ETHNICITY
POLITICAL AFFILIATION
RELIGION
A C C E S S A N D I N C L U S I O N
S E C T I O N
GUIDEBOOK FOR PLANNING EDUCATION IN EMERGENCIES AND RECONSTRUCTION
The designations employed and the presentation of
material throughout this review do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO or the
IIEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
city or area or its authorities, or concerning its frontiers
or boundaries.
The publication costs of this study have been covered
through a grant-in-aid offered by UNESCO and by
voluntary contributions made by several Member States
of UNESCO.
Published by:
International Institute for Educational Planning
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Layout and cover design: Sabine Lebeau
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ISBN: 92-803-1288-X
© UNESCO 2006
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I I E P • I N T E R N A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E F O R E D U C A T I O N A L P L A N N I N G
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MAIN OBJECTIVES
• To ensure that all children and youth
regardless of ethnicity, political
affi liation or religion have equal
access to quality education even and
especially during emergencies and early
reconstruction.
ETHNICITY / POLITICAL AFFILIATION / RELIGION
Chapter
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CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES
Political, religious and ethnic affi liation, or some
combination of two or three of these, can
directly affect access to education. Throughout
history, many states have supported education
of varying quality for different members of
their populations. In such instances, access
to education becomes highly politicized as
less powerful groups demand better-quality
education for their children, and more powerful
groups seek to retain their advantage in society.
In times of confl ict and emergencies, these
controversies are likely to intensify. Most of the
world’s confl icts are civil wars. Of the 36 armed
confl icts in 2003, only one (Iraq) was between
states.
Political, religiou