Loading ...
Global Do...
News & Politics
10
0
Try Now
Log In
Pricing
Coca Coca Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Family: Erythroxylaceae Genus: Erythroxylum Species: E. coca Binomial name Erythroxylum coca Lam. Coca is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America. The plant plays a significant role in traditional Andean culture. Coca leaves contain cocaine alkaloids, a basis for the drug cocaine, which is a powerful stimulant. The plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2–3 m (7–10 ft). The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked character- istic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil con- sists of three carpels united to form a three- chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red berries. The leaves are sometimes eaten by the lar- vae of the moth Eloria noyesi. Species and classification There are twelve main species and varieties. Two subspecies, Erythroxylum coca var. coca and E. coca var. ipadu, are almost indistin- guishable phenotypically; a related high cocaine-bearing species has two subspecies, E. novogranatense var. novogranatense and E. novogranatense var. truxillense that are phenotypically similar, but morphologically distinguishable. Under the older Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales; more modern systems place it in the order Malpighiales. Cultivation See also: Coca production in Colombia Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes, or the highlands depending on the species grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been an important trade commodity between the lowlands where it is grown and the high- er altitudes where it is widely consumed by the Andean peoples of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia. Fresh samples of the dried leaves are un- curled, are of a deep green on the upper, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong tea-like odor; when chewed they produce a pleasurable numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent taste. They are traditionally chewed with lime to in- crease the release of the active properties From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 1 Leaves and berries from the leaf. Older specimens have a cam- phoraceous smell and a brownish color, and lack the pungent taste. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (almacigas) sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at 40–60 cm in height are placed in final plant- ing holes (aspi), or if the ground is level, in furrows (uachos) in carefully weeded soil. The plants thrive best in hot, damp and hu- mid situations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are ob- tained in drier localities, on the sides of hills. The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and a half to upwards of forty years, but only the new fresh growth is harvested. They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. The first and most abundant harvest is in March after the rains, the second is at the end of June, and the third in October or November. The green leaves (matu) are spread in thin layers on coarse woollen cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve the quality of the leaves. Pharmacological aspects The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid cocaine, which is found in the amount of about 0.3 to 1.5%, averaging 0.8%[1], in fresh leaves. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkal- oids, including methylecgonine cinnamate, benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropaco- caine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine and hygrine. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. Absorption of cocaine from the leaf is much less rapid and efficient than from the purified forms of cocaine, and it does not cause the euphoric and psychoactive effects associated with use of the drug. Some pro- ponents have claimed that cocaine itself is not an active ingredient when unprocessed coca leaf is chewed or brewed as an infusion. However, studies have shown that small but measurable amounts of cocaine are present in the bloodstream after consumption of coca tea.[2] Addiction or other deleterious effects from the consumption of the leaf in its natur- al form have not been documented.[3][4] History Traces of coca have been found in mummies dating to 3000 years ago.[5] Extensive arche- ological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to the sixth century A.D. Moche period, and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a sup- ply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the char- acteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spat- ulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in Cuzco[6][7] Coca chewing may originally have been lim- ited to the eastern Andes before its introduc- tion to the Incas. As the plant was viewed as having a divine origin, its cultivation became subject to a state monopoly and its use re- stricted to nobles and a few favored classes (court orators, couriers, favored public work- ers, and the army) by the rule of the Topa Inca (1471-1493). As the Incan empire de- clined, the leaf became more widely avail- able. After some deliberation, Philip II of Spain issued a decree recognizing the drug as essential to the well-being of the Andean Indians but urging missionaries to end its re- ligious use. The Spanish are believed to have effectively encouraged use of coca by an in- creasing majority of the population to in- crease their labor output and tolerance for starvation, but it is not clear that this was planned deliberately. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 2 Coca was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century, but did not become popular un- til the mid-19th century, with the publication of an influential paper by Dr. Paolo Mantegazza praising its stimulating effects on cognition. This led to invention of cocaw- ine and the first production of pure cocaine. Cocawine (of which Vin Mariani was the best- known brand) and other coca-containing pre- parations were widely sold as patent medi- cines and tonics, with claims of a wide vari- ety of health benefits. The original version of Coca-cola was among these. These products became illegal in most countries outside of South America in the early 20th century, after the addictive nature of cocaine was widely recognized. In recent times (2007), the governments of several South American countries, such as Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela, have defended and championed the traditional use of coca, as well as the modern uses of the leaf and its extracts in household products such as teas and toothpaste. (see Industrial Use below) Traditional uses Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effect- ive against altitude sickness. It also is used as an anesthetic to alleviate the pain of head- ache, rheumatism, wounds and sores, etc. Before stronger anaesthetics were available, it also was used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trephining operations on the skull. Because cocaine constricts blood ves- sels, the action of coca also serves to oppose bleeding, and coca seeds were used for nosebleeds. Indigenous use of coca has also been reported as a treatment for malaria, ul- cers, asthma, to improve digestion, to guard against bowel laxity, as an aphrodisiac, and credited with improving longevity. Modern studies have supported a number of these medical applications.[3] Coca has also been a vital part of the reli- gious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and north- ern Argentina and Chile from the pre-Inca period through the present. Coca leaves play a crucial part in offerings to the apus (moun- tains), Inti (the sun), or Pachamama (the earth). Coca leaves are also often read in a form of divination analogous to reading tea leaves in other cultures. As one example of the many traditional beliefs about coca, it is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see also Cocomama). Coca leaves The activity of chewing coca is called mambear, chacchar or acullicar, borrowed from Quechua, or in Bolivia, picchar, derived from the Aymara language. The Spanish mas- ticar is also frequently used, along with the slang term "bolear," derived from the word "bola" or ball of coca pouched in the cheek while chewing. Typical coca consumption is about two ounces per day, and contemporary methods are believed to be unchanged from ancient times. Coca is kept in a woven pouch (chuspa or huallqui). A few leaves are chosen to form a quid (acullico) held between the mouth and gums. Doing so usually causes users to feel a tingling and numbing sensa- tion in their mouths. (The common dental an- aesthetic Novocaine has a similar effect.) Chewing coca leaves is most common in indi- genous communities across the central An- dean region, particularly in places like the highlands of Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is as much a part of the national cul- ture similar to chicha, like wine is to France From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 3 or beer is to Germany. It also serves as a powerful symbol of indigenous cultural and religious identity, amongst a diversity of indi- genous nations throughout South America. Bags of coca leaves are sold in local markets and by street vendors. Commercially manu- factured coca teas, granola bars, cookies, hard candies, etc. are also available in most stores and supermarkets, including upscale suburban supermarkets. Coca is still chewed in the traditional way, with a tiny quantity of ilucta (a preparation of the ashes of the quinoa plant) added to the coca leaves; it softens their astringent flavor and activates the alkaloids. Other names for this basifying substance are llipta in Peru and the Spanish word lejía, lye in English. The consumer carefully uses a wooden stick (formerly often a spatula of precious metal) to transfer an alkaline component into the quid without touching his flesh with the cor- rosive substance. The alkali component, usu- ally kept in a gourd (ishcupuro or poporo), can be made by burning limestone to form unslaked quicklime, burning quinoa stalks, or the bark from certain trees, and may be called ilipta, tocra or mambe depending on its composition.[6][7] Many of these materials are salty in flavor, but there are variations. The most common base in the La Paz area of Bolivia is a product known as lejía dulce (sweet lye), which is made from quinoa ashes mixed with anise and cane sugar, forming a soft black putty with a sweet and pleasing licorice flavor. In some places, baking soda is used under the name bico. In the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, coca is consumed by the Kogi, Arhuaco and Wiwa by using a special device called poporo. The poporo is the mark of manhood. It represents the womb and the stick is a phallic symbol. The movements of the stick in the poporo symbolize the sexual act. For a man the poporo is a good companion that means "food", "woman", "memory" and "meditation". Women are prohibited from using coca. It is important to stress that poporo is the symbol of manhood. But it is the woman who gives men their manhood. When the boy is ready to be married, his mother will initiate him in the use of the coca. This act of initiation is care- fully supervised by the mama, a traditional priest-teacher-leader. Although coca leaf chewing is common only among the indigenous populations, the consumption of coca tea (Mate de coca) is common among all sectors of society in the Andean countries, and is widely held to be beneficial to health, particularly in the high altitudes. Coca leaf is sold packaged into teabags in most grocery stores in the region, and establishments that cater to tourists gen- erally feature coca tea. In the city of Salta, in northern Argentina, one can buy a cup of Coca tea for 4 pesos at the cafe inside the Museo De Arqueologia De Alta Montana (MAAM) in the city center. This is one of the biggest museums in Northern Argentina with a focus on Inca culture in the Andes. Industrial use Coca is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. A de-cocainized extract of coca leaf is reportedly one of the flavoring in- gredients in Coca-Cola.[8][9][10][11][12] Coca tea is produced industrially from coca leaves in South America by a number of companies, including Enaco S.A. (National Company of the Coca) a government enterprise in Peru.[13][14] Coca leaves are also found in a brand of herbal liqueur called "Agwa de Bolivia" (grown in Bolivia and de-cocainized in Amsterdam),[15] and a natural flavouring ingredient in Red Bull Cola, that was launched in March 2008.[16] Beginning in the early 21st century, there has been a movement in Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela to promote and expand legal mar- kets for the crop. The presidents of these three countries have personally identified with this movement. In particular, Evo Mor- ales of Bolivia (elected in December 2005) was a coca growers union leader. Morales as- serts that "la coca no es cocaína"—the coca leaf is not cocaine. During his speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 19, 2006, he held a coca leaf in his hand to demonstrate its innocuity.[17] Alan García, president of Peru, has recom- mended its use in salads and other edible preparations. A Peruvian-based company has announced plans to market a modern version of Vin Mariani, which will be available in both natural and de-cocainized varieties. In Venezuela, president Hugo Chávez said in a speech on January 2008 that he chews coca every day, and that his "hook up" is Bolivian president Evo Morales. Chávez re- portedly said "I chew coca every day in the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 4 morning... and look how I am" before show- ing his biceps to his audience, the Venezuelan National Assembly. On the other hand, the Colombian govern- ment has recently moved in the opposite dir- ection. For years, Bogotá has allowed indi- genous coca farmers to sell coca products, promoting the enterprise as one of the few successful commercial opportunities avail- able to recognized tribes like the Nasa, who have grown it for years and regard it as sac- red[18]. In December 2005, the Paeces, a Ti- erradentro (Cauca) indigenous community, started in December to produce a carbonated soft drink called "Coca Sek". The production method belongs to the resguardos of Calder- as (Inzá) and takes about 150 kg of coca per 3,000 produced bottles. The drink was never sold widely in Colombia, the efforts to do so ended in May 2007 when it was abruptly banned by the Colombian government. Literary references Probably the earliest reference to coca in English literature is Abraham Cowley’s poem "The Legend of Coca" in his 1662 collection of poems "Six Books of Plants". One of the best known examples of coca’s reference in fiction is Patrick O’Brian’s char- acter, Stephen Maturin. In many of the more than twenty book series, a.k.a. Aubrey-Matur- in series, Maturin expounds the benefits of coca. However, the reader is made aware of the truly addictive effects of the drug when rats, who have found the coca (Erythroxylum coca), become seriously addicted and scour the ship looking for it. Legal status Coca leaf is the raw material for the manu- facture of the drug cocaine, a powerful stimu- lant and anaesthetic extracted chemically from large quantities of coca leaves. Today, since it has mostly been replaced as a medic- al anaesthetic by synthetic analogues such as procaine, cocaine is best known as an illegal recreational drug. The cultivation, sale, and possession of unprocessed coca leaf (but not of any processed form of cocaine) is gener- ally legal in the countries – such as Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina – where traditional use is established, although cultivation is of- ten restricted in an attempt to prevent the production of cocaine. The prohibition of the use of the coca leaf except for medical or scientific purposes was established by the United Nations in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The coca leaf is listed on Schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention together with co- caine and heroin. The Convention determined that “The Parties shall so far as possible en- force the uprooting of all coca bushes which grow wild. They shall destroy the coca bushes if illegally cultivated” (Article 26), and that, “Coca leaf chewing must be abolished within twenty-five years from the coming into force of this Convention” (Article 49, 2.e).[19] The rationale for including the coca leaf in the 1961 Single Convention is mainly rooted in a report requested of the United Nations by the permanent representative of Peru that was prepared by a commission that visited Bolivia and Peru briefly in 1949 to “investig- ate the effects of chewing the coca leaf and the possibilities of limiting its production and controlling its distribution.” The Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf study, published in 1950, concluded that the effects of chew- ing coca leaves were negative, even though chewing coca was defined as a habit, not an addiction.[20][21] The report was sharply criticised for its ar- bitrariness, lack of precision and racist con- notations. The team members’ professional qualifications and parallel interests were also criticised, as were the methodology used and the incomplete selection and use of existing scientific literature on the coca leaf. Nowadays, a similar study would never pass the scrutiny and critical review to which sci- entific studies are routinely subjected.[10] Despite the legal restriction, coca chewing and drinking of coca tea is carried out daily by millions of people in the Andes as well as considered sacred within indigenous cul- tures. They claim that most of the informa- tion provided about the traditional use of the coca leaf and its modern adaptations are er- roneous. This has made it impossible to shed light on the plant’s positive aspects and its potential benefits for the physical, mental and social health of the people who consume and cultivate it.[10] In an attempt to obtain legal recognition for the traditional use of coca, Peru and Bolivia negotiated paragraph 2 of Article 14 into the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, stipulating that From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 5 measures to eradicate illicit cultivation and to eliminate illicit demand “should take due account of traditional licit use, where there is historic evidence of such use.”[22] Bolivia also made a formal reservation to the 1988 Convention, which required countries to ad- opt measures to establish the use, consump- tion, possession, purchase or cultivation of the coca leaf for personal consumption as a criminal offence. Bolivia stated that “the coca leaf is not, in and of itself, a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance” and stressed that its “legal system recognizes the ancestral nature of the licit use of the coca leaf, which, for much of Bolivia’s population, dates back over centuries.”[22][23] However, the International Narcotics Con- trol Board (INCB) – the independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the imple- mentation of the United Nations drug con- ventions – denied the validity of article 14 in the 1988 Convention over the requirements of the 1961 Convention, or any reservation made by parties, since it does not "absolve a party of its rights and obligations under the other international drug control treaties."[24] In recent years the current legal status of the coca leaf is more and more questioned. Even the INCB stated in its 1994 Annual Re- port that "mate de coca, which is considered harmless and legal in several countries in South America, is an illegal activity under the provisions of both the 1961 Convention and the 1988 Convention, though that was not the intention of the plenipotentiary confer- ences that adopted those conventions."[25] It implicitly also dismissed the original report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf by recognizing that "there is a need to undertake a scientific review to assess the coca-chewing habit and the drinking of coca tea."[26] Nevertheless, the INCB on other occa- sions did not show signs of an increased sensitivity towards the Bolivian claim on the rights of their indigenous population, and the general public, to consume the coca leaf in a traditional manner by chewing the leaf, and even goes as far as to consider drinking coca tea, as "not in line with the provisions of the 1961 Convention."[27][28] The Board con- sidered Bolivia, Peru and a few other coun- tries that allow such practises to be in breach with their treaty obligations, and insisted that “each party to the Convention should es- tablish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, the possession and purchase of coca leaf for personal consump- tion.”[29] In reaction to the 2007 Annual Report of the INCB, the Bolivian government an- nounced that it would formally issue a re- quest to the United Nations to unschedule the coca leaf of List 1 of the 1961 UN Single Convention.[30] Legal status by country Outside of South America, most countries’ laws make no distinction between the coca leaf and any other substance containing co- caine, so the possession of coca leaf (except for de-cocainized leaf) is prohibited. In the Netherlands, coca leaf is legally in the same category as cocaine, both are List I drugs of the Opium Law. The Opium Law specifically mentions the leafs of the plants of the species Erythroxylon. However, the pos- session of living plants of the species Erythroxylon are not actively prosecuted, even though they are legally forbidden. In the United States, the Stepan Company of Maywood, New Jersey has the only license to legally import coca leaf. The company manufactures pure cocaine for medical use and also produces a cocaine-free extract of the coca leaf, which is used as a flavoring in- gredient in Coca-Cola. According to the Bolivian press, Coca-Cola legally imported 204 tons of coca leaf in 1996. Since the 1980s, the countries in which coca is grown have come under political and economic pressure from the United States to restrict the cultivation of the crop, in order to reduce the supply of cocaine on the interna- tional market. Article 26 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs requires nations that allow the cultivation of coca to designate an agency to regulate said cultivation and take physical possession of the crops as soon as possible after harvest, and to destroy all coca which grows wild or is illegally cultivated. The ef- fort to enforce these provisions, referred to as coca eradication, has involved many strategies, ranging from aerial spraying of herbicides on coca crops to assistance and in- centives to encourage farmers to grow al- ternate crops. This effort has been politically controver- sial, with proponents claiming that the pro- duction of cocaine is several times the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 6 amount needed to satisfy legal demand, and inferring that the vast majority of the coca crop is destined for the illegal market, which not only contributes to the major social prob- lem of drug abuse, but also financially sup- ports insurgent groups that collaborate with drug traffickers in some cocaine-producing territories. Critics of the effort claim that it creates hardship primarily for the coca grow- ers, many of whom are poor and have no vi- able alternative way to make a living, causes environmental problems, that it is not effect- ive in reducing the supply of cocaine, in part because cultivation can move to other areas, and that any social harm created by drug ab- use is only made worse by the war on drugs. More recently, coca has been reintro- duced to the United States as a flavoring agent in the herbal liqueur Agwa. References [1] Illicit Production of Cocaine - [www.rhodium.ws] [2] Jenkins AJ, Llosa T, Montoya I, Cone EJ., "Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea," Forensic Sci Int. 1996 Feb 9;77(3):179-89. [3] ^ Weil AT., "The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine," J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Mar- May;3(2-3):367-76. [4] Hanna JM, Hornick CA., "Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: adaptation or addiction," Bull Narc. 1977 Jan- Mar;29(1):63-74. [5] Rivera MA, Aufderheide AC, Cartmell LW, Torres CM, Langsjoen O., "Antiquity of coca-leaf chewing in the south central Andes: a 3,000 year archaeological record of coca-leaf chewing from northern Chile," J. Psychoactive Drugs. 2005 Dec;37(4):455-8. [6] ^ Robert C. Peterson, Ph.D. (1977-05). "NIDA research monograph #13: Cocaine 1977, Chapter I". http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/ monographs/13.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. [7] ^ Eleanor Carroll, M.A.. "Coca: the plant and its use". http://sad.health.org/pub/ AD03991.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. [8] May, Clifford D. "How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca", The New York Times, July 1, 1998. "A Stepan laboratory in Maywood, N.J., is the nation’s only legal commercial importer of coca leaves, which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca-Cola, Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to Mallinckrodt Inc., a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use." [9] Benson, Drew. "Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears", The Washington Times, April 20, 2004. "Coke dropped cocaine from its recipe around 1900, but the secret formula still calls for a cocaine- free coca extract produced at a Stepan Co. factory in Maywood, N.J. Stepan buys about 100 metric tons of dried Peruvian coca leaves each year, said Marco Castillo, spokesman for Peru’s state-owned National Coca Co." [10]^ Coca Yes, Cocaine No? Legal Options for the Coca Leaf, Transnational Institute, Drugs & Conflict Debate Paper 13, May 2006 [11]Langman, Jimmy. "Just Say Coca". Newsweek on MSNBC.com. October 30, 2006 [12]Cocaine: History and usage, ThinkQuest [13] (Spanish) Empresa Nacional de la Coca S.A [14]Peruvian Drug Control Agency: Coca Cola Buys Coca Leaves, The Narco News Bulletin, January 28, 2005 [15]Agwabuzz.com Agwa de Bolivia herbal liqueur official site [16]The Cola from Red Bull [17]Statement of Evo Morales Aima, President of Bolivia at the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 19, 2006 [18]Bolivia and Peru Defend Coca Use March 6, 2008. "The United Nations lacks respect for the indigenous people of Peru and Bolivia who have used the coca leaf since forever," said Peruvian Congresswoman Maria Sumire. "For indigenous people, coca is a sacred leaf that is part of their cultural identity," she said. [19]Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs [20]Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, UNGASS 10-year review website, Transnational Institute From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 7 [21]The Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, Bulletin on Narcotics - 1949 Issue 1 [22]^ The resolution of ambiguities regarding coca, Transnational Institute, March 2008 [23]Status of treaty adherence, United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances [24]Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007, paragraph 220 [25]Evaluation of the effectiveness of the international drug control treaties, Supplement to the INCB Annual Report for 1994 (Part 3) [26]Evaluation of the effectiveness of the international drug control treaties, Supplement to the INCB Annual Report for 1994 (Part 1) [27]Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007, paragraph 217 [28]Response to the 2007 Annual Report of the International Narcotics Control Board, International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC), March 2008 [29]Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007, paragraph 219 [30]Statement of Hugo Fernandez, vice- minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia, at the 51st period of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Vienna, March 10, 2008 • Turner C. E., Elsohly M. A., Hanuš L., Elsohly H. N. Isolation of dihydrocuscohygrine from Peruvian coca leaves. Phytochemistry 20 (6), 1403-1405 (1981) • "History of Coca. The Divine Plant of the Incas" by W. Golden Mortimer, M.D. 576 pp. And/Or Press San Francisco, 1974. This title has no ISBN. This article incorporates text from the Encyc- lopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a pub- lication now in the public domain. External links • Shared Responsibility • Legalize Coca Leaves – and Break the Consensus • OneWorld.net Analysis: Blurred Vision on Coca Eradication • The Coca Museum (A private museum in La Paz, Bolivia) • Coca - Cocaine website of the Transnational Institute (TNI) • Coca, Cocaine and the International Conventions Transnational Institute • Enaco S.A. Peruvian Enterprise of the Coca, Official Website • Coca Yes, Cocaine No? Legal Options for the Coca Leaf Transnational Institute (TNI), Drugs & Conflict Debate Paper 13, May 2006 • Coca leaf news page – Alcohol and Drugs History Society Photographs • 27 original photos on coca growing in La Convención valley, Cuzco Province, Peru • Harvesting coca in Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia • Drying coca in the Chapare, Bolivia • Coca Tea products manufactured in Peru by Enaco S.A. Videos • Democracy Now Interview with Bolivian President Evo Morales, in which he discusses the coca leaf • Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez chews a coca leaf during a public TV broadcast and discuss its benefits Coca was in coca-cola. thats why it’s called COCA-cola. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca" Categories: Crops originating from the Americas, Herbal and fungal stimulants, Medicinal plants, Malpighiales, Quechua loanwords This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 09:21 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coca 8
