John F. Gantz, Project Director
David Reinsel
Christopher Chute
Wolfgang Schlichting
John McArthur
Stephen Minton
Irida Xheneti
Anna Toncheva
Alex Manfrediz
An IDC White Paper - sponsored by EMC
A Forecast of Worldwide
Information Growth Through 2010
March 2007
The Expanding
Digital Universe
1
• In 2006, the amount of digital information created,
captured, and replicated was 1,288 x 1018 bits. In computer
parlance, that's 161 exabytes or 161 billion gigabytes (see
sidebar). This is about 3 million times the information in all
the books ever written.
• Between 2006 and 2010, the information added annually to
the digital universe will increase more than six fold from 161
exabytes to 988 exabytes.
• Three major analog to digital conversions are powering this
growth – film to digital image capture, analog to digital
voice, and analog to digital TV.
• Images, captured by more than 1 billion devices in the world,
from digital cameras and camera phones to medical scanners
and security cameras, comprise the largest component of the
digital universe. They are replicated over the Internet, on
private organizational networks, by PCs and servers, in data
centers, in digital TV broadcasts, and on digital projection
movie screens.
• IDC predicts that by 2010, while nearly 70% of the digital
universe will be created by individuals, organizations
(businesses of all sizes, agencies, governments, associations,
etc.) will be responsible for the security, privacy, reliability,
and compliance of at least 85% of that same digital universe.
• This rapidly expanding responsibility will put pressure on
existing computing operations and drive organizations to
develop more information-centric computing architectures.
• IT managers will see the span of their domains considerably
enlarged – as VoIP phones come onto corporate networks,
building automation and security migrates to IP networks,
surveillance goes digital, and RFID and sensor networks
proliferate.
• Information security and privacy protection will become a
boardroom concern as organizations and their customers
become increasingly tied together in real-time. This will
require the implementation of new security technologies in
addition to new training, policies, and procedures.
• IDC estimates that today, 20% of the digital universe is
subject to compliance rules and standards, and about 30% is
potentially subject to security applications.
• The community with access to corporate data will become
more diffuse – as workers become more mobile, companies
implement customer self service, and globalization diversifies
customer and partner relationships and elongates supply
chains.
• The growth of the digital universe is uneven. Emerging
economies – Asia Pacific without Japan and the rest of the
world outside North America and Western Europe – now
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The airwaves, telephone circuits, and computer cables are buzzing. Digital information surrounds us. We see digital bits on
our new HDTVs, listen to them over the Internet, and create new ones ourselves every time we take a picture with our digital
cameras. Then we email them to friends and family and create more digital bits.
There's no secret here. YouTube, a company that didn’t exist just a few years ago, hosts 100 million video streams a day.i
Experts say more than a billion songs a day are shared over the Internet in MP3 format.ii Digital bits. London's 200 traffic
surveillance cameras send 64 trillion bits a day to the command data center.iii Chevron's CIO says his company accumulates
data at the rate of 2 terabytes – 17,592,000,000,000 bits – a day.iv TV broadcasting is going all-digital by the end of the
decade in most countries. More digital bits.
What is a secret – one staring us in the face – is how much all these bits add up to, how fast they are multiplying, and what
their proliferation imply.
This White Paper, sponsored by EMC, is IDC's forecast of the digital universe – all the 1s and 0s created, captured, and
replicated – and the implications for those who take the photos, share the music, and generate the digital bits and those
who organize, secure, and manage the access to and storage of the information.
Some of the key findings:
2
account for 10% of the digital universe, but will grow 30%-
40% faster than mature economies.
• In 2007 the amount of information created will surpass, for
the first time, the storage capacity available.
This incredible growth of the digital universe means more than
simply the fact that as individuals we will be facing information
explosion on an unprecedented scale. It has implications for
organizations concerning privacy, security, intellectual property
protection, content management, technology adoption,
information management, and data center architecture.
The growth and heterogeneous character of the bits in the
digital universe mean that organizations worldwide, large and
small, whose IT infrastructures transport, store, secure, and
replicate these bits, have little choice but to employ ever more
sophisticated techniques for information management, security,
search, and storage.
HOW DID WE GET THE NUMBERS?
Information about our methodology and underlying
assumptions can be found in the section "Methodology and
Key Assumptions," but our basic approach was to take IDC
forecasts for devices that create or capture digital information –
personal computers, digital cameras, servers, sensors, etc. – and
estimate the total number of megabytes they capture or produce
in a year. We used IDC research and other sources to estimate
how much of that data was replicated or copied – as email
attachments, archived files, broadcasts, and so on.
Our research follows on previous work conducted at the
University of California, Berkeley. Although our methodology
varied from that in the Berkeley study – which examined the
creation of original information (not including copies) and
estimated how much digital information that would represent
if all of it were converted to digital format – many of the
underlying assumptions were the same.v
But our methodology allowed us to size and forecast all the
information created and replicated in the digital universe,
segment it by region, and put it in context with the available
storage capacity. We believe ours is the first-ever study to size
and forecast the rate of expansion of the entire digital universe.
WHAT ARE BITS AND BYTES?
A "bit" is the smallest unit of information that can be
stored in a computer, and consists of either a 1 or 0 (or
on/off state). All computer calculations are in bits.
A "byte" is a collection of 8 bits. Bytes are convenient
because, when converted to computer code, they can
represent 256 characters, such as numbers or letters.
So a byte is 8 times larger than a bit.
Common aggregations for bytes come in multiples of
1,000, such as kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and so
on. The progression is as follows:
Bit (b)
1 or 0
Byte (B)
8 bits
Kilobyte (KB)
1,000 bytes
Megabyte (MB)
1,000 KB
Gigabyte (GB)
1,000 MB
Terabyte (TB)
1,000, GB
Petabyte (PB)
1,000 TB
Exabyte (EB)
1,000 PB
Zettabyte (ZB)
1,000 EB
This seems simple enough, except sometimes
multiples of bytes are considered as powers of 2, since
the original machine language only has two states, 1 or
0. A kilobyte would then be 210 bytes, or 1,024 bytes.
A megabyte would be 220 bytes, or 1,024 kilobytes,
and so on.
For the sake of simplicity, in all calculations for this
research we used the decimal system we mentioned
first. This is consistent with the representation used in
the Berkeley study.
3
HOW BIG IS THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE?
The IDC sizing of the digital universe – information that is
either created or captured in digital form and then replicated in
2006 – is 161 exabytes, growing to 988 exabytes in 2010,
representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 57%
(Figure 1).
About one quarter of the digital universe is original (pictures
recorded, keystrokes in an email, phone calls), while three
quarters is replicated (emails forwarded, backed up transaction
records, Hollywood movies on DVD).
A majority of these bits represent images, both moving and still.
This is because one digital camera image can generate a
megabyte or more of digital information, and video or digital
TV can generate a dozen megabytes per second.
Voice signals, on the other hand, can be carried at less than one
megabyte a second; and it would take a good typist more than
a day and a half to produce a megabyte of keystrokes.
Although many of the images created are by individuals, they
enter an organization’s domain in email systems, in Web
postings, and in applications from medical imaging and public
safety surveillance to compound documents supporting
insurance claims, recorded Web conferences, and advertising
and marketing content.
To give you an idea of where all these exabytes come from, just
consider the number of devices or subscribers in the world that
can create or capture information.
Here is a partial list:
Category








Millions in 2006
Digital Cameras 400
Camera Phones





600
PCs 900
Audio Players 550
Mobile Subscribers




1,600
LCD/Plasma TVs








70
By 2010 this installed base of devices and subscribers will be
50% larger, devices will be cheaper, and resolutions higher. All
creating more and more digital bits.
How much of the information that is captured, created, or
replicated also is stored is another matter. As part of the research
for this project, IDC also looked at how much storage will be
available to store all this information, should we choose to.
Figure 2 shows the relationship of information created and
storage capacity available on various storage technologies.
6-Fold Growth
in Four Years
Information Created, Captured and Replicated
2006
161 Exabytes
2010
988 Exabytes


Figure 1
Source: IDC, 2007
Figure 2
Source: IDC, 2007
4
IDC is predicting that in 2007 the amount of information
created and replicated (255 exabytes) will surpass, for the first
time, the storage capacity available (246 exabytes). The storage
media available to store the bits and bytes of the digital universe
will grow 35% a year from 2006 to 2010, while the
information created and replicated will grow by 57% a year in
the same time period.
Not all of the bits in the digital universe will necessarily need to
be stored - such as digital TV signals we watch but don't record,
Web pages that disappear when we turn off our browser, or
voice calls that are made digital in the network backbone for the
duration of a call. On the other hand, we may want to store
them. Personal video recorders and set-top boxes may store
them temporarily, anyway; whether we program them to do so
or not. And more and more of an organization’s VoIP calls or
Web site history may be recorded for legal reasons.
But whether this information gets stored permanently or not, it
will be transported over networks, shuttled from switch to
switch, stored temporarily somewhere, and otherwise require
use of networking and storage infrastructures, both those in
organizations and those in carriers, hosting firms, and other
digital information service providers.
THE GROWTH OF ORGANIZATIONAL
INFORMATION
Growing even faster than the digital universe as a whole is the
subset created and replicated by organizations. In 2006, about
25% of the bits in the digital universe were created or replicated
in the workplace; by 2010 that proportion will rise closer to
30%. (The rest of the universe will be mostly music, videos,
digital TV signals, and pictures.)
Factors driving the growth of information in organizations
include the increased computerization of small businesses,
regulations mandating new archiving and privacy standards,
and industry-specific applications – from security imaging and
Internet commerce to medical imaging, sensor networks, and
customer support applications that now include Web-based
"click-to-talk" service.
Consider Wal-Mart, reputed to have the largest database of
customer transactions in the world. In 2000, that database was
reported to be 110 terabytes, with recordings and storage of
information on tens of millions of transactions a day.vi By
2004, it was reported to be half a petabyte.vii Wal-Mart's data
not only support internal decisions, but provide information to
thousands of suppliers, as well.
HOW BIG IS THE DIGITAL
UNIVERSE, REALLY?
It is pretty easy to picture a byte – it's the equivalent
of a character on a page – or even a megabyte, which
contains about the same amount of information as a
small novel. But what about a million million
megabytes, which is an exabyte?
If we stick with the book analogy, then the digital
universe in 2006 could be likened to 12 stacks of
books extending from the Earth to the sun. Or one
stack of books twice around the Earth's orbit. By
2010 the stack of books could reach from the sun to
Pluto and back. In 2006 those books would represent
about 6 tons of books for every man, woman, and
child on Earth. A large adult elephant weighs about 6
tons.
Still hazy on how big the digital universe is? In 2006
if you printed out all the exabytes onto typewritten
pages, you'd have enough paper to wrap Earth four
times over.
However, at the same time the digital universe is
growing rapidly, bits and bytes themselves are getting
smaller. That is, the circuits or media that store them
are increasingly able to pack more into the same
amount of space. In 1956, when IBM introduced the
first disk drive, it could only store 2,000 bits per
square inch, a measure commonly referred to as areal
density.
Today
disks
routinely
store
100,000,000,000 bits per square inch. In the past,
areal density growth of disks has been as aggressive
as 100% per year. Over the last few years, and for the
foreseeable future, areal density is expected to double
every 2 – 3 years.
So, in a way, as the digital universe gets bigger, it is
also getting smaller. That makes it even harder to
visualize.
5
(Imagine how many times each cash register keystroke is
recorded and disseminated. By now, that Wal-Mart data and
the bits replicated to other organizations could represent close
to one percent of the digital universe.)
Or think of what oil companies call the "digital oilfield," a
concept that calls for the integration of real-time production
and drilling systems with reservoir modeling and simulation
and that, as a by-product, generates a ton of data. A typical oil
company might have 350 terabytes of data generated by 50 3D
seismic projects, 10 terabytes in simulation models, 10
gigabytes a day coming in from oil field telemetry, and 4
terabytes a day of data tied up in 30,000 subnetworks at the
refinery.
Although our research wasn't specific enough to segment
organizational information by size of business or specific
industry, we were able to estimate that three quarters of
organizational information lies in the domain of the data
center, another one quarter out in other departments. As we
will see later, though, the responsibility for security, privacy
protection, and compliance with legal requirements regarding
data retention, is almost 100% centralized.
NOT JUST MORE INFORMATION,
BUT MORE FILES
Over time, just as the total amount of information in the digital
universe expands, so does the number of containers (e.g.,
electronic files, packets, digital images) for that information
(Figure 3).
Even while image files grow to multi-megabyte size as a result
of better camera resolution, the exponential growth of sensors,
RFID tags, and packets created by IP voice phone calls is
streaming trillions of smaller signals, some just 128 bits, into
the digital universe.
While this may not seem like a big deal to some, it does impose
an added burden on those who manage the bit streams of the
digital universe, from Internet service providers and managers
of backbone switches, to the IT managers who must deal not
only with the management of larger quantities of information,
but also more units of information, and more diverse types of
information.
THE REGIONAL PICTURE
The distribution of the expanding digital universe by
geographic region more or less resembles IT spending by
region. All regions are growing, although the emerging
economies across the world and in particular in the Asia Pacific
region are growing faster than the worldwide average (Figure 4).
This stable, if rapid, growth masks some underlying digital
universe dynamics. In the mature economies of North America,
Japan, and Western Europe, digital information growth is
driven as much by increased device usage and resolution as by
Figure 3
Source: IDC, 2007
Figure 4
Source: IDC, 2007
6
device penetration of the population as a whole.
In emerging economies, this dynamic is reversed. The growth
of the digital universe is driven more by penetration of the
devices into the population than by an increase in device
capacities or resolutions.
The relationships between population penetration and IT
intensity can be seen in the percentages in the table "Digital
Universe Penetration Metrics" (Figure 5).
The Rest of World (ROW) sector and India and China together
account for just 13% of IT spending but 69% of world
population. The figure for Internet user share – 38% – sits
between the two.
While we didn't segment the share of the digital universe by
country, you would expect the share of the emerging economies
to migrate from something close to IT spending to something
closer to Internet usage.
We would estimate that the share of the digital universe
attributable to emerging economies, including India, China,
Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa sits
today at close to 10% of the digital universe. That proportion
will grow 30%-40% faster than the share of mature economies.
Some of the gating factors for these emerging economies will be
how fast they convert their TV infrastructure to digital
transmission, how many consumers can afford high end
electronics, the rollout of sophisticated data-rich organizational
applications, the automation of small business, and the
deployment of surveillance cameras.
WHAT'S DRIVING GROWTH?
There are a number of trends at work creating this rapid
expansion of the digital universe. These range from the growth
of the Internet and broadband availability, to the conversion of
formerly analog information – film, voice calls, TV signals – to
digital format.
Falling prices and increased performance for digital devices,
from phones and cameras to RFID tags and computers, also
help drive up usage. So does the ability to store the information
and share it in standard formats, such as MPEG 2, MP3, or
MPEG 4.
The falling price of storage and processing power has also made
industry adopt data-intense applications. The electronic
"paperwork" behind the average insurance claim may now
include several megabytes of digital pictures. Law enforcement
and public safety organizations are rapidly adding digital
security signals to their incoming data feeds, while police
departments are experimenting with digital systems that scan
license plates from cameras in police cars.
Meanwhile, the digital content of the average movie keeps
increasing, and movie theaters themselves are starting to go
digital. Graphics-intensive applications, from molecular
modeling in pharmaceutical designs to visualization in
automobile design and simulation are growing organizational
databases. IDC research in 2006 indicated that almost one-fifth
of organizations expect their data warehouses to double in
2007.
Figure 5: Digital Universe Penetration Metrics
Source: IDC, 2007
7
But the prime mover may be the Internet. In 1996 there were
only 48 million people routinely using the Internet. The
Worldwide Web was just four years old. By 2006, there were
1.1 billion users on the Internet. By 2010 we expect another
500 million users to come online (Figure 6).
At the same time the number of users with broadband access
has also grown – and is expected to grow even more. Today over
60% of Internet users have access to broadband circuits, either
at home or at work or school.
The rapid growth of the Internet – and more and more high
speed access – has increased the ability of people to share and
communicate information and their interest in doing so.
Take email. Since 1998 the number of email mailboxes has
grown from 253 million to nearly 1.6 billion in 2006. Before
the decade ends, the number of mailboxes is expected to taper
off near 2 billion.
During the same period, 1998 to 2006, the number of emails
sent grew three times faster than the number of people emailing
– in part because of the growth of spam, and in part because
people simply sent more emails. And surely the average
corporate manager of email systems will tell you that messages
are going out with more attachments and being stored longer
(Figure 7).
IDC estimates that in 2006, just the email traffic from one
person to another – i.e., excluding spam – accounted for 6
exabytes (or 3%) of the digital universe.
THE IMAGE EXPLOSION
Between 2006 and 2010, the information added annually to
the digital universe will increase more than six fold from 161
exabytes to 988 exabytes. One quarter of those exabytes will be
images from cameras and camcorders.
The number of images captured on consumer digital still
cameras in 2006 exceeded 150 billion worldwide, while the
number of images captured on cell phones hit almost 100
billion. By 2010, IDC is forecasting the capture of more than
500 billion images (Figure 8). Each year the resolution of the
pictures gets better and the megabytes per image grow.
Then there is video. In surveys conducted in 2006, IDC found
that 77% of digital camera users had a video feature with their
camera, and 50% of camera phone users had one. The feature
was generally used 3-5 times a month, and each video clip
tended to last from 30 seconds (camera phones) to a minute
and a half (digital cameras).
But the real growth will come in camcorder usage – which
should double in total minutes of use between now and 2010 –
and digital surveillance cameras, which are expected to grow
Figure 6
Source: IDC, 2007
Figure 7
Source: IDC, 2007
8
more than tenfold between 2006 and 2010 as analog systems
are replaced by digital ones and as the number of total cameras
installed increases.
SPEAKING OF VOICE
Another big sector of the digital universe – close to 20% of
information created in 2006 – is voice. But because the number
of minutes per call is not expected to grow appreciably between
now and 2010 and because compression will get better, its share
of the digital universe will drop considerably.
The big question mark for voice is replication. With no
information on how many calls are actually recorded we simply
opted for zero replication of original calls, but we did account
for storage of information about the calls. We also estimated
replication related to voice mail and storage associated with
Voice over IP calls. Change this original assumption and the
digital universe is even bigger than depicted.
THE USER AS PUBLISHER;
THE ORGANIZATION AS CUSTODIAN
The Internet has created another aspect of the digital universe
– the source of the majority of these bits. IDC estimates that of
the 161 exabytes of information created or replicated in 2006,
about 75% were created by consumers – taking pictures,
talking on the phone, working at home computers, uploading
songs, and so on.
So enterprises only have to worry about 25% of the digital
universe, right?
Not at all. Most user-generated content will be touched by an
organization along the way – on a network, in the data center,
at a hosting site, in a PBX, at an Internet switch, or a back-up
system.
Consider camera phones, used by individuals at both work and
play. Won't corporations have to worry about what pictures are
being taken, messages sent, or purchases being made from these
phones when they are used at work? Who owns contact lists?
How will work-related phone emails be archived?
The left circle in Figure 9 shows a rough approximation of how
much of the digital universe in 2010 will be created by
individuals, meaning consumers and workers creating,
capturing, or replicating information in the organization. In the
right circle the figure shows how much of the digital universe
will be touched – meaning managed, hosted, transported, or
secured – by an organization.
Figure 8
Source: IDC, 2007
User Creation; Organizational Worries
Organizational
Touch** Content
859 Exabytes
User*
Generated
Content
692 Exabytes
2010
988 Exabytes
** Transported,
Hosted,
Managed, or
Secured
* Consumers and
Workers Creating,
Capturing, or
Replicating Personal
Information
Figure 9
Source: IDC, 2007
9
Corporate responsibility for information security and privacy
will be tied not only to the information created by users in the
digital universe, but also to information about that
information.
In the digital universe, customer names and addresses,
transaction records, account numbers, or search queries take up
the merest fraction of total exabytes. They do, however, create a
huge responsibility among enterprises to safeguard privacy and
security, the breach of which can be a CIO's nightmare.
IDC believes that by 2010 while enterprises will create, capture,
or replicate about 30% of the digital universe, they will have to
worry about security, privacy, reliability, and compliance for
more than 85% of it.
WHERE WILL WE STORE ALL THIS
INFORMATION?
IDC forecasts that the media available to store the newly
created and replicated bits and bytes of the digital universe will
grow 35% a year from 2006 to 2010, or from 185 exabytes to
601 exabytes.
This forecast was created by adding newly shipped storage for
any single year to an estimate of the storage still available on
media shipped in previous years.
Figure 10 shows that growth by storage technology. The graph
represents the storage capacity of each technology that is
available to save new digital content in any given year. It does
not represent where digital content resides – that is a different
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY: WHAT'S ON TAP?
As the digital universe expands, so will storage capacity. Here is a recap of the technologies evolving to help storage
keep pace with the growth of the digital universe.
Hard disk drives continue to provide more storage capacity every year. In 2007, the first terabyte drive – 1,000
gigabytes! – will ship. Although we expect to see capacities continually increase, we will also see a parallel trend
toward smaller disks. Some of the advanced technologies promising to take capacities to 2 terabytes and beyond
include perpendicular recording (which packs more bits per inch on a disk platter than traditional recording),
patterned media (a.k.a., nanobits, a new arrangement for storing bits on a platter), and heat-assisted magnetic
recording (which reduces the amount of magnetism needed to store a bit).
Tape storage is the most prominently used back up and archive medium in large corporations. But, tape has its
disadvantages and is being relegated to long-term archive and disaster recovery as alternative solutions emerge.
Today's tape cartridges range in uncompressed capacity from less than 1GB per single cartridge to 500GB.
Improvements in tape cartridge capacity come in one of three ways: Increasing linear/track density, thinning the
media (so that more linear square feet can be wound on a cartridge), or increasing the tape width. We expect tape
cartridge density to increase around 40% per year.
Optical storage, in the form of compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs), is ubiquitous in today's society.
While CDs and DVDs are mostly used for distributing content (e.g., movies and software), they can and are used for
information archiving. One promising next-generation optical storage technology is holographic storage, which
promises very stable long term storage in very dense packages. The first commercial holographic products should be
available this year.
Nonvolatile flash memory – also called thumb drives, memory sticks, and USB memory – has seen rapid price
declines, which have enabled its use in devices from cell phones and handheld games to industrial electronics and
network components. As prices continue to fall, flash will see more use in portable electronics and even in solid state
memory for laptop PCs. Ultimately flash may enable us to carry our own PC system profiles with us, so we can boot
up on any PC and have all our data and applications ready for use.
10
matter and one we don't address here. The percentage of
available storage on hard disk drives will actually grow to more
than half of total available storage in 2010.
Despite the growth of digital information associated with user
created content and consumer electronics, the share of available
storage tied to organizational information remains remarkably
stable.
Driving the growth of organizational storage are a number of
factors:
• The growth of networked communications, such as email
and, increasingly, voice over IP, that require archiving.
• The growth of corporate data tied to increasing levels of
automation and mission-critical applications, such as supply
chain management, collaboration, product design, and
customer self service.
• Regulations mandating new archiving and privacy protection
rules.
• Industry specific applications, such as security imaging,
RFID and sensors, Internet commerce, and medical records
and imaging.
• Increased computerization of small businesses.
• The need for organizations to facilitate the exchange,
distribution,
and
protection
of
consumer-driven
information.
HOW WILL WE DEAL WITH ALL THIS
CONTENT?
Managing the digital universe is not simply a matter of having
enough storage capacity to store what we want. Those
economics seem to work out over time, and, in fact, are linked.
The growth of camera phones can proceed, in part, because of
the available on-board storage. The growth of the volume server
market can proceed apace because storage continually gets
cheaper. We build the applications to fill the storage we have
available, and we build the storage to fit the applications and
data we have.
But will we be able to do useful things with the information we
have? Or will all these exabytes become the equivalent of a
trillion old photographs kept in an electronic shoebox?
Perhaps a little of both.
The cost of not responding to the avalanche of information can
add up, yet not be immediately visible to CEOs and CFOs. In
surveys of U.S. companies, we have found that information
workers spend 14.5 hours per week reading and answering e-
mail, 13.3 hours creating documents, 9.6 hours searching for
information, and 9.5 hours analyzing information.
We estimate that an organization employing 1,000 knowledge
workers loses $5.7 million annually just in time wasted having
to reformat information as they move among applications. Not
finding information costs that same organization an additional
$5.3 million a year.
Adopting a comprehensive and disciplined approach to
managing information and understanding its value is a key to
reducing the hidden – and not so hidden – costs associated with
the information explosion.
DETERMINING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION:
INFORMATION LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
Not all digital bits are created equal. For consumers, family
photos are probably worth more than last year's record of sent
emails. Most people know what they would grab first if they
had to vacate their homes in a hurry.
In organizations, where there are a lot more pieces of
information, often buried in thousands of business applications
Figure 10
Source: IDC, 2007
11
and with many more internal customers, determining which
digital bits are worth more than which other digital bits is only
now becoming an emergent science.
The process of determining the value of information is
generally referred to as "information lifecycle management," or
ILM. The Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)
defines ILM as:
The policies, processes, practices, services and tools used to align
the business value of information with the most appropriate and
cost-effective infrastructure from the time information is created
through its final disposition. Information is aligned with
business requirements through management policies and service
levels associated with applications, metadata and data.
The ILM concept is simple to conceive. It basically means
assigning a value to information, changing that value over time,
storing the information according to its value, and deleting it
when the time comes.
In practice, it's more difficult. Every user in an organization
thinks his or her information is important, and data that seem
worthless one day may all of a sudden become invaluable when
auditors or lawyers request them. Value can not always be
determined by the age of the data.
So ILM initiatives usually proceed in stages, starting with the
development of a tiered storage architecture. Mission-critical
transactional data might be stored on high performance disk
systems attached to servers; less critical data, like year-old
inventory history, might be stored on a storage area network
populated with slower, less costly drives; the least critical
information, such as document back-ups from organizational
PCs, might be stored on tape.
ILM tools and solutions can include hardware, software, and
consulting services that help companies classify information by
value and manage it by class. Just the software market for
managing archiving and hierarchical storage management is
HOW LONG WILL OUR DIGITAL ARCHIVES LAST?
One paradox of the digital universe is this: Even as our ability to store digital bits increases, our ability to store them
over time decreases.
We can read cuneiforms of clay tablets thousands of years old, scrolls and books over a thousand years old, and
microfilm that is a hundred years old. But can we read a 8-track tape from 30 years ago, a floppy disk from 20 years
ago, or a VHS tape from 10 years ago?
The life-span of digital recording media is nowhere near as long as stone or paper – the media degrades and the
playback mechanisms become obsolete. The design life of a low cost hard drive is 5 years; the usable lifespan of
magnetic tape has been estimated to be as little as 10 years,viii and the life expectancy of CDs and DVDs may be
as little as 20 years.ix
In short, the life of stored data follows two conflicting curves: one where capacities go up and one where longevity
goes down.
For the moment the solution recommended to digital archivists by the National Media Lab is to transcribe digital
records to new media every 10-20 years – a tough assignment for all but the well-organized.
But long-term solutions are on the way, being spear-headed by the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)
via its 100-year archive initiative, as well as its work with leading storage companies on Extensible Access Method
(XAM). Its implementations are expected to be several types of interfaces between applications and storage systems
that coordinate metadata to achieve interoperability, storage transparency, and automation for ILM-based practices,
long term records retention, and information assurance (security).
12
expected to double in size from 2006 to 2010 to $1.7 billion
worldwide.
How much of today's information is "classified," or ranked
according to value? IDC estimates that within organizations it
is still less than 10%. About a quarter of organizational
information lies outside the data center, and as much as 30% of
corporate information sits in small businesses. But given the
brisk growth in software and services around information
management, IDC expects the amount of classified data to
grow better than 50% a year.
But so will the total amount of data, so the percentage of data
in the digital universe that is classified will grow more slowly.
THE UNSTRUCTURED DATA PROBLEM
Over 95% of the digital universe is "unstructured data" –
meaning its content can't be truly represented by its location in
a computer record, such as name, address, or date of last
transaction. Digital images, voice packets, and the musical
notes in an MP3 file would be considered unstructured data. In
organizations, unstructured data accounts for more than 80%
of all information.
There may be information about the content, such as when it
was captured – e.g., the time stamp on a camcorder clip – or its
compression scheme, address from which it was sent or received
if indeed it was, or file size. But that information, or
"metadata," is generally not enough to determine what is
STORING A LIFE'S WORTH OF INFORMATION
While science fiction writers have long imagined systems for storing and playing back all the events of our lives, at
least one industry luminary is trying to do it for real.
In 2000, Gordon Bell, for many years the top technologist at Digital Equipment Corporation and now a senior
researcher at Microsoft, began attempting to store all the information he creates and capturesx. The project originally
stored encoded archival material, such as books he read, music he listened to, or documents he created on his PC.
It then evolved to capturing audio recordings of conversations, phone calls, web pages accessed, medical information,
and even pictures captured by a camera that automatically takes pictures when its sensors indicate that the user
might want a photograph.
The original plan was to test the hypothesis that an individual could store a lifetime's worth of information on a single
terabyte drive, which, if compressed and excluding prerecorded video (movies or TV shows he watched) still seems
possible. The experiment is also being used to work on the software and database technology to manage the storage
and retrieval of the accumulated information.
By 2007, Bell had accumulated 300,000 records taking about 150 gigabytes of storage, so he probably could fit the
information on a 1-terabyte disk were one available. However, in one experiment where TV programs he watched were
recorded, he quickly ran up 2 terabytes of storage. So the one terabyte capacity is considered reasonable for text-
audio recording at 20th century resolutions, but not full video.
In his experiment, Bell mimicked one of the trends we forecast for the digital universe. In 2000 he was shooting
digital camera pictures at 2 MB per image; when he got a new camera in 2005 the images swelled to 5 MB. Along
the way his email files got bigger as his attachments got bigger.
So let's see, at one terabyte per person, if everyone on the planet recorded everything Gordon Bell did, that would
mean we'd need 620 exabytes of storage – about 30 times what's available today. Hmm.
13
actually contained in a unit of information without some
human or automated intervention.
IDC believes that over time it will become easier to deal with
unstructured data as (1) more and more metadata is added to
unstructured data, (2) structure is added to unstructured data,
and (3) access systems provide structured views of both
structured and unstructured data.
Some of the current research directions we have seen
supporting this belief include:
• Techniques for automatically classifying unstructured
databased on examining the content itself, and then making
it available to computer applications. The combined
structured and unstructured data can then be displayed as the
output of database queries.
• Methods for adding "structure" to unstructured content by
examining the words or images in context, using "fuzzy"
matching techniques, employing indexing engines, and
so on.
• Tools to optimize multimedia searches, e.g., research on
techniques to match images on the Worldwide Web to
images on a handheld device.
• Tools for searching images, although today most of these
require the user or a software program to "tag" the image or
provide key words; most image search today is based on text
analytics on information about the images. Researchers,
however, are working on getting information about the image
by examining the image or video stream itself for
recognizable artifacts.
• Methods of searching audio files by the spoken word, rather
than on textual metadata, which will help as audio
information delivery, such as podcasts, grows.
• Work by the Worldwide Web Consortium, under the
leadership of Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the Web, on
creating the "semantic Web," which would use automated
tagging of data to allow searching inside XML documents.
An example of this type of technique can be seen in public
safety applications in the Dublin, Ireland, airport, Milan, Italy,
metro, and Dover, England, port. Here surveillance cameras are
linked into information systems, and software using "fuzzy
matching" techniques segments the scene and matches images
to patterns it knows of suspicious behavior, such as someone
leaving an unattended suitcase. The match doesn't need to be
exact – just enough to call attention to the image.
COMPLIANCE: AN ORGANIZING FORCE
Sarbanes-Oxley, HIPAAxi, SEC rule 17a-4xii, FDA Rule 21
CFR Part 11xiii, Basel IIxiv, and hundreds of other acronyms
and initials refer to the collection of government and trade
group rules that, together, the industry calls "compliance."
In meeting these rules, companies are forced to deal with new
aspects of the expanding digital universe – since the rules set
standards for record keeping, records retention, information
security, and privacy protection, among other things. New rules
for things like legal discovery of documents, called "e-
discovery," are driving companies to formalize new records
management policies, develop archiving standards, and
institute policy changes and employee training.
How much of the digital universe is subject to compliance rules
and standards? It's not easy to tell, but our best estimate is,
DEDUPLICATION:
LESS IS MORE
Duplicated information, while difficult to measure,
has always been a major driver of capacity needs
for storage. Beyond the vast distribution of various
applications that are duplicated on servers and PCs
worldwide, there is also the notion of backing up
duplicate copies of information.
Deduplication (a.k.a., record linkage and single
instancing) is a technology that can identify and
manage the removal of duplicate data by linking
records that refer to the same data within
structured, as well as unstructured data
environments. Think of not backing up only
documents that have changed since the last
backup, but backing up only the words and phrases
in the document that have changed.
Reducing this redundancy within backed up
information can yield efficiencies as much as 20:1
over traditional information backup methods today
and potentially greater in the future.
14
today, about 20%. Records and files about company
operations, employees, and customers, surveillance camera
images that might be called in discovery, recorded phone calls
and emails, records of online transactions, and so on. Given the
current rate of growth of digital surveillance cameras alone, this
percentage should grow steadily.
As a result, compliance is big
business. Spending on just the
hardware,
software,
and
computer services to develop an
IT infrastructure to support
compliance
initiatives
is
expected to double from 2006
to 2010 to $21.4 billion
worldwide (Figure 11).
The email archiving market
alone is expected to be a billion
dollar software and hosted
services market by 2010, up
from $471 million in 2006.
And this is spending that
excludes money for consultants,
lawyers, internal training, and
the other non-IT costs of
meeting the new rules.
There are benefits to companies that institute solid compliance
strategies that go beyond simply fulfilling legal requirements.
The compliance infrastructure of which IDC talks includes the
convergence of content, collaboration, storage, security, and
system and network management as applied to supporting
compliance initiatives. Firms that get this part of their IT
operations organized are generally going to be better at
governing the rest of their business.
But the expansion of the digital universe will create challenges
for even the most well-organized organizations. The new rules
don't distinguish between structured and unstructured data,
and the new information types streaming into and out of
organizations will need to be folded into this compliance
infrastructure. These include, in addition to emails, database
records, and documents:
• Instant messages in organizations – which will be sent and
received from 250 million IM accounts by 2010, including
consumer accounts from which business IMs are sent;
• Voice over IP phone calls, which will increasingly be
integrated over organizational IT networks;
• Web conferences, including both audio and video and both
host-based and premises-based, and which will increasingly
be an embedded function in other business applications;
• Multimedia publications,
including
podcasts
and
videocasts;
•
Surveillance and security
camera images, the digital
versions of which are expected
to grow more than 10-fold in
the next 4 years.
IDC believes that compliance
and risk management will be a
key driving force for spending
on software, services, and
storage for years to come.
SECURITY: THE DARK SIDE OF THE DIGITAL
UNIVERSE
The first highly publicized security breach of the Internet was a
99-line "worm" created by Robert Morris, a 23-year old student
at Cornell, in 1998. The Internet Worm, as it came to be called,
infected an estimated 6,000 computers in a matter of hours,
slowing them down to the point where they had to be shut
down and disinfected. The attack created headlines in the world
press and earned its creator a fine, community service, and three
years' probation. This is considered the first "worm."
This may have been the first worm, but it certainly wasn't the
last.
Security threats in the digital universe have migrated from
hacker pranks and disgruntled worker vandalism to
sophisticated identity thefts that involve tricking users to come
to fake PayPal sites, denial-of-service attacks for ransom, and
creation of worms that can create or attack other worms.
(In the past, security breaches were often not publicized. But as
attacks on information security have become more
Figure 11
Source: IDC, 2007
sophisticated – and press reports on lost laptops with personnel
records, theft of credit card and customer records by hackers,
and other stories of compromised data more commonplace –
the issue has entered the public eye. California, for instance,
now requires companies and government agencies to disclose
breaches of information confidentiality.)
In keeping with the increased threats and in addition to
hardening the peripheral security, organizations are moving to
secure access and identity, layer digital rights management on
the information itself, increase security attributes of the systems
including storage systems and encrypt backup tapes and other
media that goes off site. To ensure compliance with their
security policies and related regulations, organizations are
consolidating, storing and analyzing substantial amounts of log
data related to security applications and infrastructure
elements.
Spending on security-specific software is already nearly $40
billion a year; by 2010 it will be $65 billion, or close to 5% of
total IT spending. Add the software, hardware, and networks
needed to support those security products and you are up over
10% of IT spending (Figure 12).
The growth of the digital universe almost dictates that the share
of IT spending devoted to information security and privacy
protection will have to go up. Billions of new users on the
internet, increasingly sophisticated attackers, and many more
networked signals almost ensure that security issues will get
worse, not better. IDC estimates that today close to 30% of the
bits in the digital universe are potentially subject to security
applications; by 2010 that proportion will be closer to 40%.
Thankfully, the pressure on organizations to organize their
information more rationally to support compliance initiatives
will dovetail nicely with the need to increase information
security and privacy protection. This pressure will, in turn,
drive the development of new organizational information
infrastructures.
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
The digital universe is not only expanding, it is changing
character and, along the way, changing the expectations and
habits of people who use and depend on information. As we
have seen:
• There is a comingling of user created and organization-
managed information – from employees sending personal
emails from corporate laptops to consumers listening to
corporate podcasts on their own players.
• Most of the digital universe will remain unstructured –
meaning tools and techniques will be required to add
structure to this content to improve search, discovery,
management, security, and storage.
• Most of the bits in the digital universe will travel over
networks, including the Internet, new IP-based telephone
networks, and broadcast networks.
• By 2007 there will be more information created, captured,
and replicated than the capacity to store all of it.
These characteristics of the digital universe will affect us in
profound ways. For consumers and citizens it means the
continuation of the digital onslaught that really began in the
1990s with the personal computer, the Internet, and the cell
phone.
Now we are adding more and more digital devices to the
equation, from the new crop of video games and automobile
GPS systems to programmable implants, RFID chips for
marathon runners, and Bluetooth sunglasses.
The societal impact of the digital universe seems fairly
straightforward – digital information literacy will be an
increasingly important life skill. At the same time, the cost to
access the bits in the digital universe will drop to the cost of a
cell phone.
Figure 12
Source: IDC, 2007
15
16
For organizations, the impact of the expansion of the digital
universe is clear in the broad outline. We will need more
storage, and more intelligent storage. We will need better
management of the information we create, replicate, and store,
and we will need to meet demands of both legal regulations and
the competitive dynamics of our industries. More specifically:
• The growth of the digital universe means a sea change in the
way organizations deal with customers, suppliers, and
employees. IDC predicts that just the number of electronic
commerce connections among companies and their
customers will increase 100-fold in five years. This will drive
new engagement strategies and techniques, from creating and
managing blogs to mining customer data and integrating
disparate applications, in ways we don’t utilize today.
• IT managers will see the span of their domains expand
rapidly – as VoIP phones come onto corporate network,
building automation and security migrates to IP networks,
surveillance goes digital, and RFID and sensor networks
proliferate.
• IT and storage managers will need to step up their ILM and
compliance infrastructure initiatives if they are to keep up
with the quantity, character, and source of the digital
information growing within organizations. Given the growth
of the digital universe this feels like a race against time.
• Information security and privacy protection will rise to a
boardroom concern as organizations and their customers
become
increasingly
tied
together with
real-time
connections. This will require not just the implementation of
new technologies – from multimedia encryption and digital
watermarking to advanced biometrics – but also new
training, policies, and procedures. Physical security and
information security will merge.
• The community of those with access to corporate data will
become more diffuse – as workers become more mobile, as
companies increasingly implement customer self service, and
as globalization diversifies customer and partner relationships
and elongates supply chains.
IDC's vision of "Dynamic IT" to support dynamic
organizations sees the emergence of resource pooling via
technologies such as virtualization and service-oriented-
software decoupling rigid connections among computers,
storage, data, and individual applications, where information
today is trapped in narrow, hard to access silos.
Dynamic IT frees information from the underlying traditional
IT infrastructure that stores, manages, and secures it. Thus,
information can become the design center for advanced
information infrastructures. Organizations today are beginning
to re-architect their infrastructures to make them more
dynamic and information-centric.
Along with the more flexible, dynamic, and service oriented
infrastructure, by the way, will come more flexible, dynamic,
and service oriented IT organizations.
So, today, we see enlightened organizations taking steps to keep
up with the demands of an expanding digital universe by:
• Creating more service oriented IT organization by
embedding staff within business units, developing service
agreements with internal customers, and using business
metrics to set IT performance goals.
• Establishing service level objectives for various IT functions,
including information storage, management, security.
• Developing organization-wide policies for information
security, records and email retention, privacy protection, and
data access – and providing continual training and systems
support to facilitate the policies.
• Refreshing the IT infrastructure with the new Dynamic IT
tools, such as server and storage virtualization, database
federation, business-rule base application development,
automatic data center provisioning, and business analytics.
• Deploying advanced technologies for information capture,
search and discovery, and data classification and tagging in
pilot projects; and proselytizing the concepts of information
lifecycle management.
• Establishing a Chief Security Office and elevating it from an
IT function to a corporate function.
Stay tuned. There is still an information universe beyond the
digital universe. The use of paper in the world is still increasing
(nearly 5% in the last five years)xv . But we have clearly hit a
threshold – where the digital universe is now pervasive enough
to be a major locale for commerce, education, social
interaction, and entertainment. It's only going to get bigger.
17
METHODOLOGY AND KEY ASSUMPTIONS
Our basic approach of sizing the expanding digital universe
was to:
• Develop a forecast for the installed base of 49 classes of
devices or applications that could capture or create digital
information.
• Estimate how many units of information – files, images,
songs, minutes of video, phone calls, packets of information
-- were created in a year
• Convert these units to megabytes using assumptions about
resolutions, digital conversion rates, and usage patterns.
• Estimate the number of times a unit of information is
replicated, either to share or store. The latter is a small
number, for example the number of spreadsheets shared, or a
large number, such as the number of movies put into DVD
or songs uploaded onto a peer-to-peer network.
Much of this information is part of IDC's ongoing research.
For instance, we have published research on shipments and
installed base for almost all of the devices we forecasted, we
have the number of megabytes created by all digital cameras,
camcorders, and camera phones, the number of megabytes of
email traffic, and the average number of original documents
created on PCs.
For devices like the PC and servers, we analyzed the
information creation, capture or replication based on
application or workload. For instance, IDC has amassed
detailed information on server workloads as a result of decades
of studying the server market and surveying users.
Since most of IDC's forecasts also have geographic splits, we
were able to build our forecasts of the digital universe by region
and aggregate to worldwide.
Below is a list of the kinds of devices or information categories
we examined.
INFORMATION CREATION DEVICES
Image Capture/Creation
Digital Voice Capture
Data Storage
High End Cameras
Landline Telephony
Sensors
HDD
Digital Cameras
Voice over IP
Smart Cards
Optical
Camcorders
Mobile Phones
Video games
Tape
Camera phones
Data Creation
MP3 players
NV Flash Memory
Webcams
PC applications
SMS
Memory
Surveillance
database
GPS
Scanners
Office Applications
Server Workloads
Multifunction Peripherals
Email
Business Processing
OCR
Video/teleconference
Decision Support
Bar Code Readers
IM
Collaborative
Medical Imaging
Other
Application Development
Digital TV
Smart Handhelds
IT Infrastructure
Digitized Movies & Video
Terminals, ATMs, Kiosks,
Web Infrastructure
Special Effects
Specialized Computers
Technical
Graphics Workstations
Industrial machines/cars/toys
Other
RFID
18
AVAILABLE STORAGE
IDC routinely tracks the terabytes of disk storage shipped each
year by region, drive type, and application type (e.g., PC, digital
camera, storage array, etc.). We also track shipments of tape and
optical drives.
To develop available storage on hard drives, IDC storage analysts
estimated storage utilization on capacity shipped in previous
years and added that to the current year shipments.
For optical and nonvolatile flash memory, we developed installed
capacity ratios per drive and algorithms for capacity utilization
and over-writing. In optical we found there was much more pre-
recorded and write-once storage than storage that was over-
written by users.
SOME KEY ASSUMPTIONS
Most assumptions about capacities, resolutions, compression or
replication are embedded in the original source IDC forecasts.
These are not repeated here.
But there were some assumptions that were material to the
output:
• Images: We assumed that most images were captured or
replicated in a compressed format, e.g., JPEG 100, rather than
in raw format. This lowered overall exabytes.
• Digital TV: We counted creation as the creation of the content
shown on the TV and its broadcast as replication. We only
counted broadcasts that were seen, thus the growth in Digital
TV exabytes tracks the deployment of digital TVs.
• Voice capture: Although many calls on the traditional voice
network originate as analog signals, we assume that at
somewhere in the network they are sampled and changed to
digital pulses.
• Voice replication: Because we had no publicly-available data
on the number of phone calls that might be recorded and
stored by either phone companies or governments, we held
replication to zero on all but VoIP calls. We did, however,
estimate a small percentage of the voice traffic as data about the
calls for billing and tracking.
• Computers: While computers store and transport many of the
files, images, voice packets, and songs in the digital universe,
we estimated the amount of information associated with them
based on their end devices. This is one of the reasons the "data"
portion seems small compared with the image portion. We did
not count an image replicated from a digital camera to a PC as
one that was "captured" by the PC but as a replication from the
camera. We did this to avoid over counting (a replication as
another device's capture).
• Music: Our estimate was based on assessing the total number
of new songs created, which we assumed were created in a large
file-format CD for distribution. Songs in MP3 format were
considered replication. We estimated the number of legal song
sales (CD and Web distribution) and added a conservative
estimate of songs illegally distributed. It is quite possible that
we were too conservative in our estimate of illegally shared
songs over peer-to-peer networks.
• Sensors and RFID tags: We assumed a steady increase in the
frequency with which the signals were read – from, for
instance, weekly to multiple times a day in the case of an RFID
tag. Despite the number of tags and sensors expected to be in
use in the upcoming years, this did not affect total exabytes
very much because the signals tend to be quite small. It did
affect the total number of information "units" charted.
QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES
In some cases we developed estimates of information categories –
e.g., structured versus unstructured content – by estimating the
percent of a device type category that would apply (e.g., images
as "unstructured.") These we then added up to develop
percentages of the digital universe. These include our estimates of
structured and unstructured data, organizational and consumer
data, security or compliance intense data, and data that would
would involve organization "touch." In this regard they are more
subjective than the sizing of the digital universe based on device
output.
LEVELS OF AGGREGATION
While we developed our forecast of the digital universe, we
elected to aggregate our results into the categories shown to
simplify our story and to protect the investment of the clients
who have paid for the underlying foundation research. Where
appropriate, we used IDC proprietary data to make our points.
The bibliography of supporting IDC reports gives you an idea of
the extent of that underlying research.
19
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Worldwide Plasma Display Panel 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC
#201988, June 2006)
• Worldwide LCD TV 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #201593,
May 2006)
• Worldwide DVR 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #204071,
October 2006)
• Worldwide Digital Television Semiconductor 2006-2010
Forecast (IDC #203201, September 2006)
• Asia/Pacific (Excluding Japan) Digital Set-Top Box 2006-
2010 Forecast (IDC #AP654108N, October 2006)
• Worldwide and U.S. Digital Pay TV Set-Top Box 2006-2010
Forecast (IDC #204338, November 2006)
• U.S. Digital Cable, Satellite and Telco TV Subscriber 2005-
2009 Forecast (IDC #34628, December 2005)
• Western Europe Digital TV Technologies Forecast 2005-
2010 (IDC #KD04N, November 2006)
• 2006 U.S. Consumer Digital Imaging Survey (IDC
#203900, October 2006)
• Worldwide Digital Image 2006-2010 Forecast: The Image
Capture and Share Bible (IDC #204651, December 2006)
• Worldwide Consumer Video Content and Archive 2006-
2010 Forecast (IDC #204640, December 2006)
• Worldwide Digital Camcorder 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC
#203195, August 2006)
• Worldwide Digital Still Camera 2006-2010 Forecast Update
(IDC #203675, September 2006)
• Worldwide PC Camera 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #34962,
March 2006)
• Worldwide Camera Phone and Videophone 2006-2010
Forecast (IDC #204456, December 2006)
• U.S. High-Speed Document Imaging Scanner 2006-2010
Forecast (IDC #203552, September 2006)
• Worldwide Flatbed Scanner 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC
#203000, August 2006)
• 2006 U.S. Mobile Imaging Survey (IDC #203901, October
2006)
• Worldwide Content Management and Retrieval Services
2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #35076, March 2006)
• Worldwide Content Access Tools (Search and Discovery)
2006-2010 Forecast Update (IDC #203439, September
2006)
• Unified Access to Content and Data: Delivering a 360-
Degree View of the Enterprise (IDC #34836, February
2006)
• Unified Access to Content and Data: Database and Data
Integration Technologies Embrace Content (IDC #204843,
December 2006)
• Unified Access to Information: Content Vendors Heed the
Urge to Converge (IDC #202942, August 2006)
• U.S. Network Camera 2007-2011 Forecast (IDC #205402,
January 2007)
• Worldwide High-Speed Document Imaging Scanner 2006-
2010 Forecast (IDC #204929, January 2007)
• Portable Audio Device Survey Results: IDC’s Consumer
Markets Audio Telephone and Web Surveys (IDC #203090,
September 2006)
• Worldwide and U.S. Portable Compressed Audio Player
2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #201325, April 2006)
• 2006 Compliance in Information Management Forum West
Survey: End-User Attitudes and Investment Priorities (IDC
#202615, July 2006)
• Worldwide Archive and Hierarchical Storage Management
Software 2006-2010 Forecast Update (IDC #203150,
August 2006)
• Worldwide IT Security Software, Hardware and Services
2006-2010: The Big Picture (IDC #204736, December
2006)
• Worldwide Email Usage 2005-2009 Forecast (IDC #34504,
December 2005)
• Worldwide Email Archiving Applications 2006-2010
Forecast (IDC #203535, September 2006)
• Worldwide Compliance Infrastructure 2006-2010 Forecast
(IDC #201961, June 2006)
• Worldwide Enterprise Instant Messaging Applications and
Management Products 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC #203848,
October 2006)
20
• Server Workloads 2005: Understanding the Applications
Behind the Deployment (IDC #35069, March 2006)
• Worldwide Videogame Hardware and Software Forecast
2006-2010 (IDC #34683, January 2006)
• Worldwide Multifunction Peripheral 2006-2010 Forecast
(IDC #204136, November 2006)
• Worldwide IP PBX and Hardware Desktop IP Phone 1H06
Vendor Shares (IDC #203949, October 2006)
• Worldwide IP PBX and IP Phones 2006-2010 Forecast
Update (IDC #202531, July 2006)
• U.S. Residential VoIP Services 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC
#201638, May 2006)
• U.S. Residential VoIP Handset 2006-2010 Forecast (IDC
#204690, December 2006)
• Demystifying the Digital Oilfield (IDC #EI202344, July
2006)
ADDITIONAL DATA SOURCES
• IDC Worldwide Black Book
• IDC Worldwide Telecom Black Book
• IDC Worldwide PC Tracker
• IDC Worldwide Server Tracker
• IDC Worldwide Internet Commerce Market Model
• IDC Worldwide Smart Handheld Device Tracker
• IDC Worldwide Storage Tracker
FOOTNOTES
iWired, December 2006, "The Rise of YouTube," p. 22.
iiPirates of the Digital Millennium, Gantz and Rochester, FT
Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 175.
iiiIEEE Spectrum, July 2006, "Ring of Steel II," p. 12.
ivComputerworld, October 30, 2006, "Where Size is
Opportunity," p. 22.
vLyman, Peter and Hal R.Varian, "How Much Information,"
2003. Retrieved from
http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-
much-info-2003/
viPrepared remarks before the Senate subcommittee on
Science, Technology, and Space, October 28, 1999.
viiEvan Schuman, Ziff Davis Internet, October 13, 2004, "At
Wal-Mart, World's Largest Retail Data Warehouse Gets
Even Larger."
viiiA 1995 article in Scientific American by Jeff Rothenberg
entitled "Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents"
engendered years of discussion and debate on just how long
magnetic tape lasts.
ixNIST Special Publication 500-252.
xGordon Bell and Jim Gemmell, "A Digital Life," Scientific
American, March 2007, pp. 58-65.
xiHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
xiiRules on electronic record-keeping for brokers and dealers.
xiiiRules on electronic record keeping by the U.S. Federal
Drug Administration.
xivBasel II refers to the International Convergence of Capital
Measurement and Capital Standards - A Revised Framework
accord between international banks on standards measuring
the adequacy of a bank's capital. It sets standards for
electronic record-keeping, among other things.
xivEarthTrends.wri.org database - paper/paperboard products
2000-2004 and "No End to Paperwork," World Resources
Institute (WRI).
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