For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Thursday, November 19, 2009 USDL-09-1403 Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm Media Contact : (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2009 From December 2008 to March 2009 the number of job losses from closing and contracting establishments remained essentially unchanged at 8.5 million. The number of job gains from opening and expanding private sector establishments fell from 6.7 million to 5.7 million, the lowest level since the series began in 1992, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. (See tables A, 1, and 3.) Gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in all but two industry sectors: utilities and education and health services. (See table 3.) The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.) The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. Annual revisions are published each year with the release of first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. - 2 - Contracting establishments lost 7.0 million jobs, in the first quarter of 2009, an increase of 7,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. Expanding establishments gained 4.6 million jobs, a sharp decrease from the previous quarter when expanding establishments gained 5.4 million jobs. Closing establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, a decrease of 60,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. Opening establishments gained 1.1 million jobs, a decrease from the previous quarter when opening establishments gained 1.4 million jobs (See tables 1 and 3.) The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of -2,740,000 jobs in the private sector for first quarter 2009. This is the largest quarterly net loss since the series began in 1992. Gross job gains represented 5.2 percent of private sector employment, while gross job losses represented 7.7 percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.) Establishment births, a subset of the openings data (see the Technical Note for more information), gained 697,000 jobs at 171,000 establishments in first quarter 2009, the lowest level of gains since the series began in June 1993. Data for establishment deaths, a subset of the closings data, are now available for June 2008, when 936,000 jobs were lost at 227,000 establishments. (See table 7.) From December 2008 to March 2009, gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in all but two industry sectors: utilities and education and health services. (See table 3.) Gross job gains in the education and health services sector decreased to 731,000 jobs in the first quarter, while gross job losses increased to 723,000. This industry sector is the only one which has experienced a net positive change in every quarter since this series began in 1992. From December 2008 to March 2009, the share of gross job gains accounted for by firms with 1 to 4 employees rose from 17.1 to 18.2 percent. Firms with 1,000 or more employees experienced a decrease in the share of gross job gains from 17.8 to 13.7 percent. (See table 4.) - 3 - Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 3 months ended Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Category 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Levels (in thousands) Gross job gains…………........................ 7,167 7,296 6,884 6,738 5,746 At expanding establishments…........ 5,781 5,869 5,520 5,363 4,603 At opening establishments.…........... 1,386 1,427 1,364 1,375 1,143 Gross job losses…………....................... 7,447 7,832 7,851 8,539 8,486 At contracting establishments........... 6,090 6,334 6,461 7,038 7,045 At closing establishments…............. 1,357 1,498 1,390 1,501 1,441 Net employment change1..…................... -280 -536 -967 -1,801 -2,740 Rates (percent) Gross job gains……………................. 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 At expanding establishments……. 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.2 At opening establishments.…........ 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 Gross job losses……………................ 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 At contracting establishments........ 5.3 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.4 At closing establishments….......... 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 Net employment change1.....…............. -0.2 -0.4 -0.8 -1.6 -2.5 1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. In the first quarter of 2009, the rate of gross job gains increased slightly in the District of Columbia (5.8 percent). Levels of gross job gains fell in 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Levels of gross job losses increased in 20 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, and fell in 30 states and the District of Columbia (See tables 5 and 6.) More Information Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2009 is scheduled to be released on Tuesday, February 23, 2010 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). - 4 - Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) to BLS and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports are also used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important Bureau uses of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The Bureau publishes three different establishment- based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures — QCEW, BED, and CES — makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program web sites shown in the table below. Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures QCEW BED CES Source • Count of UI administrative records submitted by 9.1 million employers • Count of longitudinally-linked UI administrative records submitted by 6.8 million private sector employers • Sample Survey: 400,000 establishments Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage: all employers subject to State and federal UI Laws • UI Coverage, excluding: government, private households, and establishments with zero employment Non-farm wage and salary jobs: • UI Coverage, excluding: agriculture, private households, and self- employed; including: railroads, religious organizations, and other non-UI-covered jobs Publication frequency • Quarterly — 7 Months after the end of each quarter • Quarterly — 8 Months after the end of each quarter • Monthly — First Friday of each month Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes each new quarter of UI data • Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses • Uses UI file as a sampling frame and annually realigns (benchmarks) sample estimates to first quarter UI levels Principal products • Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, MSA, State, and national levels by detailed industry • Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, closings, expansions, and contractions at the national level by NAICS super-sectors and by size of firm, and at the state private-sector total level • Future expansions will include data with greater industry detail and data at the county and MSA level • Provides current monthly estimates of employment, hours, and earnings at the MSA, State, and national level by industry Principal uses • Major uses include: — Detailed locality data — Periodic universe counts for benchmarking sample survey estimates — Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys • Major uses include: — Business cycle analysis — Analysis of employer dynamics underlying economic expansions and contractions — Analysis of employment expansion and contraction by size of firm • Major uses include: — Principal national economic indicator — Official time series for employment change measures — Input into other major economic indicators Program Websites • www.bls.gov/cew/ • www.bls.gov/bdm/ • www.bls.gov/ces/ - 5 - Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self- employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 6.8 million private sector employer reports out of 9.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the fourth quarter of 2008. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2009: Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level Millions Total establishments QCEW program .........9.1 Excluded: Public sector .........................0.3 Private households................0.7 Zero employment .................1.3 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands...........0.0 (less than 50,000) Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data........................6.8 Unit of analysis Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class. Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re- openings of seasonal businesses. - 6 - Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics. All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. Establishment Births and Deaths For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter. Linkage methodology Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States, which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Sizing methodology The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. Annual Data The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor - 7 - relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Expanding Opening Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1999 March ………………..… 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837 June …………………..… 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685 September ……………… 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733 December ……………… 1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668 2000 March ………………..… 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662 June …………………..… 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620 September ……………… 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727 December ……………… 295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672 2001 March ………………..… -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875 June …………………..… -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751 September ……………… -1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801 December ……………… -960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693 2002 March ………………..… -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664 June …………………..… -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638 September ……………… -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531 December ……………… -198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549 2003 March ………………..… -412 7,439 5,917 1,522 7,851 6,311 1,540 June …………………..… -104 7,401 5,928 1,473 7,505 6,040 1,465 September ……………… 204 7,383 5,918 1,465 7,179 5,818 1,361 December ……………… 309 7,549 6,016 1,533 7,240 5,802 1,438 2004 March ………………..… 465 7,709 6,207 1,502 7,244 5,802 1,442 June …………………..… 634 7,747 6,228 1,519 7,113 5,644 1,469 September ……………… 212 7,635 6,062 1,573 7,423 5,880 1,543 December ……………… 775 7,860 6,248 1,612 7,085 5,658 1,427 2005 March ………………..… 381 7,618 6,139 1,479 7,237 5,805 1,432 June …………………..… 586 7,771 6,223 1,548 7,185 5,779 1,406 September ……………… 676 7,963 6,389 1,574 7,287 5,840 1,447 December ……………… 514 7,826 6,258 1,568 7,312 5,942 1,370 2006 March ………………..… 800 7,720 6,294 1,426 6,920 5,639 1,281 June …………………..… 417 7,784 6,267 1,517 7,367 6,000 1,367 September ……………… 37 7,493 6,058 1,435 7,456 6,101 1,355 December ……………… 493 7,793 6,254 1,539 7,300 5,947 1,353 2007 March ………………..… 485 7,651 6,244 1,407 7,166 5,873 1,293 June …………………..… 196 7,653 6,242 1,411 7,457 6,061 1,396 September ……………… -248 7,325 5,853 1,472 7,573 6,214 1,359 December ……………… 310 7,670 6,214 1,456 7,360 6,010 1,350 2008 March ………………..… -280 7,167 5,781 1,386 7,447 6,090 1,357 June …………………..… -536 7,296 5,869 1,427 7,832 6,334 1,498 September ……………… -967 6,884 5,520 1,364 7,851 6,461 1,390 December ……………… -1,801 6,738 5,363 1,375 8,539 7,038 1,501 2009 March ………………..… -2,740 5,746 4,603 1,143 8,486 7,045 1,441 1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change 1 Gross job gains Total Total Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1 seasonally adjusted (Percent) Expanding Opening Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1999 March ………………..… .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7 June …………………..… .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 September ……………… .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 December ……………… 1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5 2000 March ………………..… .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5 June …………………..… .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 September ……………… .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6 December ……………… .3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 2001 March ………………..… -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7 June …………………..… -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6 September ……………… -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7 December ……………… -.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6 2002 March ………………..… .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5 June …………………..… .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5 September ……………… -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4 December ……………… .0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4 2003 March ………………..… -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4 June …………………..… -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4 September ……………… .2 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 December ……………… .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 2004 March ………………..… .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3 June …………………..… .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 September ……………… .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4 December ……………… .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3 2005 March ………………..… .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 June …………………..… .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 September ……………… .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3 December ……………… .5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2 2006 March ………………..… .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 June …………………..… .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 September ……………… .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2 December ……………… .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2 2007 March ………………..… .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1 June …………………..… .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 September ……………… -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2 December ……………… .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2 2008 March ………………..… -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 June …………………..… -.4 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3 September ……………… -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2 December ……………… -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3 2009 March ………………..… -2.5 5.2 4.2 1.0 7.7 6.4 1.3 1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Year 3 months ended Net change 2 Gross job gains Gross job losses Total Total Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Total private 1 Gross job gains ……………………… 7,167 7,296 6,884 6,738 5,746 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 At expanding establishments ……… 5,781 5,869 5,520 5,363 4,603 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.2 At opening establishments ………… 1,386 1,427 1,364 1,375 1,143 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 Gross job losses ……………………… 7,447 7,832 7,851 8,539 8,486 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 At contracting establishments ……… 6,090 6,334 6,461 7,038 7,045 5.3 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.4 At closing establishments ………… 1,357 1,498 1,390 1,501 1,441 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 Net employment change ………….. -280 -536 -967 -1,801 -2,740 -.2 -.4 -.8 -1.6 -2.5 Goods-producing Gross job gains ……………………… 1,508 1,509 1,421 1,318 1,077 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.2 At expanding establishments ……… 1,270 1,272 1,193 1,091 890 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.3 At opening establishments ………… 238 237 228 227 187 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 Gross job losses ……………………… 1,764 1,796 1,794 2,080 2,290 7.7 7.9 8.1 9.5 11.0 At contracting establishments ……… 1,485 1,500 1,514 1,766 1,983 6.5 6.6 6.8 8.1 9.5 At closing establishments ………… 279 296 280 314 307 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 Net employment change ………….. -256 -287 -373 -762 -1,213 -1.2 -1.3 -1.8 -3.5 -5.8 Natural resources and mining Gross job gains ……………………… 281 286 280 288 225 14.9 15.2 14.9 15.2 12.0 At expanding establishments ……… 240 246 242 247 193 12.7 13.1 12.9 13.0 10.3 At opening establishments ………… 41 40 38 41 32 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.7 Gross job losses ……………………… 291 272 259 289 339 15.4 14.5 13.8 15.2 18.2 At contracting establishments ……… 249 231 224 254 295 13.2 12.3 11.9 13.4 15.8 At closing establishments ………… 42 41 35 35 44 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.4 Net employment change ………….. -10 14 21 -1 -114 -.5 .7 1.1 .0 -6.2 Construction Gross job gains ……………………… 760 745 710 647 558 10.2 10.2 10.0 9.5 8.6 At expanding establishments ……… 611 594 563 506 437 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.4 6.7 At opening establishments ………… 149 151 147 141 121 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 Gross job losses ……………………… 878 933 888 984 990 11.8 12.8 12.5 14.4 15.3 At contracting establishments ……… 705 746 709 780 797 9.5 10.2 10.0 11.4 12.3 At closing establishments ………… 173 187 179 204 193 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.0 Net employment change ………….. -118 -188 -178 -337 -432 -1.6 -2.6 -2.5 -4.9 -6.7 Manufacturing Gross job gains ……………………… 467 478 431 383 294 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.4 At expanding establishments ……… 419 432 388 338 260 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.1 At opening establishments ………… 48 46 43 45 34 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 Gross job losses ……………………… 595 591 647 807 961 4.4 4.4 4.8 6.2 7.7 At contracting establishments ……… 531 523 581 732 891 3.9 3.9 4.3 5.6 7.1 At closing establishments ………… 64 68 66 75 70 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 Net employment change ………….. -128 -113 -216 -424 -667 -.9 -.9 -1.6 -3.3 -5.3 Service-providing 1 Gross job gains ……………………… 5,659 5,787 5,463 5,420 4,669 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.3 At expanding establishments ……… 4,511 4,597 4,327 4,272 3,713 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.2 At opening establishments ………… 1,148 1,190 1,136 1,148 956 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 Gross job losses ……………………… 5,683 6,036 6,057 6,459 6,196 6.3 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.0 At contracting establishments ……… 4,605 4,834 4,947 5,272 5,062 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.7 At closing establishments ………… 1,078 1,202 1,110 1,187 1,134 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 Net employment change ………….. -24 -249 -594 -1,039 -1,527 .0 -.2 -.6 -1.1 -1.7 Wholesale trade Gross job gains ……………………… 298 297 275 260 225 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.4 3.9 At expanding establishments ……… 241 239 223 205 178 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 At opening establishments ………… 57 58 52 55 47 .9 1.0 .9 .9 .8 Gross job losses ……………………… 308 318 318 366 383 5.1 5.3 5.3 6.2 6.6 At contracting establishments ……… 240 246 252 291 313 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.9 5.4 At closing establishments ………… 68 72 66 75 70 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 Net employment change ………….. -10 -21 -43 -106 -158 -.2 -.3 -.7 -1.8 -2.7 See footnote at end of table. Category Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Retail trade Gross job gains ……………………… 965 944 898 837 752 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.1 At expanding establishments ……… 811 784 737 702 624 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.2 At opening establishments ………… 154 160 161 135 128 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 Gross job losses ……………………… 991 1,089 1,073 1,195 1,025 6.3 7.0 6.9 7.9 6.9 At contracting establishments ……… 859 942 930 1,036 841 5.5 6.1 6.0 6.8 5.7 At closing establishments ………… 132 147 143 159 184 .8 .9 .9 1.1 1.2 Net employment change ………….. -26 -145 -175 -358 -273 -.1 -1.0 -1.1 -2.4 -1.8 Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains ……………………… 214 228 211 238 173 5.0 5.3 4.9 5.6 4.2 At expanding establishments ……… 181 194 178 205 144 4.2 4.5 4.1 4.8 3.5 At opening establishments ………… 33 34 33 33 29 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 Gross job losses ……………………… 252 258 253 286 311 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.7 7.4 At contracting establishments ……… 217 213 212 242 268 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.7 6.4 At closing establishments ………… 35 45 41 44 43 .8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Net employment change ………….. -38 -30 -42 -48 -138 -.8 -.6 -1.0 -1.1 -3.2 Utilities Gross job gains ……………………… 14 16 13 13 12 2.6 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 At expanding establishments ……… 12 14 12 12 11 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 At opening establishments ………… 2 2 1 1 1 .4 .4 .2 .2 .2 Gross job losses ……………………… 11 13 14 12 10 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.8 At contracting establishments ……… 10 11 12 11 9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.6 At closing establishments ………… 1 2 2 1 1 .2 .4 .4 .2 .2 Net employment change ………….. 3 3 -1 1 2 .6 .5 -.2 .1 .4 Information Gross job gains ……………………… 151 159 132 134 114 5.0 5.3 4.4 4.6 4.0 At expanding establishments ……… 127 136 109 108 92 4.2 4.5 3.6 3.7 3.2 At opening establishments ………… 24 23 23 26 22 .8 .8 .8 .9 .8 Gross job losses ……………………… 155 161 171 187 172 5.1 5.3 5.7 6.3 6.0 At contracting establishments ……… 125 128 142 153 144 4.1 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.0 At closing establishments ………… 30 33 29 34 28 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 Net employment change ………….. -4 -2 -39 -53 -58 -.1 .0 -1.3 -1.7 -2.0 Financial activities Gross job gains ……………………… 416 399 381 392 333 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.3 At expanding establishments ……… 325 312 295 295 263 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4 At opening establishments ………… 91 87 86 97 70 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 .9 Gross job losses ……………………… 442 458 465 497 456 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 5.9 At contracting establishments ……… 328 348 355 376 356 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.6 At closing establishments ………… 114 110 110 121 100 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 Net employment change ………….. -26 -59 -84 -105 -123 -.4 -.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.6 Professional and business services Gross job gains ……………………… 1,251 1,356 1,248 1,241 982 7.0 7.6 7.0 7.1 5.8 At expanding establishments ……… 1,007 1,072 995 974 778 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.6 4.6 At opening establishments ………… 244 284 253 267 204 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2 Gross job losses ……………………… 1,347 1,448 1,434 1,635 1,540 7.5 8.1 8.1 9.3 9.0 At contracting establishments ……… 1,081 1,111 1,164 1,331 1,264 6.0 6.2 6.6 7.6 7.4 At closing establishments ………… 266 337 270 304 276 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 Net employment change ………….. -96 -92 -186 -394 -558 -.5 -.5 -1.1 -2.2 -3.2 Education and health services Gross job gains ……………………… 798 806 808 848 731 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.0 At expanding establishments ……… 672 685 683 717 632 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.5 At opening establishments ………… 126 121 125 131 99 .7 .7 .7 .7 .5 Gross job losses ……………………… 682 721 707 679 723 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.9 At contracting establishments ……… 569 589 590 560 606 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 At closing establishments ………… 113 132 117 119 117 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6 Net employment change ………….. 116 85 101 169 8 .7 .5 .5 .9 .1 See footnote at end of table. Category Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains ……………………… 1,168 1,192 1,134 1,121 1,023 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.4 7.7 At expanding establishments ……… 884 909 859 835 782 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.3 5.9 At opening establishments ………… 284 283 275 286 241 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 Gross job losses ……………………… 1,166 1,238 1,276 1,246 1,236 8.6 9.1 9.5 9.4 9.3 At contracting establishments ……… 940 1,004 1,034 1,008 1,009 6.9 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.6 At closing establishments ………… 226 234 242 238 227 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 Net employment change ………….. 2 -46 -142 -125 -213 .0 -.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.6 Other services Gross job gains ……………………… 293 304 287 269 248 7.5 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.5 At expanding establishments ……… 235 238 223 209 198 6.0 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 At opening establishments ………… 58 66 64 60 50 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 Gross job losses ……………………… 291 297 310 323 309 7.5 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.1 At contracting establishments ……… 226 231 246 255 244 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.4 At closing establishments ………… 65 66 64 68 65 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 Net employment change ………….. 2 7 -23 -54 -61 .0 .2 -.6 -1.5 -1.6 1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately. Category Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended) (3 months ended) Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Firm size 1 - 4 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 16.3 15.7 16.5 17.1 18.2 Expanding firms ……………….…… 7.8 7.4 7.7 7.7 8.8 Opening firms ………………….…… 59.0 58.5 60.0 61.6 61.3 Gross job losses …………………..…… 16.8 16.0 15.3 14.5 14.9 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 8.1 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.9 Closing firms ……………………….. 61.7 60.6 60.8 60.9 61.6 Firm size 5 - 9 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 12.4 11.9 12.2 11.8 13.3 Expanding firms ……………….…… 11.6 11.0 11.4 11.1 12.7 Opening firms ………………….…… 16.6 16.6 16.4 15.3 16.3 Gross job losses …………………..…… 12.4 11.9 11.3 10.8 10.9 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 11.7 11.1 10.5 10.0 10.1 Closing firms ……………………….. 15.7 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.2 Firm size 10 - 19 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 12.6 12.2 12.3 11.8 13.1 Expanding firms ……………….…… 12.9 12.4 12.6 12.1 13.7 Opening firms ………………….…… 11.1 11.4 10.9 10.2 10.7 Gross job losses …………………..…… 12.3 12.0 11.6 11.2 11.3 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 12.8 12.3 11.8 11.3 11.6 Closing firms ……………………….. 9.9 10.3 10.2 10.4 9.9 Firm size 20 - 49 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 14.7 14.5 14.3 13.6 14.8 Expanding firms ……………….…… 16.1 15.6 15.5 14.8 16.3 Opening firms ………………….…… 7.8 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.7 Gross job losses …………………..…… 14.2 14.0 13.9 13.5 14.1 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 15.6 15.2 15.0 14.5 15.2 Closing firms ……………………….. 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.3 Firm size 50 - 99 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.5 8.9 Expanding firms ……………….…… 10.4 10.3 10.3 9.7 10.3 Opening firms ………………….…… 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.5 Gross job losses …………………..…… 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.4 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.5 Closing firms ……………………….. 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.9 See footnote at end of table. Category 3 months ended Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted—Continued (Percent) Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 Firm size 100 - 249 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 9.4 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.9 Expanding firms ……………….…… 11.0 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.6 Opening firms ………………….…… 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.1 Gross job losses …………………..…… 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.6 10.1 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 10.3 10.4 10.8 10.9 11.5 Closing firms ……………………….. 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.5 Firm size 250 - 499 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.1 Expanding firms ……………….…… 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.1 Opening firms ………………….…… .4 .4 .3 .5 .2 Gross job losses …………………..…… 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.2 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.7 7.1 Closing firms ……………………….. .5 .6 .5 .7 .6 Firm size 500 - 999 employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.0 Expanding firms ……………….…… 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.9 Opening firms ………………….…… .2 .2 .1 .2 .1 Gross job losses …………………..…… 4.2 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.0 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Closing firms ……………………….. .2 .3 .3 .3 .4 Firm size 1,000 or more employees Gross job gains ……………………….. 15.5 16.6 16.0 17.8 13.7 Expanding firms ……………….…… 18.4 19.8 19.2 21.6 16.7 Opening firms ………………….…… .7 .0 .0 .0 .1 Gross job losses …………………..…… 17.1 18.3 19.4 20.7 18.1 Contracting firms ……………..…...… 20.3 21.7 22.8 24.1 21.1 Closing firms ……………………….. .2 .6 .4 .1 .7 1 Shares measure the percent of the category represented by each firm size class, and rates may not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Category 3 months ended Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 United States 1 ………… 7,167,000 7,296,000 6,884,000 6,738,000 5,746,000 7,447,000 7,832,000 7,851,000 8,539,000 8,486,000 Alabama ……………… 98,251 94,922 94,816 84,322 74,548 104,185 105,846 108,668 120,361 116,192 Alaska ………………… 25,019 27,331 23,913 26,344 23,272 21,880 23,601 26,373 26,644 25,380 Arizona ……………… 133,196 135,456 138,104 129,134 113,324 156,552 169,299 161,362 194,424 176,971 Arkansas ……………… 58,454 57,168 59,379 55,099 51,314 57,206 63,927 62,685 66,942 66,292 California ……………… 887,418 941,957 832,705 820,460 672,802 989,155 1,013,895 980,907 1,035,009 1,048,711 Colorado ……………… 142,851 142,169 136,014 127,607 109,813 137,929 143,357 148,883 161,271 161,315 Connecticut …………… 77,364 81,736 74,504 71,972 62,355 77,380 83,013 88,540 92,523 91,796 Delaware ……………… 26,145 23,472 23,376 23,084 18,591 23,740 26,708 28,958 27,469 27,761 District of Columbia … 27,927 28,294 28,071 25,184 25,858 25,367 26,859 26,487 31,325 28,003 Florida ………………… 448,322 456,382 450,727 444,118 354,281 508,226 574,769 569,824 596,670 503,337 Georgia ……………… 236,822 234,293 221,705 214,969 191,622 250,184 263,788 259,990 299,060 268,140 Hawaii ………………… 28,354 27,304 25,618 24,171 21,712 28,744 34,549 33,655 33,051 30,629 Idaho ………………… 44,356 41,269 40,993 38,827 35,289 47,670 48,700 46,621 49,612 54,035 Illinois ………………… 260,441 279,917 254,616 244,575 209,855 280,414 279,535 299,802 332,994 327,887 Indiana ………………… 131,913 150,149 144,580 130,650 113,691 151,487 158,041 162,479 192,024 186,934 Iowa …………………… 76,040 76,433 74,239 71,891 62,521 75,253 78,321 76,942 86,117 86,010 Kansas ………………… 86,347 73,135 67,406 74,158 55,477 75,385 77,046 75,312 78,873 79,420 Kentucky ……………… 91,040 91,622 82,629 85,641 74,235 95,199 94,483 100,464 107,293 110,211 Louisiana ……………… 106,631 106,816 104,278 121,916 94,269 101,928 110,924 121,182 105,935 115,118 Maine ………………… 35,921 39,345 35,159 38,167 30,943 38,179 39,742 42,833 41,793 42,142 Maryland ……………… 129,689 130,435 129,603 126,900 116,989 131,801 143,888 141,918 155,992 148,339 Massachusetts ………… 159,931 171,611 155,137 148,012 121,358 154,359 161,183 174,428 191,351 181,911 Michigan ……………… 207,366 226,739 205,112 200,389 164,809 240,151 244,213 264,090 294,392 286,628 Minnesota …………… 141,413 140,202 126,433 118,930 110,150 141,101 142,739 144,331 155,332 163,810 Mississippi …………… 59,068 56,215 55,227 57,211 48,330 59,450 69,069 67,213 69,254 65,774 Missouri ……………… 140,987 141,409 133,363 133,009 121,936 139,707 148,981 147,161 168,117 163,155 Montana ……………… 30,974 27,920 27,560 28,012 24,030 30,138 31,609 28,955 31,386 35,614 Nebraska ……………… 47,542 44,501 45,532 44,014 38,462 42,749 48,453 45,372 50,286 49,912 Nevada ………………… 76,465 71,633 66,047 62,481 54,469 86,332 84,432 88,116 100,495 91,854 New Hampshire ……… 36,119 38,659 35,183 33,928 31,117 37,588 39,237 39,170 41,931 41,234 New Jersey …………… 204,864 229,083 195,759 189,766 167,754 215,025 231,228 239,062 253,478 231,640 New Mexico ………… 45,362 44,715 45,984 40,826 36,132 42,831 49,818 46,436 53,047 51,493 New York …………… 433,078 471,656 444,515 436,017 356,418 446,642 462,229 471,375 507,653 502,806 North Carolina ………… 223,376 210,541 212,080 197,127 173,772 228,184 249,877 238,284 266,978 259,811 North Dakota ………… 21,380 19,325 20,282 19,568 16,743 17,223 18,968 18,303 19,341 21,853 Ohio …………………… 243,757 274,076 246,154 228,078 201,205 280,351 276,452 285,458 323,982 317,188 Oklahoma …………… 85,159 83,243 79,824 78,259 69,370 73,095 81,365 79,507 85,333 99,578 Oregon ………………… 99,174 89,653 98,852 86,304 78,047 101,032 112,034 100,641 126,963 125,470 Pennsylvania ………… 271,024 290,004 270,270 256,668 231,793 271,658 287,696 295,758 318,345 318,399 Rhode Island ………… 23,739 26,823 24,463 22,015 21,276 26,594 28,139 28,658 30,698 29,893 South Carolina ………… 100,661 93,354 88,569 86,056 78,586 101,354 107,890 109,742 123,643 119,015 South Dakota ………… 22,032 21,278 21,147 21,073 18,050 19,363 21,816 20,835 22,779 24,121 Tennessee …………… 140,705 132,908 125,414 118,251 99,890 144,466 152,948 160,823 165,472 160,793 Texas ………………… 542,281 529,111 506,352 537,006 435,060 491,737 519,838 538,845 563,136 600,010 Utah …………………… 72,956 70,663 67,910 65,196 56,649 73,181 78,303 74,639 84,194 84,251 Vermont ……………… 17,379 18,420 17,186 17,967 15,801 19,211 18,767 19,164 20,207 21,649 Virginia ……………… 188,264 188,460 179,200 171,660 151,646 184,547 191,564 201,098 211,212 203,738 Washington …………… 186,430 161,196 172,096 157,410 151,373 169,739 190,631 165,586 206,251 202,667 West Virginia ………… 37,337 35,567 38,757 39,356 34,103 36,999 38,230 36,898 40,515 43,258 Wisconsin …………… 133,825 140,273 131,758 129,090 113,792 135,673 145,014 150,873 162,823 174,665 Wyoming ……………… 23,806 19,701 21,355 19,848 18,033 20,049 23,018 18,960 20,038 26,326 Puerto Rico …………… 43,150 44,888 44,689 45,140 36,240 55,157 52,203 49,724 51,035 57,413 Virgin Islands ………… 2,274 2,191 2,049 1,978 1,610 2,108 2,513 2,286 2,238 2,611 1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state. NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. State Gross job gains (3 months ended) Gross job losses (3 months ended) Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 United States …………………..… 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.2 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.7 Alabama ……………………….. 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.9 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.8 7.7 Alaska ………………………...… 10.5 11.5 10.1 11.1 9.7 9.2 9.9 11.1 11.2 10.7 Arizona ……………………….… 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.5 7.0 7.6 7.4 9.1 8.6 Arkansas …………………...…… 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.8 6.5 6.4 6.9 6.9 California ……………………… 6.8 7.3 6.5 6.5 5.5 7.7 7.8 7.6 8.3 8.5 Colorado …………………...…… 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.7 5.9 7.0 7.3 7.6 8.3 8.5 Connecticut ……………………. 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.5 5.3 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.6 Delaware ………………………… 7.1 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.3 6.5 7.2 8.0 7.7 7.9 District of Columbia …………… 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.8 7.0 6.3 Florida …………………………… 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 5.7 7.5 8.6 8.7 9.2 8.0 Georgia ………………………… 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.6 6.0 7.4 7.8 7.8 9.1 8.4 Hawaii ……………………….… 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.5 5.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.4 Idaho ………………………...…… 8.1 7.6 7.6 7.3 6.8 8.6 8.9 8.6 9.4 10.4 Illinois ……………………..…… 5.1 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.9 6.7 6.8 Indiana …………………………. 5.3 6.1 5.8 5.3 4.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 7.9 7.9 Iowa ……………………………… 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.1 5.9 6.2 6.2 7.0 7.0 Kansas …………………………… 7.7 6.6 6.1 6.7 5.1 6.7 6.8 6.7 7.1 7.2 Kentucky ………………………… 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.9 5.2 6.3 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.6 Louisiana ………………………… 6.9 6.9 6.8 7.9 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.9 6.9 7.5 Maine ……………………..…… 7.1 7.9 7.0 7.7 6.3 7.6 7.9 8.5 8.5 8.6 Maryland ………………………. 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.2 5.8 6.3 7.0 6.9 7.6 7.3 Massachusetts ……..…………… 5.7 6.1 5.5 5.3 4.4 5.5 5.8 6.2 6.9 6.6 Michigan ……………..………… 5.8 6.5 5.9 5.9 5.0 6.8 6.9 7.6 8.7 8.7 Minnesota ……………………… 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.2 4.9 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.8 7.3 Mississippi ……………………… 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.5 5.6 6.5 7.7 7.6 7.9 7.6 Missouri ………………………… 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.5 6.1 6.5 6.5 7.4 7.3 Montana …………………….…… 8.6 7.8 7.7 7.9 6.9 8.3 8.8 8.1 8.9 10.3 Nebraska ……………...………… 6.2 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.1 5.5 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.6 Nevada …………………………. 6.8 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.3 7.7 7.6 8.1 9.4 8.9 New Hampshire ………………… 6.6 7.1 6.5 6.4 5.9 6.9 7.2 7.2 7.8 7.8 New Jersey ……………………… 6.1 6.9 5.9 5.8 5.2 6.4 6.9 7.2 7.7 7.2 New Mexico …………………… 7.0 7.0 7.2 6.5 5.9 6.7 7.8 7.3 8.4 8.3 New York ……………………… 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.1 North Carolina …………………… 6.5 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.4 6.6 7.4 7.1 8.1 8.1 North Dakota …………………… 7.5 6.8 7.1 6.8 5.9 6.0 6.7 6.4 6.8 7.7 Ohio ……………………………… 5.4 6.1 5.5 5.2 4.7 6.2 6.1 6.3 7.3 7.4 Oklahoma ……………………… 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.9 8.2 Oregon …………………………… 6.8 6.2 6.9 6.1 5.7 6.9 7.8 7.0 9.0 9.2 Pennsylvania …………………… 5.4 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.6 Rhode Island …………………… 5.7 6.5 6.0 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.7 7.6 South Carolina …………………… 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.5 6.9 7.2 8.2 8.1 South Dakota …………………… 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.0 6.7 6.4 7.0 7.5 Tennessee ……………………… 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.5 6.1 6.5 7.0 7.3 7.3 Texas …………………………… 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.2 5.0 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.5 7.0 Utah ……………………………… 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.5 5.8 7.1 7.6 7.3 8.3 8.6 Vermont ………………………… 6.9 7.4 6.9 7.2 6.5 7.7 7.5 7.7 8.1 8.8 Virginia ………………………… 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.2 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.0 Washington ……………………… 7.7 6.7 7.2 6.7 6.5 7.0 7.9 6.9 8.7 8.7 West Virginia …………………… 6.5 6.2 6.8 6.9 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.4 7.1 7.7 Wisconsin ……………………… 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.4 4.9 5.6 6.1 6.3 6.9 7.5 Wyoming ………………………… 10.6 8.8 9.6 8.9 8.1 9.0 10.3 8.5 8.9 11.9 Puerto Rico ……………………… 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.3 5.2 7.5 7.2 6.9 7.1 8.2 Virgin Islands …………………… 6.9 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.1 6.4 7.7 7.0 6.9 8.2 NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. State Gross job gains as a percent of employment (3 months ended) Gross job losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended) Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted (Levels in thousands) Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate 1999 March ………………..… 198 3.2 184 3.0 1,305 1.2 1,248 1.2 June …………………..… 206 3.4 184 3.0 1,308 1.2 1,118 1.0 September ……………… 206 3.3 186 3.0 1,243 1.2 1,127 1.0 December ……………… 203 3.3 183 3.0 1,207 1.1 1,102 1.0 2000 March ………………..… 211 3.4 186 3.0 1,227 1.1 1,117 1.0 June …………………..… 205 3.3 181 2.9 1,142 1.0 1,063 1.0 September ……………… 212 3.4 199 3.2 1,166 1.1 1,167 1.1 December ……………… 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,144 1.0 1,120 1.0 2001 March ………………..… 205 3.3 203 3.2 1,174 1.1 1,292 1.2 June …………………..… 204 3.2 205 3.3 1,151 1.0 1,236 1.1 September ……………… 204 3.2 209 3.3 1,156 1.1 1,232 1.1 December ……………… 197 3.1 200 3.2 1,121 1.0 1,150 1.1 2002 March ………………..… 203 3.2 190 3.0 1,202 1.1 1,109 1.0 June …………………..… 209 3.3 186 2.9 1,192 1.1 1,086 1.0 September ……………… 201 3.2 184 2.9 1,055 1.0 1,026 1.0 December ……………… 203 3.2 191 3.0 1,026 1.0 1,028 1.0 2003 March ………………..… 192 3.0 186 2.9 997 .9 1,007 .9 June …………………..… 192 3.0 186 2.9 965 .9 956 .9 September ……………… 193 3.0 179 2.8 959 .9 884 .8 December ……………… 201 3.1 179 2.8 1,010 .9 921 .9 2004 March ………………..… 205 3.2 180 2.8 998 .9 914 .9 June …………………..… 202 3.1 184 2.8 982 .9 909 .8 September ……………… 210 3.2 186 2.8 1,017 .9 955 .9 December ……………… 212 3.2 181 2.7 1,001 .9 900 .8 2005 March ………………..… 210 3.2 185 2.8 943 .9 850 .8 June …………………..… 216 3.2 180 2.7 952 .9 839 .8 September ……………… 220 3.3 186 2.8 995 .9 886 .8 December ……………… 224 3.3 188 2.8 980 .9 852 .8 2006 March ………………..… 220 3.2 181 2.7 921 .8 739 .7 June …………………..… 220 3.2 194 2.8 975 .9 843 .7 September ……………… 210 3.1 196 2.9 926 .8 837 .7 December ……………… 222 3.2 194 2.8 969 .9 815 .7 2007 March ………………..… 212 3.1 193 2.8 890 .8 763 .7 June …………………..… 204 2.9 201 2.9 882 .8 851 .7 September ……………… 218 3.1 203 2.9 942 .8 845 .7 December ……………… 209 3.0 207 3.0 909 .8 841 .7 2008 March ………………..… 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 803 .7 June …………………..… 199 2.9 227 3.3 875 .8 936 .8 September ……………… 191 2.7 N/A N/A 829 .7 N/A N/A December ……………… 193 2.8 N/A N/A 808 .7 N/A N/A 2009 March ………………..… 171 2.5 N/A N/A 697 .6 N/A N/A 1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information. 2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments Year 3 months ended Number of Establishments Employment Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths