companies links the Denver station with Rocky Mountain points. At Albuquerque, New Mexico, Denver Thruway connections are made daily with the Amtrak Southwest Chief. Additionally, there is the Ski Train operated on the former Den- ver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, which takes passengers between Denver and the Winter Park Ski Resort. Denver’s early years as a major train hub of the west are still very visible today. Trains stop in Denver at historic Union Station, where travelers can access RTD’s 16th Street Free MallRide or use light rail to tour the city. Union Station will also serve as the main juncture for rail travel in the metro area, at the completion of FasTracks. Airports Inside the main terminal of Denver Interna- tional Airport Denver International Airport (IATA: DEN, ICAO: KDEN), commonly known as DIA, serves as the primary airport for a large re- gion surrounding Denver. DIA is located 18.6 miles (30 km) east-northeast of the Col- orado State Capitol. DIA is the tenth busiest airport in the world and ranks fourth in the United States, with 51,245,334 passengers passing through it in 2008.[60] It covers more than 53 square miles (137 km²), making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 13 Manhattan.[61][62] Denver serves as a major hub for United Airlines and the headquarters for Frontier Airlines. Outside view of the main terminal, DIA Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) is 13.7 miles (22 km) north- northwest, Centennial Airport (KAPA) is 13.7 miles (22 km) south-southeast, and Front Range Airport (KFTG) is located 23.7 miles (38 km) east of the state capitol. In the past, Denver has been home to sev- eral other airports that are no longer opera- tional. Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA. Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966, with the base finally being closed in 1994. It is currently being used for residen- tial purposes. Buckley Air Force Base, a former Air National Guard base is currently the only military facility in the Denver-Metro area. Education The Ritchie Center at University of Denver See also: List of higher education institutions in Denver Denver Public Schools (DPS) is the public school system in Denver. It currently edu- cates about 73,000 students in 73 elementary schools, 15 K-8 schools, 17 middle schools, 14 high schools, and 19 charter schools[63]. The first school of what is now DPS was a log cabin that opened in 1859 on the corner of 12th Street between Market and Larimer Streets. The district boundaries are coëxtens- ive with the city limits. Denver’s many colleges and universities range in age and study programs. The city has Roman Catholic and Jewish institutions, as well as a health sciences school. In addi- tion to those schools within the city, there are a number of schools located throughout the surrounding metro area. The private University of Denver and Johnson & Wales University, Catholic (Jesuit) Regis University and the three public schools that constitute the Auraria Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Metropolitan State College of Den- ver, and Community College of Denver, are likely the best known higher education insti- tutions located in the city itself. Culture and contempor- ary life See also: Landmarks of Denver and Music in Denver Colorado Convention Center Apollo Hall opened quickly after the city’s founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers.[16] In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver’s first Opera House. After the turn of the century, city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city’s parks, parkways, mu- seums, and the Municipal Auditorium, which From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 14 Denver Performing Arts Complex was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House. Denver and the met- ropolitan areas around it continued to sup- port culture. In 1988, voters in the Denver- Aurora Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax (com- monly known as SCFD), a .01 sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area.[64] The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and al- lows the SCFD to operate until 2018.[65] Denver is home to many nationally recog- nized museums, including a new wing for the Denver Art Museum by world-renowned ar- chitect Daniel Libeskind, the second largest Performing arts center in the nation after Lincoln Center in New York City and bustling neighborhoods such as LoDo, filled with art galleries, restaurants, bars and clubs. That is part of the reason why Denver was recently recognized for the third year in a row as the best city for singles.[66] Denver’s neighbor- hoods also continue their influx of diverse people and businesses while the city’s cultur- al institutions grow and prosper. The city ac- quired the estate of abstract expressionist painter Clyfford Still in 2004 and plans to build a museum to exhibit his works near the Denver Art Museum by 2010.[67] While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities, it still manages to have a very active pop, jazz, jam, folk, and classical music scene, which has nurtured several artists and genres to regional, nation- al, and even international attention. Of par- ticular note is Denver’s importance in the folk scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Well- known folk artists such as Bob Dylan, Judy The Santa Fe Arts District on Santa Fe Drive Collins and John Denver lived in Denver at various points during this time, and per- formed at local clubs.[68] More recent Denver-based artists include The Fray, The Flobots, and Cephalic Carnage. Because of its proximity to the mountains, and generally sunny weather, Denver has gained a reputation as being a very active, outdoor oriented city. Many Denver residents spend the weekends in the mountains; either skiing in the winter or hiking, climbing, kayaking and camping in the summer. Sakura Square in downtown Denver Additionally, Denver and the surrounding cities of the Front Range are home to a large number of local and national breweries. Many restaurants in the region have on-site breweries, and some of the larger brewers, including Coors and the New Belgium Brew- ing Company, offer tours. Overall, Denver ranks 1st in the nation in terms of beer pro- duction per capita, and second overall in terms of number of breweries.[69] The city also welcomes visitors from around the world From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 15 when it hosts the annual Great American Beer Festival each fall. Colorado has a history steeped in ranch- ing and livestock production. Denver used to be a major trading center for beef and live- stock when ranchers from all around the high prairie would drive (or later transport) cattle to the Denver Union Stockyards for sale. As a celebration of that history, each year for more than a century, Denver hosts the Na- tional Western Stock Show. The "stock show" as the locals say, is the largest event of its kind among agricultural, western American lifestyle and cultural events in the world, at- tracting as many as 10,000 animals and 700,000 attendees. The National Western Stock Show is held every January at the Na- tional Western Complex, which is located on the northeast edge of downtown. The Dragon Boat Festival in July, Moon Festival in September and Chinese New Year are annual events in Denver for the Chinese and Asian residents. Chinese hot pot (huo guo) and Korean BBQ restaurants have been growing in popularity. The Denver area has 2 Chinese newspapers, the Chinese American Post and the Colorado Chinese News. Of other cultural events, Denver hosts two of the largest Hispanic celebrations in the na- tion known to locals as Cinco de Mayo, occur- ring in May, and El Grito de la Independen- cia, occurring in September. Denver is also the setting for the The Bill Engvall Show, and the setting for the 18th season of MTV’s The Real World. It was also the setting for the prime time drama Dynasty from 1981 to 1989. From 1998 to 2002, the city’s Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets, which spun off three one-off document- ary specials and the current Animal Planet series E-Vet Interns. Sports Denver is home to many sports teams and be- longs to a select group of U.S. cities with teams from four major sports. Denver is also one of only 3 cities in the nation that has a team representing all 8 of the major sports leagues in the US, joining Chicago and New York. Denver submitted the winning bid to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, but sub- sequently withdrew giving it the dubious dis- tinction of being the only city to back out after winning a bid to host the Olympics. The Denver Broncos of the NFL have been able to draw crowds of nearly 70,000 since their AFL origins in the early 1960s and continue to draw fans today to their current home In- vesco Field at Mile High. The team has ad- vanced to the Super Bowl six times and won back-to-back in 1998 and ’99. In the 1980s and 1990s, one of the top priorities of former Mayor Federico Peña was bringing major league baseball to the city, an effort which culminated in the construction of Coors Field and the creation of the Colorado Rockies as an expansion franchise in 1993. The Rockies advanced to the playoffs in 1995, but were eliminated in the first round. In 2007, their late-season winning streak saw them advance to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, ad- vance to and win the NL Championship Ser- ies and bring the World Series to Denver for the first time. Denver is also home to the Col- orado Avalanche, a National Hockey League team that relocated from Quebec City in 1995. They have won two Stanley Cups (1996 and 2001) while in Denver and play at Pepsi Center, which also hosts the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association, the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League and the Colorado Crush of the Arena Football League. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick’s Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000 seat stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season is located in Com- merce City, a suburb of Denver.[70] In 2006 Denver established a professional outdoor lacrosse team, the Denver Outlaws. They play in Invesco Field and are sanctioned by Major League Lacrosse. In 2006, The Denver Out- laws won the Western Conference Championship. Cur- rent sport- ing ven- ues in Den- ver, Col- or- ado Coors Field From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 16 North: Adams County, Com- merce City West: Jefferson County, Wheat Ridge, Lakeside, Moun- tain View, Edgewater, Lake- wood, Arvada Denver Enclave: Arapahoe County, Glendale Adams County East: Aurora Arapahoe County South: Arapahoe County, Bow Mar, Littleton, Sheridan, Englewood, Cherry Hills Vil- lage, Greenwood Village, Aur- ora, Highlands Ranch Invesco Field at Mile High Pepsi Center Adjacent counties and municipalities See also • State of Colorado • Colorado cities and towns • Colorado municipalities • Denver City Council • List of people from Denver • Sister cities of Denver, Colorado • Wikimedia Commons: Denver, Colorado • Colorado colleges and universities • Art Institute of Colorado • Colorado Christian University • Colorado School of Mines • Colorado State University • Colorado Technical University • Community College of Denver • DeVry University • Johnson & Wales University • Metropolitan State College of Denver • Regis University • Rocky Mountain Arsenal • Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design • Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine • Teikyo Loretto Heights University • University of Colorado at Boulder • University of Colorado Denver • University of Denver • University of Northern Colorado • Westwood College of Technology • Colorado counties • Colorado geography • Front Range • South Platte River • Colorado history • Pike’s Peak Gold Rush • Territory of Jefferson • Territory of Colorado • Colorado metropolitan areas • Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area • Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area • North Central Colorado Urban Area • Front Range Urban Corridor • Colorado school districts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 17 • Denver Public Schools • Colorado state parks • Cherry Creek State Park • 1908 Democratic National Convention • 2008 Democratic National Convention References [1] ^ "Active Colorado Municipalities" (HTML). 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Retrieved on 2007-04-03. [66]Denver-Boulder No.1 again with singles. The Denver Business Journal. July 25, 2006. Retrieved on July 29, 2006. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Denver 20 [67] "Clyfford Still Museum in Denver, Colorado". Clyfford Still Museum in Denver, Colorado. http://www.clyffordstillmuseum.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. [68] "Landmarks and Local Laughs". Colorado Arts Net. http://www.coloradoarts.net/ 01/text/landmarks.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. [69] "Napa Valley of the Beer World". Colorado.com. http://www.colorado.com/ Articles.aspx?aid=42033. Retrieved on 2008-12-16. [70]Dick’s Sporting Goods Park External links • City and County of Denver website • CDOT map of the City and County of Denver • Denver Police Department • Denver Public Library • Denver Public Schools • City Mayors’ profile of John Hickenlooper, Mayor of Denver • Colorado County Evolution by Don Stanwyck • Colorado Historical Society • Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce • Overview of Downtown Denver growth and development • Regional Transportation District website • WikiTravel site for Denver Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" Categories: Denver, Colorado, Cities in Colorado, Colorado counties, Denver metropolitan area, County seats in Colorado, Settlements established in 1858, Towns and cities with limited zero-fare transport This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 12:56 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) 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