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Table of Contents Introduction What Is Differentiation? ..............................................................................................4 How to Differentiate Using This Product ..................................................................5 General Information About the Student Populations ...........................................6–8 Special Education Students .......................................................................................6 English Language Learners .......................................................................................6 Regular Education Students......................................................................................7 Gifted Education Students ........................................................................................8 Strategies for Using the Leveled Texts .................................................................9–17 Special Education Students .......................................................................................9 English Language Learners .....................................................................................13 Gifted Education Students ......................................................................................16 How to Use This Product .....................................................................................18–20 Readability Chart .....................................................................................................18 Components of the Product .....................................................................................19 Tips for Managing the Product ...............................................................................20 Leveled Texts Exploring the New World ......................................................................................21–28 Explorers .................................................................................................................29–36 American Indian Tribes of the East .......................................................................37–44 American Indian Tribes of the Plains ....................................................................45–52 American Indian Tribes of the West ......................................................................53–60 The New England Colonies ...................................................................................61–68 The Middle Colonies ..............................................................................................69–76 The Southern Colonies ...........................................................................................77–84 Slavery in the New World ......................................................................................85–92 Causes of the American Revolution .....................................................................93–100 The Declaration of Independence ......................................................................101–108 The American Revolution ..................................................................................109–116 Early Congresses ................................................................................................117–124 The Constitution of the United States ...............................................................125–132 The Bill of Rights ................................................................................................133–140 Appendix Resources ....................................................................................................................141 Works Cited ............................................................................................................141 Image Sources ................................................................................................141–143 Contents of Teacher Resource CD........................................................................144 3 © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America SEP50081_Early America.indd 3 2/28/07 11:37:57 AM Introduction How to Use This Product Readability Chart Title of the Text Star Circle Square Triangle Exploring the New World 1.7 3.2 5.2 6.8 Explorers 1.5 3.1 5.1 6.9 American Indian Tribes of the East 1.7 3.2 5.0 7.0 American Indian Tribes of the Plains 1.8 3.1 5.0 6.9 American Indian Tribes of the West 1.7 3.1 5.1 7.0 The New England Colonies 2.0 3.4 5.2 7.1 The Middle Colonies 1.9 3.3 5.1 6.7 The Southern Colonies 1.6 3.5 5.1 6.8 Slavery in the New World 1.8 3.3 5.0 7.0 Causes of the American Revolution 1.9 3.2 5.1 6.9 The American Revolution 2.2 3.3 5.0 6.9 The Declaration of Independence 1.6 3.0 4.9 6.8 Early Congresses 1.9 3.1 5.0 7.0 The Constitution of the United States 2.1 3.3 4.9 6.5 The Bill of Rights 2.1 3.3 5.0 7.1 18 #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education SEP50081_Early America.indd 18 2/28/07 11:38:09 AM Introduction How to Use This Product (cont.) Components of the Product SEP50081—Exploring the New World 22 Most people in the 1400s said that Earth was fl at. But, some thought that it was round. They wanted to prove it. Other people wanted to share their faith. These men told rulers that they would teach their faith to people in the new lands. Then, the rulers paid for their trips. Many places were found by mistake. Still, every fi nd gave new information. After each trip, mapmakers made better maps. Risky Adventures Life on a ship was rough. Sailors died from hunger. They died from sickness and they died in shipwrecks. Even after reaching shore, the crew might fi nd tribes waiting to kill them. On every trip, they sailed into the unknown! Sometimes the crew would fi ght with the captain. This was called a mutiny. Another word for this is a revolt. Ferdinand Magellan (muh-JELL-uhn) stopped one fi ght when he left a man in Brazil. He had another man killed. Comprehension Question What was hard about being an explorer? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 22 Primary Sources • Each level of text includes multiple primary sources. These documents, photographs, and illustrations add interest to the texts. The historical images also serve as visual support for second language learners. They make the texts more context rich and bring the texts to life. Comprehension Questions • Each level of text includes one comprehension question. Like the texts, the comprehension questions were leveled by an expert. They are written to allow all students to be successful within a whole-class discussion. The questions for the same topic are closely linked so that the teacher can ask a question on that topic and all students will be able to answer. The lowest-level students might focus on the facts, while the upper-level students can delve deeper into the meanings. • Teachers may want to base their whole-class question on the square level questions. Those were the starting points for all the other leveled questions. The Levels • There are 15 topics in this book. Each topic is leveled to four different reading levels. The images and fonts used for each level within a topic look the same. • Behind each page number, you’ll see a shape. These shapes indicate the reading levels of each piece so that you can make sure students are working with the correct texts. The reading levels fall into the ranges indicated to the left. See the chart on page 18 for specific levels of each text. Leveling Process • The texts in this series are taken from the Primary Source Readers kits published by Teacher Created Materials. A reading expert went through the texts and leveled each one to create four distinct reading levels. • After that, a special education expert and an English language learner expert carefully reviewed the lowest two levels and suggested changes that would help their students comprehend the texts better. • The texts were then leveled one final time to ensure the editorial changes made during the process kept them within the ranges described to the left. SEP50081—Exploring the New World 24 Most people in the 1400s believed that Earth was fl at. But, some explorers thought that it was round. They wanted to prove it. Others wanted to spread their faith. Some men got their ships and crews by telling rulers that they would turn the people in new lands into Christians. Many of the discoveries were made accidentally. Still, every fi nd added new information. After each trip, mapmakers could make maps with more details about the New World. Risky Adventures Life on a ship was rough. Sailors died from hunger and sickness. Shipwrecks were common. After reaching shore, the crew sometimes found unfriendly tribes. On every trip, they sailed into the unknown! Many captains faced mutinies, or revolts. This happened when a crew turned on its captain. The leaders of such revolts were in big trouble if they failed. Ferdinand Magellan (muh-JELL-uhn) stopped one revolt by leaving a man in Brazil. He had another man put to death. Comprehension Question What are at least three things that made exploring hard? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 24 SEP50081—Exploring the New World 26 Although most people in the 1400s believed that Earth was fl at, some explorers believed that it was round, and they wanted to prove this theory. Others wanted to spread Christian beliefs. In fact, many explorers received their ships and crews by convincing rulers that they could make the people in new lands adopt Christianity. Many of the explorers’ discoveries were accidental. Still, every discovery added new information. After each trip, new descriptions helped mapmakers create better maps. Risky Adventures Life on a ship was diffi cult. Sailors frequently died from hunger and sickness. Shipwrecks were common. And after reaching shore, the crew sometimes found hostile tribes. On every trip they sailed into the unknown! Many captains faced mutiny. This is a revolt that happened when a crew turned on its captain. The leaders of such revolts were in big trouble if they failed. Ferdinand Magellan (muh-JELL-uhn) stopped one revolt by leaving a man in Brazil. He had another man put to death. Comprehension Question Why did men risk their lives to explore? Explain in detail at least three reasons. #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 26 SEP50081—Exploring the New World 28 Although most people in the 1400s believed that Earth was fl at, some explorers thought that it was round, and they wanted to prove this theory. Others wanted to spread Christian beliefs. In fact, many explorers acquired their ships and crews after telling rulers that they could convince the natives in new lands to adopt Christianity. Many of the explorers’ discoveries were accidental, yet they still brought new information to Europe. After every trip, the explorers’ descriptions helped cartographers create better maps. Risky Adventures Life aboard a ship was diffi cult. Sailors frequently died from disease and starvation. Shipwrecks were common. And after reaching shore, the crew sometimes found hostile native tribes. Every trip was an adventure into the unknown! Many captains faced mutiny. Such a revolt happened when a crew thought its captain was doing a terrible job. The leaders of such revolts were in big trouble if the mutiny failed. Ferdinand Magellan (muh-JELL-uhn) stopped one revolt by leaving a man in Brazil, and he had another man put to death. Comprehension Question For what reasons were men willing to face the challenges and dangers of exploring? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 28 Levels 1.5–2.2 Levels 3.0–3.5 Levels 6.5–7.2 Levels 4.5–5.2 19 © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America SEP50081_Early America.indd 19 2/28/07 11:38:12 AM The American Revolution It was April 1775. British General Thomas Gage went to Boston. He planned to fi nd and take the guns that belonged to the colonists. He also wanted their gunpowder. The Sons of Liberty found out about this plan. Three men got on horses. Paul Revere was one of these men. The men rode in the dark. They told colonists that the British were coming. Some colonists got ready to fi ght in a few minutes. These men were called “minutemen.” The British soldiers met the colonists in Lexington, Massachusetts. No one knows who shot fi rst. But it is called the “shot heard ’round the world.” This shot began the American Revolution. Eight colonists died. One British soldier was hurt. © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America 109 SEP50081_Early America.indd 109 2/28/07 11:48:44 AM Important Battles The British made General George Washington’s leave from New York. Washington’s army went to Pennsylvania. Washington wanted to catch the British off guard. He set out with 2,500 troops. It was Christmas Day 1776. They went across the river at night. The British soldiers did not know this. They were shocked when Washington’s army showed up in Trenton, New Jersey. The colonists quickly took the town. The Battle of Saratoga was very important. It changed the war. British General John Burgoyne crossed Lake Champlain. Then, he went down the Hudson River. He met the colonists in Saratoga, New York. The British troops fought hard. They fought for a month. Yet, the Americans won this battle. France saw that the colonists could win. France and Great Britain did not like each other. So, France chose to help the Americans. They sent men to fi ght. They sent cash, too. The War Ends The last battle was at Yorktown, Virginia. General George Washington and the French navy blocked off the area. Then British General Charles Cornwallis was trapped. He could not get the things he needed. His men did not have enough food. His men did not have enough gunpowder. On October 11, 1781, the British gave up. The war ended. The colonists had done it. They were free! British and American leaders went to France. They agreed to stop fi ghting. They made an agreement. It was called the Treaty of Paris. They signed it on September 3, 1783. Comprehension Question Why did France decide to help in the war? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 110 SEP50081_Early America.indd 110 2/28/07 11:48:49 AM The American Revolution In April 1775, British General Thomas Gage went to Boston. He was to fi nd and take the colonists’ guns. He also wanted their gunpowder. The Sons of Liberty found out about his plan. Three men, including Paul Revere, got on horses and rode through the dark. They told the people that the British were coming. Colonists called “minutemen” got ready to fi ght. It took them just minutes to get ready. The British soldiers and the colonists met in Lexington, Massachusetts. No one knows who fi red the fi rst shot. It is called the “shot heard ’round the world” because this battle started the American Revolution. Eight colonists were killed. Just one British soldier was hurt. © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America 111 SEP50081_Early America.indd 111 2/28/07 11:48:56 AM Important Battles General George Washington decided to catch the British soldiers, or redcoats, off guard. The British had pushed his army back from New York to Pennsylvania. Washington set out with 2,500 troops. On Christmas Day 1776, they crossed the Delaware River at night. The British did not expect this. Washington’s army landed in Trenton, New Jersey. They soon took over the city. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war. British General John Burgoyne wanted to take Albany, New York. So, he crossed Lake Champlain. Then he went down the Hudson River. He met colonial fi ghters in Saratoga, New York. The British fought for a whole month. Still, they lost the fi ght. This showed France that the colonists could win. France and Britain had long been enemies. France chose to help the colonists. They sent money and soldiers. The War Ends The last big battle of the war was at Yorktown, Virginia. General George Washington and the French navy set up a blockade at Yorktown. This meant they closed off the area. British General Charles Cornwallis could not get supplies for his troops. The troops were running out of food. They were running out of gunpowder. On October 11, 1781, the British gave up. The war was over. Later, a treaty was made. British and American leaders met in France. They signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. Comprehension Question How did the French help the colonists in the war? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 112 SEP50081_Early America.indd 112 2/28/07 11:49:01 AM The American Revolution In April 1775, British General Thomas Gage went to Boston. He was to fi nd and take the colonists’ guns and gunpowder. Paul Revere and the other Sons of Liberty found out his plan. Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott got on their horses and rode through the night. They told the colonists that the British were coming. Colonists called “minutemen” were ready to fi ght within minutes of getting these warnings. The British soldiers and the colonial militia met in Lexington, Massachusetts. No one knows who fi red the fi rst shot. This is called the “shot heard ’round the world” because this battle started the American Revolution. Eight colonists were killed. Only one British soldier was hurt. © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America 113 SEP50081_Early America.indd 113 2/28/07 11:49:06 AM Important Battles On Christmas Day 1776, General George Washington decided to catch the redcoats off guard. The British had pushed the Continental (kon-tuh-NEN-tuhl) Army back from New York to Pennsylvania. Washington set out with 2,500 troops. They crossed the Delaware River in the dark. The British did not expect them. When Washington’s army landed in Trenton, New Jersey, they quickly took over the city. Most people think of the Battle of Saratoga as the war’s turning point. British General John Burgoyne wanted to take Albany, New York. So, he crossed Lake Champlain and traveled down the Hudson River. He met colonial fi ghters in Saratoga, New York. The British fought for an entire month, but they lost the battle. This victory by the colonial army showed France that the colonists could win. The British had long been enemies of the French. France decided to help the colonists. The French sent money and soldiers to help the Americans. The War Ends The last major battle of the war was at Yorktown, Virginia. General Washington and the French created a trap for British General Charles Cornwallis. The colonists and the French navy set up a blockade at Yorktown. This meant that Cornwallis was unable to get supplies. On October 11, 1781, he surrendered (suh-REN-duhrd) his armies. The war was over. Later, a treaty was made between Britain and the colonists. The Treaty of Paris was signed in France on September 3, 1783. Comprehension Question How did France affect the outcome of the war? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 114 SEP50081_Early America.indd 114 2/28/07 11:49:11 AM The American Revolution In April 1775, British General Thomas Gage was sent to Boston to locate and take possession of the colonists’ stockpile of guns and gunpowder. Paul Revere and the other Sons of Liberty discovered his plan. Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott jumped on their horses. They rode through the night to warn the colonists that the British were coming. Colonists called “minutemen” were ready to fi ght within minutes of getting these warnings. The British soldiers and the colonial militia met in Lexington, Massachusetts. Nobody knows who fi red the fi rst shot. This is called the “shot heard ’round the world” because this battle started the American Revolution. Eight colonists were killed, while only one British soldier was injured. © Shell Education #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America 115 SEP50081_Early America.indd 115 2/28/07 11:49:17 AM Important Battles On Christmas Day 1776, General George Washington made a major move to catch the redcoats off guard. The British had pushed the Continental (kon- tuh-NEN-tuhl) Army back from New York to Pennsylvania. Washington set out with 2,500 troops. They crossed the Delaware River under cover of darkness. The British were not expecting them. When Washington’s army landed in Trenton, New Jersey, they quickly captured the city. Most people think of the Battle of Saratoga as the war’s turning point. British General John Burgoyne wanted to capture Albany, New York, so he crossed Lake Champlain and traveled down the Hudson River. He met colonial fi ghters in Saratoga, New York. The British fought for an entire month but lost the battle. This important victory by the colonial army showed France that the colonists could win the war. The British had long been enemies of the French. France decided to help the colonists. The French sent money and soldiers to assist the Americans. The War Ends The last major battle of the war was at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 11, 1781. General Washington and the French decided to create a trap for British General Charles Cornwallis. The colonists and the French navy set up a blockade at Yorktown, and Cornwallis was unable to get necessary supplies. He surrendered (suh-REN-duhrd) his armies. The war was over. Afterwards, a treaty was made between Great Britain and the colonists. The Treaty of Paris was signed in France on September 3, 1783. Comprehension Question In what ways did France change the course of the war? #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education 116 SEP50081_Early America.indd 116 2/28/07 11:49:22 AM Introduction How to Use This Product Readability Chart Title of the Text Star Circle Square Triangle Exploring the New World 1.7 3.2 5.2 6.8 Explorers 1.5 3.1 5.1 6.9 American Indian Tribes of the East 1.7 3.2 5.0 7.0 American Indian Tribes of the Plains 1.8 3.1 5.0 6.9 American Indian Tribes of the West 1.7 3.1 5.1 7.0 The New England Colonies 2.0 3.4 5.2 7.1 The Middle Colonies 1.9 3.3 5.1 6.7 The Southern Colonies 1.6 3.5 5.1 6.8 Slavery in the New World 1.8 3.3 5.0 7.0 Causes of the American Revolution 1.9 3.2 5.1 6.9 The American Revolution 2.2 3.3 5.0 6.9 The Declaration of Independence 1.6 3.0 4.9 6.8 Early Congresses 1.9 3.1 5.0 7.0 The Constitution of the United States 2.1 3.3 4.9 6.5 The Bill of Rights 2.1 3.3 5.0 7.1 Correlation to Standards The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation mandates that all states adopt academic standards that identify the skills students will learn in kindergarten through grade 12. While many states had already adopted academic standards prior to NCLB, the legislation set requirements to ensure the standards were detailed and comprehensive. In many states today, teachers are required to demonstrate how their lessons meet state standards. State standards are used in the development of Shell Education products, so educators can be assured that they meet the academic requirements of each state. Shell Education is committed to producing educational materials that are research and standards based. In this effort, all products are correlated to the academic standards of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Department of Defense Dependent Schools. A correlation report customized for your state can be printed directly from the following website: http://www.shelleducation.com. If you require assistance in printing correlation reports, please contact Customer Service at 1-877-777-3450. McREL Compendium Shell Education uses the Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) Compendium to create standards correlations. Each year, McREL analyzes state standards and revises the compendi- um. By following this procedure, they are able to produce a general compilation of national standards. The social studies standards on which the texts in this book focus are correlated to state standards at http://www.shelleducation.com. 18 #50081—Leveled Texts: Early America © Shell Education
