The Employment Situation

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News & Politics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
 
 
Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until 
USDL-22-0557 
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 1, 2022 
 
Technical information:  
Household data: 
(202) 691-6378  •  cpsinfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/cps 
Establishment data: 
(202) 691-6555  •  cesinfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/ces 
 
Media contact: 
(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov 
 
 
 
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2022 
 
 
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 431,000 in March, and the unemployment rate declined 
to 3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains continued in leisure 
and hospitality, professional and business services, retail trade, and manufacturing. 
 
 
 
This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 
 
Household Survey Data 
 
The unemployment rate declined by 0.2 percentage point to 3.6 percent in March, and the number of 
unemployed persons decreased by 318,000 to 6.0 million. These measures are little different from their 
values in February 2020 (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively), prior to the coronavirus (COVID-
19) pandemic. (See table A-1.) 
 
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 
March 2019 – March 2022
Percent
125,000
130,000
135,000
140,000
145,000
150,000
155,000
160,000
Mar-19
Sep-19
Mar-20
Sep-20
Mar-21
Sep-21
Mar-22
Thousands
Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 
March 2019 – March 2022
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Mar-19
Sep-19
Mar-20
Sep-20
Mar-21
Sep-21
Mar-22
 
 
 
 
 
-2- 
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult women (3.3 percent) declined in 
March. The jobless rates for adult men (3.4 percent), teenagers (10.0 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), 
Blacks (6.2 percent), Asians (2.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.2 percent) showed little change over the 
month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 
 
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers decreased by 191,000 to 1.4 million in 
March and is little different from its February 2020 level of 1.3 million. The number of persons on 
temporary layoff was little changed over the month at 787,000 and has essentially returned to its 
February 2020 level. The number of job leavers—that is, unemployed persons who quit or voluntarily 
left their previous job and began looking for new employment—fell by 176,000 to 787,000 in March. 
(See table A-11.) 
 
In March, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by 
274,000 to 1.4 million. This measure is 307,000 higher than in February 2020. The long-term 
unemployed accounted for 23.9 percent of all unemployed persons in March. (See table A-12.) 
 
The labor force participation rate, at 62.4 percent, changed little in March. The employment-
population ratio increased by 0.2 percentage point to 60.1 percent. Both measures remain below their 
February 2020 values (63.4 percent and 61.2 percent, respectively). (See table A-1.) 
 
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons was about unchanged at 4.2 million 
in March and is little different from its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have 
preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they 
were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 
 
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job increased by 382,000 
to 5.7 million in March, following a decrease of a similar magnitude in the prior month. This measure is 
above its February 2020 level of 5.0 million. These individuals were not counted as unemployed 
because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were 
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 
 
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 
the labor force, at 1.4 million, changed little in March. These individuals wanted and were available for 
work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 
who believed that no jobs were available for them, was essentially unchanged over the month at 
373,000. (See Summary table A.) 
 
Household Survey Supplemental Data 
 
In March, 10.0 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 
from 13.0 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 
at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the pandemic. 
 
In March, 2.5 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 
some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 4.2 
million in the previous month. Among those who reported in March that they were unable to work 
 
 
 
 
 
-3- 
because of pandemic-related closures or lost business, 15.4 percent received at least some pay from 
their employer for the hours not worked, down from 20.3 percent in February. 
 
Among those not in the labor force in March, 874,000 persons were prevented from looking for work 
due to the pandemic, down from 1.2 million in the prior month. (To be counted as unemployed, by 
definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.) 
 
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm. 
 
Establishment Survey Data 
 
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 431,000 in March, as job gains continued in leisure and 
hospitality, professional and business services, retail trade, and manufacturing. Overall, job growth 
averaged 562,000 per month in the first quarter of 2022, the same as the average monthly gain for 2021. 
However, employment is down by 1.6 million, or 1.0 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 
2020. (See table B-1.) 
 
Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to increase, with a gain of 112,000 in March. Job 
growth occurred in food services and drinking places (+61,000) and accommodation (+25,000). 
Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 1.5 million, or 8.7 percent, since February 2020. 
 
Job growth continued in professional and business services, which added 102,000 jobs in March. 
Within the industry, job gains occurred in services to buildings and dwellings (+22,000), accounting and 
bookkeeping services (+18,000), management and technical consulting services (+15,000), computer 
systems design and related services (+12,000), and scientific research and development services 
(+5,000). Employment in professional and business services is 723,000 higher than in February 2020. 
 
Employment in retail trade increased by 49,000 in March, with gains in general merchandise stores 
(+20,000) and food and beverage stores (+18,000). Health and personal care stores lost 5,000 jobs. 
Retail trade employment is 278,000 above its level in February 2020. 
 
Manufacturing added 38,000 jobs in March. Employment in durable goods industries rose by 22,000, 
with gains in transportation equipment (+11,000) and electrical equipment and appliances (+4,000). 
These gains were partially offset by a loss of 5,000 jobs in nonmetallic mineral products. Nondurable 
goods manufacturing added 16,000 jobs over the month, including a gain in chemicals (+7,000). Since 
February 2020, manufacturing employment is down by 128,000, or 1.0 percent. 
 
Employment in social assistance increased by 25,000 in March, with the gain concentrated in individual 
and family services (+18,000). Employment in social assistance is down by 126,000, or 2.9 percent, 
from its level in February 2020.  
 
Employment in construction continued to trend up in March (+19,000) and has returned to its February 
2020 level. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-4- 
In March, employment in financial activities rose by 16,000, with gains in real estate and rental and 
leasing (+14,000) and in securities, commodity contracts, and investments (+5,000). Employment in 
financial activities is 41,000 above its level in February 2020. 
 
Health care employment changed little in March (+8,000), after a large increase in the prior month. 
Employment in the industry is down by 298,000, or 1.8 percent, since February 2020. 
 
Employment in transportation and warehousing was essentially unchanged in March (-1,000), 
following large gains in the prior 2 months. In March, a job gain in couriers and messengers (+7,000) 
was offset by small losses in other component industries. Employment in transportation and 
warehousing is 608,000 higher than in February 2020. 
 
Employment showed little change over the month in mining, wholesale trade, information, other 
services, and government. 
 
Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 13 cents to $31.73 in 
March. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 5.6 percent. In March, 
average hourly earnings of private sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 11 cents 
to $27.06. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 
 
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls fell by 0.1 hour to 34.6 hours in 
March. In manufacturing, the average workweek for all employees was unchanged at 40.7 hours, and 
overtime fell by 0.1 hour to 3.4 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 
employees on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.1 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 
 
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised up by 23,000, from +481,000 
to +504,000, and the change for February was revised up by 72,000, from +678,000 to +750,000. With 
these revisions, employment in January and February combined is 95,000 higher than previously 
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 
 
_____________ 
The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 6, 2022, at 8:30 
a.m. (ET). 
 
 
 
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category
Mar.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Change from:
Feb. 2022-
Mar. 2022
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261,003
263,202
263,324
263,444
120
Civilian labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160,631
163,687
163,991
164,409
418
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.5
62.2
62.3
62.4
0.1
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150,940
157,174
157,722
158,458
736
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.8
59.7
59.9
60.1
0.2
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,691
6,513
6,270
5,952
-318
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
4.0
3.8
3.6
-0.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100,372
99,516
99,333
99,035
-298
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
4.0
3.8
3.6
-0.2
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8
3.8
3.5
3.4
-0.1
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
3.6
3.6
3.3
-0.3
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7
10.9
10.3
10.0
-0.3
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
-0.1
Black or African American.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5
6.9
6.6
6.2
-0.4
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9
3.6
3.1
2.8
-0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7
4.9
4.4
4.2
-0.2
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
3.4
3.3
2.9
-0.4
Less than a high school diploma.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
6.3
4.3
5.2
0.9
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6
4.6
4.5
4.0
-0.5
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8
3.6
3.8
3.0
-0.8
Bachelor’s degree and higher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
2.3
2.2
2.0
-0.2
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,262
3,220
3,044
2,831
-213
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
768
952
963
787
-176
Reentrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,248
1,959
1,947
1,985
38
New entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
503
433
417
463
46
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,204
2,417
2,131
2,289
158
5 to 14 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,950
1,607
1,800
1,684
-116
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,371
816
735
571
-164
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,201
1,691
1,702
1,428
-274
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,823
3,717
4,135
4,170
35
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,643
2,430
2,707
2,880
173
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,013
969
1,060
1,055
-5
Part time for noneconomic reasons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,128
20,198
20,667
20,870
203
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,852
1,526
1,471
1,360
-111
Discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
522
408
391
373
-18
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category
Mar.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022p
Mar.
2022p
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
704
504
750
431
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
650
492
739
426
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
32
102
60
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
0
7
3
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
6
57
19
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
26
38
38
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
10
15
22
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
0.3
-16.0
6.4
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
16
23
16
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
495
460
637
366
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1
12.6
19.6
7.0
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36.0
121.4
110.3
49.0
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50.1
53.4
69.7
-0.5
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.6
0.6
-0.4
-1.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
5
-5
16
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2
30
16
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119
88
105
102
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.4
27.7
43.0
4.9
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
33
117
53
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62.3
11.1
96.8
33.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
138
154
112
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
6
37
13
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
12
11
5
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
645
580
614
562
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
589
560
597
552
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49.7
49.7
49.7
49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.3
48.3
48.3
48.3
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81.2
81.5
81.5
81.5
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34.9
34.6
34.7
34.6
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$30.06
$31.56
$31.60
$31.73
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$1,049.09
$1,091.98
$1,096.52
$1,097.86
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107.4
110.8
111.8
111.8
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
-0.2
0.9
0.0
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154.3
167.2
168.9
169.7
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
0.4
1.0
0.5
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (256 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76.8
62.9
81.3
69.7
Manufacturing (74 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73.0
60.1
85.1
64.2
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 
insurance benefits? 
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 
looking for work? 
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.  
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 
www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.  
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.  
 
Technical Note 
 
This news release presents statistics from two major 
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 
establishment survey). The household survey provides 
information on 
the 
labor 
force, employment, and 
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  
The establishment survey provides information on 
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 
month from the payroll 
records of a sample of 
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 
CES program surveys about 131,000 businesses and 
government agencies, representing approximately 670,000 
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.  
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. 
 
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys 
 
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 
responses to a series of questions on work and job search 
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 
the labor force. 
People are classified as employed if they did any work 
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 
reasons.  
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 
the following criteria: they had no employment during the 
reference week; they were available for work at that time; 
and they made specific active efforts to find employment 
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. 
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The  
 
unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 
labor force as a percent of 
the population, and 
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 
percent of 
the population. Additional 
information 
about 
the 
household 
survey 
can be 
found 
at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 
 
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 
those who worked or received pay for any part of the 
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 
employees and 
for production and nonsupervisory 
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 
defined as production and 
related employees 
in 
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 
private service-providing industries.  
Industries are classified on 
the basis of an 
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 
2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 
System. Additional information about the establishment 
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/. 
 
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 
conceptual and methodological differences between the 
household and establishment surveys result in important 
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 
surveys. Among these are: 
 
• The household survey 
includes agricultural 
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 
private household workers among the employed. 
These groups are excluded from the establishment 
survey. 
 
• The household survey includes people on unpaid 
leave among the employed. The establishment 
survey does not. 
 
• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 
of age and older. The establishment survey is not 
limited by age. 
 
• The household survey has no duplication of 
individuals, because individuals are counted only 
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 
establishment survey, employees working at more 
than one job and thus appearing on more than one 
payroll are counted separately for each appearance. 
 
 
Seasonal adjustment 
 
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 
force and the levels of employment and unemployment 
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large. 
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 
variation. 
These 
adjustments 
make 
nonseasonal 
developments, such as declines in employment or increases 
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 
activity. 
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 
as total payroll employment, employment in most major 
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 
duration are derived from the sum of the independently 
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. 
For both the household and establishment surveys, a 
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 
revisions to historical data are made once a year. 
Reliability of the estimates 
 
Statistics based on the household and establishment 
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 
differ from the true population values they represent. The 
component of this difference that occurs because samples 
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 
survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000. Suppose the 
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 
the monthly change would range from -70,000 to +170,000 
(50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the 
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
month change lies within this interval. Since this range 
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 
about +/- 0.2 percentage point. 
 In general, estimates involving many individuals or 
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 
small number of observations. The precision of estimates 
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 
as for quarterly and annual averages. 
The household and establishment surveys are also 
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 
processing of the data. 
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 
that the estimate is considered final. 
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 
estimation procedure with two components is used to 
account for business births. The first component excludes 
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample-
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 
employment. 
The second component is an ARIMA time series model 
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 
deaths over the past 5 years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The sample-based estimates from the establishment 
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 
administrative records of the unemployment insurance 
program. The difference between the March sample-based 
employment estimates and the March universe counts is 
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from 
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent. 
 
Other information 
 
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services. 
 
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261,003
263,324
263,444
261,003
262,029
262,136
263,202
263,324
263,444
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160,397
163,725
164,274
160,631
162,126
162,294
163,687
163,991
164,409
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.5
62.2
62.4
61.5
61.9
61.9
62.2
62.3
62.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150,493
156,942
158,106
150,940
155,324
155,975
157,174
157,722
158,458
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.7
59.6
60.0
57.8
59.3
59.5
59.7
59.9
60.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,905
6,782
6,168
9,691
6,802
6,319
6,513
6,270
5,952
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
4.1
3.8
6.0
4.2
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100,606
99,600
99,170
100,372
99,902
99,842
99,516
99,333
99,035
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,576
5,299
5,502
6,822
5,819
5,713
5,704
5,355
5,737
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126,266
128,296
128,355
126,266
126,779
126,832
128,236
128,296
128,355
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84,728
87,271
87,408
85,008
86,017
85,857
87,074
87,567
87,660
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67.1
68.0
68.1
67.3
67.8
67.7
67.9
68.3
68.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79,188
83,460
83,902
79,777
82,432
82,508
83,518
84,247
84,465
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62.7
65.1
65.4
63.2
65.0
65.1
65.1
65.7
65.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,540
3,812
3,506
5,231
3,585
3,349
3,556
3,320
3,195
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5
4.4
4.0
6.2
4.2
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41,538
41,024
40,947
41,259
40,762
40,975
41,162
40,729
40,695
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117,949
119,669
119,726
117,949
118,466
118,520
119,612
119,669
119,726
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81,992
84,390
84,403
82,048
83,007
82,902
83,967
84,446
84,426
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.5
70.5
70.5
69.6
70.1
69.9
70.2
70.6
70.5
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76,872
80,918
81,201
77,262
79,736
79,892
80,767
81,473
81,554
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.2
67.6
67.8
65.5
67.3
67.4
67.5
68.1
68.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,120
3,472
3,202
4,786
3,272
3,010
3,199
2,973
2,872
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
4.1
3.8
5.8
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,957
35,280
35,323
35,901
35,459
35,618
35,645
35,224
35,300
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134,737
135,028
135,089
134,737
135,250
135,304
134,966
135,028
135,089
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75,670
76,453
76,866
75,623
76,109
76,437
76,612
76,425
76,749
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56.2
56.6
56.9
56.1
56.3
56.5
56.8
56.6
56.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,305
73,483
74,203
71,163
72,892
73,467
73,656
73,475
73,992
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52.9
54.4
54.9
52.8
53.9
54.3
54.6
54.4
54.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,365
2,971
2,663
4,461
3,217
2,970
2,957
2,950
2,757
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8
3.9
3.5
5.9
4.2
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59,067
58,575
58,223
59,113
59,141
58,867
58,354
58,604
58,340
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126,594
126,631
126,691
126,594
127,112
127,167
126,570
126,631
126,691
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72,818
73,650
73,946
72,635
73,134
73,455
73,494
73,446
73,695
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.5
58.2
58.4
57.4
57.5
57.8
58.1
58.0
58.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,730
70,931
71,555
68,486
70,257
70,795
70,857
70,775
71,244
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54.3
56.0
56.5
54.1
55.3
55.7
56.0
55.9
56.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,088
2,718
2,391
4,149
2,876
2,660
2,637
2,671
2,451
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
3.7
3.2
5.7
3.9
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53,775
52,981
52,745
53,959
53,978
53,712
53,076
53,185
52,996
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,460
17,024
17,027
16,460
16,450
16,449
17,020
17,024
17,027
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,587
5,685
5,926
5,948
5,985
5,936
6,226
6,100
6,288
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.9
33.4
34.8
36.1
36.4
36.1
36.6
35.8
36.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,890
5,094
5,350
5,192
5,331
5,287
5,550
5,474
5,660
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.7
29.9
31.4
31.5
32.4
32.1
32.6
32.2
33.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
697
592
576
756
654
649
676
626
629
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5
10.4
9.7
12.7
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.3
10.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,873
11,339
11,102
10,512
10,465
10,512
10,795
10,924
10,739
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201,642
202,875
202,932
201,642
202,199
202,250
202,819
202,875
202,932
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123,768
126,014
126,302
123,902
124,677
124,780
125,782
126,139
126,364
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.4
62.1
62.2
61.4
61.7
61.7
62.0
62.2
62.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116,981
121,402
122,122
117,288
120,084
120,749
121,497
121,967
122,357
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58.0
59.8
60.2
58.2
59.4
59.7
59.9
60.1
60.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,787
4,612
4,180
6,614
4,593
4,032
4,285
4,172
4,007
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5
3.7
3.3
5.3
3.7
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77,874
76,861
76,630
77,740
77,521
77,469
77,038
76,736
76,568
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64,348
65,987
66,085
64,346
64,973
65,000
65,736
65,972
66,059
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.6
70.5
70.6
69.6
70.0
70.0
70.2
70.5
70.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60,753
63,583
63,808
61,008
62,835
63,047
63,612
63,995
64,043
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.7
67.9
68.1
66.0
67.7
67.9
68.0
68.4
68.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,596
2,404
2,278
3,338
2,138
1,953
2,124
1,977
2,015
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
3.6
3.4
5.2
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.0
3.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55,040
55,501
55,556
54,908
55,069
55,177
55,169
55,312
55,376
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56.7
57.3
57.4
56.6
56.6
56.7
57.0
57.1
57.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52,340
53,737
54,041
52,162
53,030
53,493
53,449
53,571
53,803
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.9
55.5
55.8
53.7
54.5
54.9
55.2
55.3
55.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,699
1,764
1,515
2,746
2,039
1,684
1,720
1,740
1,572
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9
3.2
2.7
5.0
3.7
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,380
4,525
4,660
4,648
4,635
4,603
4,877
4,855
4,930
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36.3
36.3
37.4
38.5
38.4
38.2
39.1
38.9
39.5
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,888
4,082
4,273
4,118
4,219
4,209
4,435
4,400
4,510
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.2
32.7
34.3
34.1
35.0
34.9
35.6
35.3
36.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
492
444
388
530
415
395
442
455
420
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2
9.8
8.3
11.4
9.0
8.6
9.1
9.4
8.5
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33,530
34,004
34,030
33,530
33,725
33,749
33,978
34,004
34,030
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,283
21,003
21,026
20,344
20,477
20,506
21,056
21,145
21,134
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.5
61.8
61.8
60.7
60.7
60.8
62.0
62.2
62.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,281
19,566
19,695
18,419
19,143
19,057
19,597
19,751
19,825
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54.5
57.5
57.9
54.9
56.8
56.5
57.7
58.1
58.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,002
1,437
1,331
1,925
1,335
1,449
1,459
1,394
1,309
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.9
6.8
6.3
9.5
6.5
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,247
13,001
13,003
13,186
13,248
13,243
12,922
12,859
12,895
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,394
9,887
9,754
9,421
9,466
9,378
9,741
9,966
9,817
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66.3
68.4
67.4
66.5
66.4
65.7
67.5
69.0
67.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,406
9,200
9,163
8,510
8,787
8,723
9,051
9,327
9,264
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.4
63.7
63.4
60.1
61.6
61.1
62.7
64.5
64.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
988
687
590
911
679
655
690
640
553
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5
6.9
6.1
9.7
7.2
7.0
7.1
6.4
5.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,197
10,527
10,572
10,182
10,301
10,445
10,568
10,537
10,569
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.1
61.6
61.8
60.0
60.3
61.1
61.9
61.7
61.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,296
9,874
9,986
9,300
9,802
9,794
9,954
9,897
9,984
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54.8
57.8
58.4
54.8
57.4
57.3
58.3
57.9
58.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
902
653
586
882
500
651
614
640
585
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.8
6.2
5.5
8.7
4.9
6.2
5.8
6.1
5.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
691
589
701
740
711
683
747
642
749
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28.9
23.8
28.3
30.9
29.8
28.6
30.2
26.0
30.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
579
491
546
609
554
540
592
528
577
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.2
19.9
22.1
25.4
23.2
22.6
24.0
21.4
23.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
98
155
132
157
143
155
114
172
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2
16.6
22.1
17.8
22.0
21.0
20.7
17.8
22.9
See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,532
16,782
16,803
16,532
16,513
16,612
16,903
16,782
16,803
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,433
10,567
10,784
10,411
10,781
10,739
10,880
10,555
10,761
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63.1
63.0
64.2
63.0
65.3
64.6
64.4
62.9
64.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,817
10,256
10,493
9,798
10,362
10,326
10,492
10,231
10,460
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.4
61.1
62.4
59.3
62.8
62.2
62.1
61.0
62.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
616
311
291
613
419
413
388
324
300
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9
2.9
2.7
5.9
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,099
6,215
6,019
6,120
5,731
5,873
6,022
6,227
6,042
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted1
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,651
45,816
45,888
44,651
45,232
45,303
45,740
45,816
45,888
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29,232
30,449
30,498
29,182
29,979
29,883
30,390
30,492
30,475
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.5
66.5
66.5
65.4
66.3
66.0
66.4
66.6
66.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26,848
28,991
29,155
26,942
28,432
28,427
28,893
29,136
29,209
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.1
63.3
63.5
60.3
62.9
62.7
63.2
63.6
63.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,384
1,458
1,343
2,240
1,547
1,456
1,497
1,356
1,265
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
4.8
4.4
7.7
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.4
4.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,418
15,367
15,390
15,468
15,253
15,420
15,350
15,324
15,414
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,033
16,678
16,672
15,940
16,422
16,266
16,586
16,700
16,619
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79.5
80.3
80.2
79.0
80.3
79.4
80.0
80.4
79.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,733
15,964
15,938
14,794
15,681
15,580
15,867
16,086
15,979
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73.0
76.9
76.6
73.3
76.7
76.1
76.6
77.5
76.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,300
713
734
1,147
741
687
719
614
640
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1
4.3
4.4
7.2
4.5
4.2
4.3
3.7
3.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,869
12,425
12,465
11,893
12,170
12,288
12,383
12,403
12,477
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58.1
59.7
59.8
58.2
58.7
59.2
59.6
59.6
59.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,983
11,809
11,928
11,020
11,531
11,682
11,775
11,802
11,950
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.7
56.7
57.2
53.9
55.7
56.3
56.6
56.7
57.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
886
616
537
873
639
606
608
601
527
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5
5.0
4.3
7.3
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,331
1,346
1,361
1,349
1,387
1,328
1,421
1,389
1,379
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.0
31.8
32.1
33.5
34.1
32.6
33.6
32.8
32.5
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,133
1,218
1,289
1,128
1,220
1,165
1,251
1,248
1,280
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28.1
28.8
30.4
28.0
30.0
28.6
29.6
29.5
30.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198
129
72
220
167
163
170
141
98
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.9
9.6
5.3
16.3
12.1
12.2
12.0
10.2
7.1
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,835
8,647
9,030
8,935
8,791
8,712
8,687
8,962
9,097
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43.9
45.2
45.3
44.4
45.1
44.8
44.5
46.8
45.6
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,997
8,141
8,456
8,198
8,304
8,255
8,142
8,574
8,627
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39.8
42.5
42.4
40.8
42.6
42.5
41.7
44.8
43.2
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
838
507
574
737
487
457
545
388
470
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5
5.9
6.4
8.2
5.5
5.2
6.3
4.3
5.2
High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,351
36,577
36,943
34,283
35,444
35,828
37,064
36,589
36,847
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54.9
56.2
56.9
54.8
55.7
55.7
57.2
56.2
56.8
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31,902
34,793
35,365
32,004
33,615
34,188
35,361
34,953
35,368
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51.0
53.5
54.5
51.2
52.9
53.1
54.6
53.7
54.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,449
1,784
1,578
2,279
1,829
1,640
1,703
1,636
1,479
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1
4.9
4.3
6.6
5.2
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,782
35,337
35,600
35,761
35,417
35,477
35,320
35,391
35,555
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63.3
63.5
63.5
63.3
62.6
62.7
63.1
63.6
63.4
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33,608
33,931
34,468
33,691
34,105
34,204
34,059
34,060
34,480
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.5
61.0
61.5
59.6
60.2
60.4
60.9
61.2
61.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,174
1,406
1,132
2,070
1,312
1,274
1,261
1,331
1,075
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1
4.0
3.2
5.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.0
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61,316
62,734
62,027
60,871
61,317
61,134
61,699
62,003
61,597
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72.6
73.3
73.3
72.0
72.0
72.3
72.6
72.4
72.8
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59,086
61,375
60,855
58,623
59,937
59,860
60,294
60,656
60,386
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69.9
71.7
71.9
69.4
70.4
70.8
70.9
70.9
71.4
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,230
1,359
1,172
2,248
1,380
1,274
1,404
1,347
1,211
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
2.2
1.9
3.7
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.0
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service
Total
Men
Women
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,914
18,449
16,905
16,427
2,009
2,022
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,995
8,979
7,820
7,799
1,176
1,180
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47.6
48.7
46.3
47.5
58.5
58.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,544
8,763
7,403
7,603
1,141
1,160
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45.2
47.5
43.8
46.3
56.8
57.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
452
216
417
196
35
20
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.0
2.4
5.3
2.5
2.9
1.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,919
9,470
9,085
8,628
833
842
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,622
4,761
3,833
3,864
789
898
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,637
3,860
3,103
3,218
534
642
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78.7
81.1
81.0
83.3
67.7
71.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,414
3,746
2,900
3,115
514
631
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73.9
78.7
75.7
80.6
65.1
70.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223
114
203
103
20
12
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1
3.0
6.5
3.2
3.8
1.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
985
901
730
645
255
255
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,315
3,332
2,776
2,870
539
461
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,455
2,493
2,063
2,158
392
335
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74.1
74.8
74.3
75.2
72.8
72.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,345
2,460
1,964
2,127
381
332
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70.8
73.8
70.7
74.1
70.8
72.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
34
99
31
11
3
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
1.4
4.8
1.4
2.8
0.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
839
713
712
146
126
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,804
6,322
6,541
6,070
263
252
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,141
945
1,106
913
35
32
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.8
15.0
16.9
15.0
13.3
12.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,090
911
1,059
884
31
27
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.0
14.4
16.2
14.6
11.9
10.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
34
47
28
3
6
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
3.6
4.3
3.1
–
–
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,663
5,377
5,435
5,157
228
220
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,173
4,034
3,755
3,623
418
411
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,762
1,680
1,548
1,510
214
170
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42.2
41.7
41.2
41.7
51.3
41.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,694
1,646
1,480
1,476
214
170
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40.6
40.8
39.4
40.7
51.3
41.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
35
68
35
0
0
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9
2.1
4.4
2.3
0.0
0.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,411
2,354
2,207
2,113
204
241
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233,443
235,932
104,963
107,359
128,480
128,573
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149,422
153,017
76,020
78,515
73,403
74,501
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.0
64.9
72.4
73.1
57.1
57.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140,208
147,263
71,012
75,305
69,196
71,959
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.1
62.4
67.7
70.1
53.9
56.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,215
5,753
5,008
3,211
4,207
2,543
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
3.8
6.6
4.1
5.7
3.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84,021
82,915
28,943
28,844
55,077
54,072
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Persons with a disability
Persons with no disability
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30,108
32,616
230,895
230,828
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,082
7,550
154,315
156,724
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2
23.1
66.8
67.9
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,459
6,882
145,034
151,224
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1
21.1
62.8
65.5
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
623
668
9,282
5,501
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2
8.8
6.0
3.5
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24,026
25,066
76,580
74,104
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,494
3,202
76,533
78,110
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.3
38.8
81.6
82.6
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,226
2,889
71,553
75,114
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.8
35.0
76.3
79.4
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
268
313
4,981
2,996
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7
9.8
6.5
3.8
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,985
5,050
17,222
16,444
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,506
3,107
68,417
69,120
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.4
36.7
70.8
71.9
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,214
2,804
64,580
66,884
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.5
33.2
66.9
69.6
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
292
303
3,837
2,236
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6
9.7
5.6
3.2
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,002
5,351
28,181
26,947
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,082
1,242
9,365
9,494
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2
7.8
23.1
23.6
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,019
1,190
8,901
9,226
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7
7.5
22.0
22.9
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
52
464
268
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9
4.2
5.0
2.8
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,039
14,665
31,176
30,713
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity
Total
Men
Women
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Mar.
2022
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,059
44,456
20,674
21,475
22,385
22,982
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27,775
29,159
15,838
16,553
11,937
12,606
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.5
65.6
76.6
77.1
53.3
54.9
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25,886
28,172
14,841
16,001
11,045
12,172
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.1
63.4
71.8
74.5
49.3
53.0
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,889
986
997
552
892
435
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8
3.4
6.3
3.3
7.5
3.4
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,285
15,297
4,836
4,922
10,449
10,376
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217,944
218,988
105,593
106,880
112,351
112,108
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132,623
135,115
68,890
70,855
63,733
64,260
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60.9
61.7
65.2
66.3
56.7
57.3
Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124,607
129,933
64,347
67,901
60,260
62,032
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.2
59.3
60.9
63.5
53.6
55.3
Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,016
5,182
4,543
2,954
3,473
2,228
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
3.8
6.6
4.2
5.4
3.5
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85,321
83,873
36,702
36,025
48,619
47,847
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Category
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,109
2,262
2,256
2,227
2,212
2,308
2,326
2,383
2,378
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,429
1,457
1,490
1,521
1,434
1,477
1,501
1,525
1,571
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
623
771
737
645
744
785
771
801
758
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
34
29
–
–
–
–
–
–
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148,384
154,681
155,849
148,550
152,933
153,409
154,598
155,094
155,871
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139,161
145,611
146,612
139,504
143,816
144,474
145,993
146,263
146,955
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,958
21,375
21,687
20,617
20,750
21,097
21,274
20,971
21,296
Private industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118,203
124,235
124,924
118,663
123,416
123,172
124,240
124,886
125,204
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
650
572
575
–
–
–
–
–
–
Other industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117,553
123,663
124,349
117,988
122,796
122,484
123,512
124,144
124,505
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
9,143
9,002
9,165
9,248
9,256
9,282
9,089
9,175
9,260
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
69
73
–
–
–
–
–
–
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,913
4,349
4,266
5,823
4,266
3,929
3,717
4,135
4,170
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,660
2,946
2,921
4,643
2,903
2,594
2,430
2,707
2,880
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,061
1,089
1,116
1,013
1,059
1,082
969
1,060
1,055
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,523
21,301
21,356
19,128
20,440
20,315
20,198
20,667
20,870
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,859
4,278
4,211
5,803
4,244
3,898
3,620
4,105
4,149
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,622
2,900
2,879
4,609
2,869
2,578
2,400
2,672
2,842
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,060
1,084
1,114
1,010
1,056
1,079
960
1,053
1,049
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19,151
20,894
20,997
18,748
20,075
19,951
19,839
20,275
20,498
1 Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Not seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150,493
156,942
158,106
150,940
155,324
155,975
157,174
157,722
158,458
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,890
5,094
5,350
5,192
5,331
5,287
5,550
5,474
5,660
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,742
2,082
2,080
1,945
2,087
2,075
2,188
2,295
2,310
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,149
3,012
3,270
3,264
3,243
3,214
3,378
3,205
3,392
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145,603
151,849
152,756
145,748
149,993
150,688
151,624
152,248
152,798
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,009
13,609
13,611
13,167
13,824
13,870
13,756
13,834
13,774
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132,593
138,240
139,145
132,549
136,065
136,605
137,840
138,412
139,055
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96,911
100,923
101,788
96,938
99,396
99,740
100,647
101,109
101,769
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,125
35,052
35,358
34,136
35,347
35,352
34,985
35,125
35,367
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32,356
34,443
34,672
32,413
33,174
33,454
34,147
34,535
34,695
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30,431
31,427
31,758
30,390
30,875
30,934
31,515
31,448
31,707
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,682
37,317
37,357
35,611
36,669
36,865
37,193
37,304
37,287
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79,188
83,460
83,902
79,777
82,432
82,508
83,518
84,247
84,465
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,316
2,542
2,701
2,515
2,696
2,616
2,751
2,774
2,911
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
774
1,014
995
893
1,017
970
1,022
1,131
1,137
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,542
1,528
1,707
1,634
1,686
1,655
1,744
1,659
1,804
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76,872
80,918
81,201
77,262
79,736
79,892
80,767
81,473
81,554
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,594
6,891
6,847
6,711
7,100
7,070
7,032
7,059
6,975
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70,278
74,027
74,354
70,552
72,535
72,702
73,752
74,457
74,613
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51,374
53,898
54,113
51,582
52,894
52,992
53,693
54,227
54,331
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,188
18,667
18,719
18,246
18,797
18,793
18,555
18,788
18,782
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17,393
18,566
18,608
17,481
17,845
17,899
18,420
18,696
18,696
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,793
16,665
16,786
15,856
16,252
16,300
16,718
16,743
16,852
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,904
20,129
20,240
18,970
19,641
19,710
20,059
20,230
20,282
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,305
73,483
74,203
71,163
72,892
73,467
73,656
73,475
73,992
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,574
2,551
2,649
2,677
2,635
2,671
2,799
2,699
2,748
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
968
1,068
1,085
1,052
1,070
1,105
1,166
1,164
1,173
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,607
1,483
1,564
1,630
1,557
1,558
1,634
1,546
1,589
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,730
70,931
71,555
68,486
70,257
70,795
70,857
70,775
71,244
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,415
6,718
6,764
6,457
6,724
6,799
6,725
6,775
6,799
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,315
64,213
64,791
61,997
63,530
63,904
64,088
63,955
64,442
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,537
47,025
47,675
45,356
46,502
46,748
46,954
46,882
47,438
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,936
16,385
16,639
15,890
16,550
16,559
16,430
16,338
16,584
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,963
15,878
16,064
14,932
15,329
15,555
15,727
15,838
15,999
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,638
14,762
14,972
14,534
14,623
14,635
14,798
14,705
14,855
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,778
17,188
17,116
16,641
17,029
17,156
17,134
17,074
17,004
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,681
45,572
45,412
43,690
44,209
44,437
45,342
45,648
45,325
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,255
36,146
36,391
34,954
35,328
35,557
35,885
35,870
36,043
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,402
9,958
10,182
–
–
–
–
–
–
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124,840
130,712
131,663
125,959
129,388
130,191
131,164
131,806
132,718
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25,653
26,230
26,443
25,158
25,956
25,681
25,817
25,801
25,902
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,004
7,557
7,496
6,894
7,065
7,395
7,486
7,431
7,370
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.7
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,024
6,291
6,322
–
–
–
–
–
–
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,766
9,772
9,902
9,893
10,000
10,067
9,860
9,976
10,018
1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)
Unemployment rates
Mar.
2021
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
Mar.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021
Jan.
2022
Feb.
2022
Mar.
2022
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,691
6,270
5,952
6.0
4.2
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
756
626
629
12.7
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.3
10.0
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
259
259
219
11.7
10.4
10.8
11.3
10.2
8.6
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
495
362
416
13.2
11.6
11.5
10.6
10.1
10.9
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,935
5,644
5,323
5.8
3.9
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.4
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,491
1,124
1,113
10.2
7.4
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.5
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,313
4,657
4,139
5.2
3.6
3.3
3.4
3.3
2.9
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,592
3,495
3,149
5.5
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.0
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,430
1,517
1,450
6.6
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.1
3.9
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,729
1,178
984
5.1
3.8
3.3
3.5
3.3
2.8
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,433
800
715
4.5
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.2
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,683
1,158
978
4.5
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,231
3,320
3,195
6.2
4.2
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.6
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
444
347
323
15.0
10.4
11.5
11.5
11.1
10.0
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
113
109
12.4
11.1
10.7
13.5
9.0
8.7
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
315
234
215
16.2
10.5
12.6
10.2
12.4
10.7
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,786
2,973
2,872
5.8
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.4
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
814
601
651
10.8
8.0
7.7
8.6
7.8
8.5
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,876
2,484
2,180
5.2
3.6
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,971
1,805
1,633
5.4
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.2
2.9
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,300
767
779
6.7
4.4
4.5
4.4
3.9
4.0
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
917
639
535
5.0
3.9
3.3
3.5
3.3
2.8
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
754
399
320
4.5
2.9
2.5
2.4
2.3
1.9
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
905
679
546
4.6
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.2
2.6
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,461
2,950
2,757
5.9
4.2
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.6
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
279
306
10.4
11.4
10.4
10.2
9.4
10.0
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
147
110
11.2
9.7
10.8
9.3
11.2
8.5
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
128
201
9.9
12.7
10.2
11.0
7.6
11.2
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,149
2,671
2,451
5.7
3.9
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.3
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
677
523
461
9.5
6.7
6.5
5.9
7.2
6.4
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,437
2,173
1,959
5.3
3.6
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.0
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,622
1,690
1,516
5.5
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.1
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,129
750
671
6.6
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.4
3.9
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
812
539
450
5.2
3.8
3.2
3.5
3.3
2.7
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
680
400
395
4.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.6
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
810
509
458
4.6
3.5
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.6
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,450
870
778
3.2
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.7
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,389
860
784
3.8
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
822
557
514
8.0
4.8
5.6
5.0
5.3
4.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,149
5,245
4,784
6.1
4.2
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,524
1,084
1,138
5.7
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.0
4.2
1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.