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Cleveland, Ohio City of Cleveland Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Forest City Motto: Progress & Prosperity Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA City of Cleveland Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA Coordinates: 41°28′56″N 81°40′11″W / 41.48222°N 81.66972°W / 41.48222; -81.66972Coordinates: 41°28′56″N 81°40′11″W / 41.48222°N 81.66972°W / 41.48222; -81.66972 Country United States State Ohio County Cuyahoga Founded 1796 Incorporated 1814 (village) 1836 (city) Government - Mayor Frank G. Jackson (D) Area [1] - City 82.4 sq mi (213.4 km2) - Land 77.6 sq mi (200.9 km2) - Water 4.8 sq mi (12.5 km2) Elevation [2] 653 ft (199 m) Population (2000)[1][3][4] - City 478,403 - Density 6,166.5/sq mi (2,380.9/ km2) - Metro 2,250,871 - Demonym Clevelander Time zone EST (UTC-5) - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) Area code(s) 216 FIPS code 39-16000[5] GNIS feature ID 1066654 Website www.city.cleveland.oh.us Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The muni- cipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and railroad lines. With the decline of heavy manufactur- ing, Cleveland’s businesses have diversified into the service economy, including the finan- cial services, insurance, legal, and healthcare sectors, though the city’s population has con- tinued to decline. Cleveland is also noted for its association with rock music; the city is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[6] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 1 As of the 2000 Census, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, and was then the 33rd largest city in the United States, (now estimated as the 40th largest due to de- clines in population)[7] and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Great- er Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio, which spans several counties and is defined in several different ways by the Census Bureau. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area which in 2000 ranked as the 23rd largest in the United States with 2,250,871 people. Cleveland is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2000 had a population of 2,945,831, and ranked as the country’s 14th largest.[8] In studies conducted by The Economist in 2005, Cleveland and Pittsburgh were ranked as the most livable cities in the United States,[9] and the city was ranked as the best city for business meetings in the continental U.S.[10] The city faces continuing challenges, in particular from concentrated poverty in some neighborhoods and difficulties in the funding and delivery of high-quality public education.[11] Residents of Cleveland are usually re- ferred to as "Clevelanders." Nicknames used for the city include "The Forest City,"[12] "The Cleve,"[13] "The Metropolis of the Western Reserve,"[14] "The Mistake on the Lake,"[14] "The New American City," [12] "America’s North Coast,"[15] "The Sixth City,"[16] [17] "The Rock ’n’ Roll Capital of the World"[18] and "C-Town."[12] History Cleveland obtained its name on July 22, 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut’s Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland. Cleaveland over- saw the plan for the modern downtown area, centered on the Public Square, before return- ing home, never again to visit Ohio. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.[19] In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal. This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the Erie Canal and later via the St. Lawrence Seaway; and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mis- sissippi River. Growth continued with added railroad links.[20] Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836.[19] Map of Cleveland in 1904 In 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two.[21] Ohio City remained an independent municipality until it was annexed by Cleve- land in 1854.[19] The site flourished as a halfway point for iron ore from Minnesota shipped across the Great Lakes and other raw materials (coal) carried by rail from the south. Cleveland emerged as a major Americ- an manufacturing center, home to numerous major steel producers, as well as a number of carmakers, including gasoline cars Peerless, People’s,[22] Jordan, Winton (first car driven across the U.S.),[23] steam car builders White and Gaeth, and electric car company Baker. By 1920, Standard Oil founder John D. Rock- efeller had made his fortune and Cleveland had become the fifth largest city in the coun- try.[19] The city was a center for the national progressive movement, headed locally by Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Many Clevelanders of this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, along with James A. Garfield, the twentieth U.S. President.[24] In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland’s incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. Con- ceived as a way to energize a city hit hard by the Great Depression, it drew 4 million From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 2 The Cuyahoga River winds through the Flats in a December 1937 aerial view of downtown Cleveland. This file is a candidate for speedy deletion. It may be deleted after seven days from the date of nomination. visitors in its first season, and 7 million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937.[25] The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Air- port, among others.[26] Immediately after World War II, the city experienced a brief boom. In sports, the Indi- ans won the 1948 World Series and the Browns dominated professional football in the 1950s. Businesses proclaimed that Cleve- land was the "best location in the nation".[27] The city’s population reached its peak of 914,808, and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All-America City for the first time.[28] By the 1960s, however, heavy industries began to slump, and residents sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of white flight and urban sprawl. Like other major American cities, Cleveland also began witnessing racial unrest, culminating in the Hough Riots from July 18, 1966 – July 23, 1966 and the Glenville Shootout on July 23, 1968 – July 25, 1968. The city’s nadir is often considered to be its default on its loans on December 15, 1978, when under Mayor Den- nis Kucinich it became the first major Amer- ican city to enter default since the Great De- pression.[19] National media began referring to Cleveland as "the mistake on the lake" around this time, in reference to the city’s financial difficulties, a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River (where industrial waste on the river’s surface caught on fire), and its struggling professional sports teams.[29] The city has worked to shed this nickname ever since, though in recent times the national media have been much kinder to the city, us- ing it as an exemplar for public-private part- nerships, downtown revitalization, and urban renaissance.[30] The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on Cleve- land’s North Coast Harbor. The metropolitan area began recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway com- plex—consisting of Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena, and near North Coast Harbor—including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center. Although Cleve- land was hailed by the media as the "Comeback City,"[31] many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to ex- perience serious problems. Economic devel- opment, retention of young professionals, and capitalizing upon its waterfront are cur- rent municipal priorities.[32] In 1999, Cleve- land was identified as an emerging global city.[33] Crime Based on the Morgan Quitno Press 2008 na- tional crime rankings, Cleveland ranked as the 7th most dangerous city in the nation among US cities with a population of 100,000 to 500,000 and the 11th most dangerous overall.[34] Violent crime from 2005 to 2006 was mostly unchanged nationwide, but increased more than 10% in Cleveland. The murder rate dropped 30% in Cleveland, but was still far above the national average. Property From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 3 crime from 2005 to 2006 was virtually un- changed across the country and in Cleveland, with larceny-theft down by 7% but burglaries were up almost 14%.[35] History A study in 1971–72 found that although Cleveland’s crime rate was significantly lower than other large urban areas, most Cleveland residents feared crime.[36] In the 1980s, gang activity was on the rise, associ- ated with crack cocaine. A taskforce was formed and was partially successful at redu- cing gang activity by a combination of removing gang-related graffiti and educating news sources to not name gangs in news re- porting.[37] Distribution The distribution of crime in Cleveland is highly heterogeneous. Relatively few crimes take place in downtown Cleveland’s business district, but the perception of crime in the downtown has been pointed to by the Greater Cleveland Growth Association (now the Greater Cleveland Partnership) as damaging to the city’s economy.[38] Neighborhoods of higher socioeconomic status in Cleveland and its suburbs have lower rates of violent crime than areas of lower status, and even con- trolling for this factor, areas with higher pop- ulations of African Americans have higher vi- olent crime rates.[39] A study of the relation- ship between employment access and crime in Cleveland found a strong inverse relation- ship, with the highest crime rates in areas of the city that had the lowest access to jobs. Furthermore, this relationship was found to be strongest with respect to economic crimes.[40] A study of public housing in Cleveland found that criminals tend to live in areas of higher affluence and move into areas of lower affluence to commit crimes.[41] Geography Topography Panorama of Public Square in 1912 According to the United States Census Bur- eau,[1] the city has a total area of 82.4 square miles (213.5 km²), of which, 77.6 square miles (201.0 km²) is land and 4.8 square miles (12.5 km²) is water. The total area is 5.87% water. The shore of Lake Erie is 569 feet (173 m) above sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly paral- lel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek. The land rises quickly from the lakeshore. Public Square, less than a mile (2 km) inland, sits at an elev- ation of 650 feet (198 m), and Hopkins Air- port, only five miles (8 km) inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 791 feet (241 m).[42] Climate Cleveland possesses a humid continental cli- mate (Koppen climate classification Dfa), typ- ical of much of the central United States, with very warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The Lake Erie shoreline is very close to due east-west from the mouth of the Cuyahoga west to Sandusky, but at the mouth of the Cuyahoga it turns sharply northeast. This feature is the principal con- tributor to the lake effect snow that is typical in Cleveland (especially east side) weather from mid-November until the surface of Lake Erie freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes snowfall totals to range greatly across the city: while Hopkins Airport has only reached 100 inches (254 cm) of snowfall in a given season three times since 1968,[43] seasonal totals ap- proaching or exceeding 100 inches (2,500 mm) are not uncommon in an area known as the "Snow Belt", extending from the east side of Cleveland proper through the eastern suburbs and up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo, New York. Despite its repu- tation as a cold, snowy place in winter, mild spells often break winter’s grip with temper- atures sometimes soaring above 70 °F (21 °C). The all-time record high in Cleveland of 104 °F (40 °C) was established on June 25, 1988, and the all-time record low of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.[44] On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 71.9 °F (22.2 °C), and January, with a mean temperature of 25.7 °F From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 4 (−3.5 °C), is the coldest. Normal yearly pre- cipitation based on the 30-year average from 1971 to 2000 is 38.7 inches (930 mm).[45] Yearly precipitation rates vary considerably in different areas of the Cleveland metropolit- an area, with less precipitation on the west- ern side and directly along the lake, and the most occurring in the eastern suburbs. Parts of Geauga county receive over 44 inches of rain annually.[46] Cityscape Downtown Cleveland’s skyline Architecture See also: List of tallest buildings in Cleve- land and North Coast Harbor The Terminal Tower complex, with the Ware- house District, the Cuyahoga River, and Lake Erie in the background Cleveland’s downtown architecture is di- verse. Many of the city’s government and civic buildings, including City Hall, the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, the Cleveland Public Library, and Public Auditorium, are clustered around an open mall and share a common neoclassical architecture. Built in the early 20th century, they are the result of the 1903 Group Plan, and constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the United States.[48] The Terminal Tower, dedicated in 1930, was the tallest building in North America outside New York City until 1967 and the tallest in the city until 1991.[49] It is a prototypical Beaux-Arts sky- scraper. The two newer skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (currently the tallest building in Ohio) and the BP Building, combine elements of Art Deco architecture with postmodern designs. Another of Cleve- land’s architectural treasures is The Arcade (sometimes called the Old Arcade), a five- story arcade built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel.[50] Cleve- land’s landmark ecclesiastical architecture includes the historic Old Stone Church in downtown Cleveland and the onion domed St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Tremont.[51] Cleveland Downtown from Voinovich Park Running east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue, which was known for its prestige and elegance. In the late 1880s, writer Bayard Taylor described it as "the most beautiful street in the world."[52] Known as "Millionaire’s Row", Euclid Avenue was world-renowned as the home of such internationally known names as Rockefeller, Hanna, and Hay.[53] Cleveland is home to four parks in the countywide Cleveland Metroparks system, the "Emerald Necklace" of Olmsted-inspired parks that encircles the region. In the Big Creek valley sits the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, which contains one of the largest collec- tion of primates in North America [54]. The other three parks are Brookside Park and parts of the Rocky River and Washington Reservations. Apart from the Metroparks is Cleveland Lakefront State Park, which provides public access to Lake Erie. Among its six parks are Edgewater Park, located between the Shoreway and Lake Erie just west of downtown, and Euclid Beach Park and Gordon Park on the east side. The City of Cleveland’s Rockefeller Park, with its many Cultural Gardens[55] honoring the city’s From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 5 ethnic groups, follows Doan Brook across the city’s east side. Neighborhoods Downtown Cleveland is centered around Public Square and includes a wide range of diversified districts. Downtown Cleveland is home to the traditional Financial District and Civic Center, as well as the distinct Theatre District, which houses Playhouse Square Center, and mixed-use neighborhoods such as the Flats and the Warehouse District, which are occupied by industrial and office buildings and also by restaurants and bars. The number of downtown housing units in the form of condominiums, lofts, and apart- ments has increased over the past ten years. This trend looks to continue with the recent revival of the Flats, the Euclid Corridor Pro- ject, and the success of East 4th Street. The west bank of the Flats and the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland Cleveland residents often define them- selves in terms of whether they live on the east side or the west side of the Cuyahoga River.[56] The east side comprises the follow- ing neighborhoods: Buckeye-Shaker Square, Central, Collinwood, Corlett, Euclid-Green, Fairfax, Forest Hills, Glenville, Payne/ Goodrich-Kirtland Park, Hough, Kinsman, Lee Harvard/Seville-Miles, Mount Pleasant, Nottingham, St. Clair-Superior, Union-Miles Park, University Circle, Little Italy, and Woodland Hills. The west side of the city in- cludes the following neighborhoods: Brooklyn Centre, Clark-Fulton, Detroit-Shoreway, Cudell, Edgewater, Ohio City, Old Brooklyn, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park: Kamm’s Corners, Jefferson, Puritas- Longmead, and Riverside. Three neighborhoods in the Cuyahoga Valley are sometimes referred to as the south side: In- dustrial Valley/Duck Island, Slavic Village (North and South Broadway), and Tremont. Satellite photograph of Cleveland and its sur- rounding suburbs Several inner-city neighborhoods have be- gun to gentrify in recent years. Areas on both the west side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit- Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the east side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy) have been successful in attracting increasing numbers of creative class members, which in turn is spurring new residential develop- ment.[57] Furthermore, a live-work zoning overlay for the city’s near east side has facil- itated the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.[58] Suburbs Cleveland’s older inner-ring or "first" suburbs include Bedford, Bedford Heights, Brook Park, Brooklyn, Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, East Cleveland, Euclid, Fairview Park, Garfield Heights, Lakewood, Maple Heights, Parma, Shaker Heights, South Euc- lid, University Heights, and Warrensville Heights. All are members of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium.[59] Culture Fine arts Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center, the second largest performing arts center in the United States behind New York’s Lincoln Center.[60] Playhouse Square includes the State, Palace, Allen, Hanna, and Ohio theaters within what is known as the Theater District of Downtown Cleveland.[61] Playhouse Square’s resident performing arts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 6 companies include the Cleveland Opera, the Ohio Ballet, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival.[62] The center also hosts various Broadway musicals, special concerts, speak- ing engagements, and other events throughout the year. One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland’s public broadcasters, was originally used as the broadcast studios of WJW Radio, where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll".[63] Located between Play- house Square and University Circle are the Cleveland Play House and Karamu House, a well-known African American performing and fine arts center, both founded in the 1920s.[64] Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often re- ferred to as the finest in the United States.[65] It is one of the "Big Five" major or- chestras in the United States. The Orchestra plays in Severance Hall during the winter and at Blossom Music Center during the sum- mer.[66] The city is also home to the Cleve- land Pops Orchestra. There are two main art museums in Cleve- land. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum,[67] with a collection that includes more than 40,000 works of art ranging over 6,000 years, from ancient mas- terpieces to contemporary pieces. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases es- tablished and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions.[68] Film and television See also: Category:Films set in Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland has served as the setting for sever- al major films, including The Fortune Cookie (1967) with Walter Matthau and Jack Lem- mon, Major League (1989), Antwone Fisher (2002) and Welcome To Collinwood (2002). Cleveland is also the setting for the film American Splendor, the lifelong home of writer Harvey Pekar and also the setting for most of his autobiographical comic books, upon which the film was based. The city was also the setting for the popular television sit- com, The Drew Carey Show which starred Cleveland native Drew Carey. Also, many of the external shots for the widely beloved holiday film A Christmas Story (1983), which was set in Cleveland.[69] Because of its architecture, its proximity and its ease of access, locations in Cleveland are often used by filmmakers as a stand-in for other places. For example, a complex battle scene that was set in New York City in Spider-Man 3 was filmed in Cleveland in April 2006.[70] The popular action film Air Force One, with Harrison Ford, William H Macy, Glenn Close, Dean Stockwell and Gary Oldman had its opening shots filmed above and inside Severance Hall on University Circle, home of the Cleveland Orchestra. [71] The Video-Game to Film adaptation of Double Dragon was filmed notably in an abandoned warehouse along Cleveland’s Lake Erie shoreline, the Cuyahoga River along the Flats, and Cleveland’s Terminal Tower-Tower City Mall. [72] Literature Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, who created the comic book character Superman in 1932. Both attended Glenville High School, and their early collab- orations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel".[73]D. A. Levy wrote : "Cleveland: The Rectal Eye Visions)". Popular music Cleveland has also produced a diverse range of popular musical artists, such as: • heavy metal bands Chimaira and Mushroomhead • alternative rock groups Nine Inch Nails and Filter • hip-hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony • rock band Eric Carmen and The Raspberries[74] • R&B groups Dazz Band and The Rude Boys • Punk band The Dead Boys • protopunk bands Pere Ubu, Rocket From The Tombs and Electric Eels[75] • hip-hop artists Kid Cudi and Ray Cash • R&B artists Gerald Levert, Bobby Womack and Avant • singer/songwriter Tracy Chapman • Benjamin Orr, bassist/singer/songwriter for rock band The Cars Cuisine Cleveland’s many immigrant groups have long played an important role in defining the From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 7 regional cuisine. Polish and Eastern European foods, such as beer, pierogi, and kielbasa are popular in and around the city, as are foods associated with Cleveland’s Irish and Italian immigrants. Residents like Hector Boiardi (Chef Boyardee) and Michael Ruhl- man have been noted for their contributions in the culinary world. The West Side Market is home to vendors selling many kinds of eth- nic food, as well as fresh produce, and ethnic restaurants can be found in the Little Italy, Slavic Village, and Tremont neighborhoods, among others. Culinary scene Beginning in 2007, Cleveland’s culinary scene began to receive international atten- tion. In early 2008, the Chicago Tribune called Cleveland America’s "hot new dining city".[76] The national food press—Gourmet, Food & Wine, Esquire and Play- boy.com—heaped praise on several Cleveland spots this year for best new restaurant, best steakhouse, best farm-to-table programs and great new neighborhood eateries.[76] On November 11, 2007, Cleveland chef Michael Symon helped brighten the spotlight on Cleveland’s culinary scene when he was named "The Next Iron Chef" on the Food Net- work reality TV show by the same name. Anthony Bourdain highlighted the city’s food scene on a 2007 episode of his Travel Chan- nel show "Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations". Tourism The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on the shores of Lake Erie Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleve- land is University Circle, a 550-acre (2.2 km2) concentration of cultural, educa- tional, and medical institutions, including the Cleveland Botanical Garden, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, Severance Hall, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Natural His- tory, and the Western Reserve Historical So- ciety. Cleveland is also home to the I. M. Pei- designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship Mather Museum, and the USS Cod, a World War II submarine.[77] Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. Cultural festivals such as the annual Feast of the Assumption in the Little Italy neighborhood, the Hellenic Herit- age Festival at the Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church in the Tremont neighbor- hood, and the Harvest Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood are popular events. Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale. Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick’s Day that brings hundreds of thou- sands to the streets of downtown.[78] Oldenburg and van Bruggen’s Free Stamp, located in Willard Park to the east of City Hall Fashion Week Cleveland, the city’s annual fashion event, is one of the few internation- ally recognized fashion industry happenings in North America.[79] The show is considered by many to be the best in the Midwest—per- haps second only to New York for fashion weeks in the US. In addition to the cultural festivals, Cleve- land hosted the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest, which featured national and local acts, in- cluding both established artists and up-and- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 8 coming acts, but the festival was discontin- ued in 2007 due to financial and manpower costs to the Rock Hall.[80] The annual In- genuity Festival and Notacon conference fo- cus on the combination of art and technology. The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held annually since 1977, and its eleven day run drew a record 52,753 people in 2007.[81] Cleveland also hosts an annual holi- day display lighting and celebration, dubbed Winterfest, which is held downtown at the city’s historic hub, Public Square.[82] Sports See also: List of Cleveland sports teams Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland’s professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Base- ball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Bas- ketball Association), Cleveland City Stars (United Soccer Leagues), Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League), and the Cleve- land Gladiators (Arena Football League). An- nual sporting events held in Cleveland in- clude the Champ Car Grand Prix of Cleve- land, the Cleveland Marathon, the Mid-Amer- ican Conference college basketball tourna- ment and the Ohio Classic college football game.[83] The city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series, from 2002 to 2004, and the Dew Action Sports Tour Right Guard Open in 2007. Local sporting facilities in- clude Progressive Field, Cleveland Browns Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, and the Wol- stein Center. The Cleveland Browns dominated the NFL from 1950 to 1955. The city’s franchise is one of the most storied in football, though it last won an NFL championship in 1964 and has never appeared in the Super Bowl. Progressive Field, home of the Cleveland Indians The Cleveland Indians last reached the World Series in 1997, losing to the Florida Marlins, and have not won the series since 1948. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field sold out 455 consecutive games and held a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008.[84] The Cleveland Cavaliers are experiencing a renaissance with Cleve- land fans due to LeBron James, a native of nearby Akron and the number one overall draft pick of 2003. The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference in 2007, but were de- feated in the NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs. The city’s recent lack of success in sports has earned it a reputation of being a cursed sports city, which ESPN validated by proclaiming Cleveland as its "most tortured sports city" in 2004.[85] The tradition of professional hockey in Cleveland started with the original Cleveland Barons in 1937.[86] Cleveland fielded an NHL team, also called the Cleveland Barons, from 1976 to 1978, which was later merged into the Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars). Cleveland’s current hockey team is the minor-league Lake Erie Monsters, which began play in 2007.[87] The city has had oth- er major and minor-league hockey teams in the past including the Cleveland Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League and the Cleveland Crusaders of the WHA. Cleveland was also home to the Cleveland Rockers, one of the original eight teams[88] in the WNBA in 1997. However, in 2003, the team folded after owner Gordon Gund dropped the team from operation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 9 In 2005, Major League Soccer commis- sioner Don Garber announced that Cleveland was one of several top areas in contention for an expansion team in 2007.[89] Delays in se- curing a soccer-only stadium have now pre- vented any such team from beginning play until the 2009 season, but the Cleveland area is still a contender for expansion. The city’s current soccer team, the Cleveland City Stars, play in the USL First Division. Cleveland also fielded two indoor soccer teams, the original Cleveland Force of the NPSL . This team folded in 1988. They were replaced by the Cleveland Crunch of the Ma- jor Indoor Soccer League (MISL), but the team ceased operations in 2005 after having won three league championships in the 90s. Media Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer, the city’s sole remaining daily news- paper. The competing Cleveland Press ceased publication on June 17, 1982, and the Cleveland News ended its run in 1960. Cleve- land is also home to Cleveland Scene, an al- ternative weekly paper, which absorbed its competitor, the Free Times in 2008. Cleveland, combined with nearby Akron and Canton, is ranked for 2008–2009 as the 17th largest television market by Nielsen Me- dia Research.[90] The market is served by sta- tions affiliated with major American networks including: WKYC-TV (channel 3, NBC), WEWS (channel 5, ABC), WJW-TV (channel 8, Fox), WOIO (channel 19, CBS), WUAB (chan- nel 43, MNTV), and WBNX-TV (channel 55, The CW). Cleveland is also served by WVPX (channel 23, ION), Spanish-language channel WQHS-TV (channel 61, Univision), and WVIZ (channel 25) which is a member of PBS. A na- tional television first was The Morning Ex- change on WEWS, which defined the morn- ing show format and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America.[91] Cleveland is also served by 29 AM and FM radio stations directly, and numerous other stations are heard from elsewhere in North- east Ohio, which serve outlying suburbs and adjoining counties.[92] Economy Cleveland’s location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth. The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail Downtown Cleveland as viewed from Edge- water State Park links helped establish the city as a major American manufacturing center. Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as its industries.[93] The city has sought to diversify its eco- nomy to become less dependent on its strug- gling manufacturing sector. Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large com- panies such as Eaton Corporation, National City Corporation, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin-Williams Company, and KeyCorp. NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center. Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the world, traces its ori- gins to Cleveland, and its Cleveland office re- mains the firm’s largest.[94] However, in recent years, the Cleveland area has lost nearly a dozen corporate headquarters, including TRW, OfficeMax, BP, and Oglebay Norton, mostly through acquisi- tions or mergers.[95] The city is expected to lose the headquarters of longtime institution National City Bank, having recently been ac- quired by PNC Financial Services, based in Pittsburgh.[96][97] In 2005, Duke Realty Corp., one of the area’s largest landlords, an- nounced it was selling all of its property in the Cleveland area because of the stagnation of the market; however, the company contin- ues to maintain a large office building portfo- lio in the southern suburbs.[98] The commer- cial real estate market rebounded in 2007 as office properties were purchased at a record pace.[99] From the beginning of July to the end of September, 2007, there was one resid- ential foreclosure for every fifty-seven homes in the metropolitan area,[100] and ten percent of the city’s homes are now vacant, due in part to the rise in foreclosure filings.[101] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 10 Many of the foreclosed homes are vacant and have been vandalized.[102] Cleveland’s largest employer, the Cleve- land Clinic,[103] ranks among America’s best hospitals as tabulated by U.S. News & World Report.[104] Cleveland’s healthcare industry includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor which ranked twenty-fifth in cancer care,[105] and MetroHealth medical center. Cleveland is an emerging area for biotech- nology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Cleveland is among the top recipients of in- vestment for biotech start-ups and re- search.[106] Case Western Reserve, the Clin- ic, and University Hospitals have recently an- nounced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and incubator on the site of the former Mt. Sinai Medical Center, creat- ing a research campus to stimulate biotech startup companies that can be spun off from research conducted in the city.[107] The "tech czar" and other city leaders work at City Hall. City leaders stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy in the early 2000s. Former Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a "tech czar" whose job is to act- ively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run under- neath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices" focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Cleveland State University hired a Techno- logy Transfer Officer to work full time on cul- tivating technology transfers from CSU re- search to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area, and appointed a Vice President for Economic Development to leverage the university’s assets in expanding the city’s economy. Case Western Reserve University participates in technology initiat- ives such as the OneCommunity project[108] a high-speed fiber optic network linking the area’s major research centers intended to stimulate growth. OneCommunity’s work at- tracted the attention of Intel and in mid-2005, Cleveland was named an Intel "Worldwide Digital Community" along with Corpus Christi, Texas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Taipei, Taiwan. This dis- tinction added about $12 million for market- ing to expand regional technology partner- ships, create a city-wide WiFi network, and develop a tech economy. In addition to this Intel initiative, in January 2006 a New York- based think tank, the Intelligent Community Forum, selected Cleveland as the sole Amer- ican city among its seven finalists for the "In- telligent Community of the Year" award. The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCommunity network with potential broadband applications.[109] The OneCom- munity Network is collaborating with Cisco Systems to deploy a cutting-edge wireless network that could provide widespread ac- cess to the region. Cisco is testing new tech- nologies in wireless "mesh" networking. OneCommunity and Cisco officially launched the first phase in September 2006, blanket- ing several square miles of University Circle with wireless connectivity. Additionally, Cisco Systems acquired the former Aironet Wire- less Networks, which was based in the Great- er Cleveland area, to form its wireless net- working product lineup and maintain a facil- ity in the region.[110] Demographics Historical populations Census Pop. %± 1820 606 — 1830 1,075 77.4% 1840 6,071 464.7% 1850 17,034 180.6% 1860 43,417 154.9% 1870 92,829 113.8% 1880 160,146 72.5% 1890 261,353 63.2% 1900 381,768 46.1% 1910 560,663 46.9% From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 11 1920 796,841 42.1% 1930 900,429 13.0% 1940 878,336 −2.5% 1950 914,808 4.2% 1960 876,050 −4.2% 1970 750,903 −14.3% 1980 573,822 −23.6% 1990 505,616 −11.9% 2000 478,403 −5.4% Est. 2007 438,042 −8.4% [111] As of the 2000 Census,[5] there were 478,403 people, 190,638 households, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,166.5 people per square mile (2,380.9/km²). There were 215,856 housing units at an average density of 2,782.4 per square mile (1,074.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 50.99% Black or African American, 41.49% White, 1.35% Asian, 0.30% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. 7.26% of the popula- tion was Hispanic or Latino of any race.[1] Ethnic groups include Slovenes (10%)[112], Germans (9.2%), Irish (8.2% ), Poles (4.8%), Italians (4.6%), and English (2.8%). There are also substantial communities of Hungarians, Arabs, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Greeks, Ukrainians, Albanians, Macedonians, Croats, Serbs, Lithuanians, Slovenes, Puerto Ricans, Koreans, and Han Chinese. The presence of Hungarians within Cleveland proper was so great that the city once boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest.[113] Built as the Second Church of Christ, Scient- ist, this building on Cleveland’s East Side now serves a primarily African American congregation. There were 190,638 households out of which 29.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were nonfamilies. 35.2% of all house- holds were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.19. The population was spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.[1] The median income for a household in the city was $25,928, and the median income for a family was $30,286. Males had a median in- come of $30,610 versus $24,214 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,291. 26.3% of the population and 22.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[1] Cleveland was hit hard in the 1960s and early 1970s by white flight and suburbaniza- tion. While the city’s total population de- clined, Cleveland Public Schools’ enrollment had increased: 99,686 in 1950, and 134,765 in 1960, and 148,793 in 1963.[114]. Cleveland Public Schools financially struggled with a growing student population, and a declining tax base due to regional industrial decline and depopulation of the metropolitan and urban areas in favor of the suburbs.[114][115] After World War II, middle-class jobs and families migrated to the suburbs leaving be- hind predominantly low-income student en- rollment in the Cleveland Public School sys- tem.[114] On December 12, 1973, the Nation- al Association for the Advancement of Co- lored People’s Cleveland Chapter filed suit, Reed vs. Rhodes[116][117], against the Cleve- land Board of Education in Cleveland’s Un- ited States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio to racially integrate Cleve- land Public Schools,[118] claiming that the public schools were at least partly at fault for Cleveland’s housing segregation into ethnic neighborhoods. Between August 31, 1976[117] and 1984, Chief United States Dis- trict Judge Frank J. Battisti issued over 4,000 court orders including implementation of forced-busing of Cleveland Public From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 12 Cleveland Demographics Year Total African American Percent Caucasian Percent Hispanic or Latino Percent Asian Percent Am In or Al N 2006 Estim- ate[125] 406,427 216,421 53.25% 155,575 38.28% 33,038 8.13% 6,942 1.71% 1, 2000 Actu- al[126] 467,702 243,939 52.16% 198,510 42.44% 34,728 7.43% 6,444 1.38% 1, 1990 Actual 505,616 [127] 235,405 [128] 46.56% 250,234 [128] 49.49% 23,197 [128] 4.59% 5020 [128] 0.99% 15 [1 Schools,[114] the case was appealed to the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, which by 23 Aug. 1979 upheld Battisti’s earlier or- ders[116], and was later upheld on appeal by the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1970 to 1980, Cleveland experienced a 24% decline in population (from 751 thou- sand to 574 thousand),[115][119], which was part of a longer-term on-going trend from 1950 to 2000.[115] Demographia estimates that Cleveland’s 1980 population would have been 5% higher (606 thousand) without man- datory busing.[119] Mandatory busing was one of several factors which sped up the mi- gration from out of Cleveland by those who could afford to.[119] The administrative and operational expense of complying with man- datory busing and other federal court orders caused a dramatic increase in overhead ex- penditures per student, while declining tax revenues resulted in lower expenditures on actually educating public school stu- dents.[114] In 1996, Martin Hoke, Cleveland’s 10th. District United States House Repres- entative was quoted: "Children are now bused from a predominantly black school on the east side of town to a predominantly black school on the west side of town. More than half a billion dollars[120]A[›] has been spent on desegregation activities since 1978-- money that could have been used to buy text- books, upgrade science laboratories or pur- chase new computers. When kids attend schools miles away from their homes, what working parent is able to attend sporting events, parent-teacher conferences, and home-room parties? Busing has contributed significantly to the decline of our urban cen- ters."[121] The combination of many factors resulted in declining enrollments.[114] Before mandatory busing, in 1976, minority enrollment in Cleveland Public Schools was 58%, by 1994 it was 71%. By 1996, Cleveland Public Schools total enrollment was half of what it was pre-mandatory busing.[120] In 1991, Ohio had a new proficiency test for 9th. grade students which the majority of Cleveland Public Schools students did not pass[114]. By 1994, almost 50% of the sys- tem’s students were failing to graduate from high school,[114] and many graduates who did not qualify for entry-level jobs, [114] with many employers increasingly requiring sec- ondary or post-secondary degrees [114] due to more information technology-related jobs and other changes in the overall economy. In March 1994, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Cleveland Chapter, Reed vs. Rhodes plaintiff, chal- lenged the fairness of the Ohio 9th. grade proficiency test as an Ohio secondary school graduation requirement for African-American students; [122] the subsequent federal court settlement agreement(s) left the 9th. grade secondary school graduation requirement in- tact and unchanged in 1994 and sub- sequently. [122] Prior to mandatory busing, Cleveland Public Schools graduation rate was 75 percent, by 1996 it had dropped to 26.6 percent[120] Although mandatory busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest major city in the United States.[123] Cleveland was again rated the poorest major city in the U.S. in 2006, with a poverty rate of 32.4%.[124] Changing demographics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 13 Government and politics See also: List of mayors of Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland City Council, and List of Cleveland politicians Cleveland City Hall Cleveland’s position as a center of manufac- turing established it as a hotbed of union activity early in its history. This contributed to a political progressivism that has influ- enced Cleveland politics to the present. While other parts of Ohio, particularly Cincin- nati and the southern portion of the state, have historically supported the Republican Party, Cleveland commonly breeds the strongest support in the state for the Demo- crats;[129] At the local level, elections are nonpartisan. However, Democrats still dom- inate every level of government. Cleveland is split between two congres- sional districts. Most of the western part of the city is in the 10th District, represented by Dennis Kucinich. Most of the eastern part of the city, as well as most of downtown, is in the 11th District, represented by Marcia Fudge. Both are Democrats. During the 2004 Presidential election, al- though George W. Bush carried Ohio, John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County,[130] which gave him the strongest support in the state. The city of Cleveland operates on the mayor-council (strong mayor) form of govern- ment.[131] The mayor is the chief executive of the city, and the office is held in 2008 by Frank G. Jackson. Previous mayors of Cleve- land include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, United States Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton, Republican Sen- ator George V. Voinovich, two-time Demo- cratic Ohio Governor and Senator Frank J. Lausche, and Carl B. Stokes, the first African American mayor of a major American city.[132] Education Public schools The Cleveland Metropolitan School District is the largest K-12 district in the state, with 127 schools and an enrollment of 55,567 students during the 2006–2007 academic year.[133] It is the only district in Ohio that is under direct control of the mayor, who appoints a school board.[134] • Collinwood High School • East High School • East Technical High School • Glenville High School • James Ford Rhodes High School • John Adams High School Private schools • Benedictine High School (all-boys’) • Cleveland Central Catholic High School • Eleanor Gerson School • St. Ignatius High School (all-boys’) • St. Joseph Academy (all-girls’) • Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School Colleges and universities Adelbert Hall on the campus of Case Western Reserve University Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among these is Case Western Reserve University, a world-renowned research and teaching insti- tution located in University Circle. A private university with several prominent graduate programs, Case was ranked 38th in the na- tion in 2007 by U.S. News & World Re- port.[135] University Circle also contains From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 14 Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland In- stitute of Music, and the Ohio College of Po- diatric Medicine. Cleveland State University (CSU), based in downtown Cleveland, is the city’s public four-year university. In addition to CSU, downtown hosts the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College, the county’s two-year higher education institu- tion, as well as Chancellor University, a private four-year school that focuses on busi- ness education.[136] Ohio Technical College is based in Cleve- land [137]. Transportation A collection of fixed and movable bridges crosses the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland. 1992 aerial view of the Cleveland harbor, with the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in the foreground. View is to the east. Airports Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city’s major airport and an international airport that serves as one of three main hubs for Continental Airlines. It holds the distinc- tion of having the first airport-to-downtown rapid transit connection in North America, established in 1968. In 1930, the airport was the site of the first airfield lighting system and the first air traffic control tower. Cleve- land Hopkins is a significant regional air freight hub hosting FedEx Express, UPS Air- lines, United States Postal Service, and major commercial freight carriers. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a com- muter and business airport.[138] Port The Port of Cleveland, located at the Cuyahoga River’s mouth, is a major bulk freight terminal on Lake Erie receiving much of the raw materials used by the region’s manufacturing industries.[139] Railroads Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Cleveland, via the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited routes, which stop at Cleveland Lakefront Station. Cleveland has also been identified as a hub for the proposed Ohio Hub project, which would bring high-speed rail to Ohio.[140] Cleveland hosts several inter-modal freight railroad terminals.[141][142] Mass transit In 2007, the American Public Transportation Association named Cleveland’s mass transit system the best in North America.[143] Cleve- land currently has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA). The rail portion is officially called the RTA Rapid Transit, but is referred to by local residents as The Rapid. It consists of two light rail lines, known as the Green and Blue Lines, and a heavy rail line, the Red Line. In 2008, RTA completed installing a bus rapid transit line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hos- pitals, called the "Health" or Silver Line, which runs along Euclid Avenue from down- town through University Circle, ending at the Stokes-Windermere Transit Station.[144] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cleveland, Ohio 15 Inter-city bus lines National inter-city scheduled bus service is provided at a Greyhound station, located just behind Playhouse Square theater district. Lakefront Trailways provides regional inter- city bus service to popular destinations from their terminal south of Cleveland in Brook- park, Ohio.[145] Akron Metro, Brunswick Transit Alternat- ive, Laketran, Lorain County Transit, and Medina County Transit provide connecting bus service to the Greater Cleveland Region- al Transit Authority. Geauga County Transit and Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority (PARTA) also offer connecting bus service in their neighboring areas.[146] Major highways Three two-digit Interstate highways serve Cleveland directly. • Interstate 71 begins just southwest of downtown and is the major route from downtown Cleveland to the airport. I-71 runs through the southwestern suburbs and eventually connects Cleveland with Columbus. • Interstate 77 begins in downtown Cleveland and runs almost due south through the southern suburbs. I-77 sees the least traffic of the three interstates, although it does connect Cleveland to Akron. • Interstate 90 connects the two sides of Cleveland, and is the northern terminus for both I-71 and I-77. Running due east–west through the west side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with and I-490, and is known as the Innerbelt through downtown. At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn known in the area as Dead Man’s Curve, then continues northeast, entering Lake County near the eastern split with Ohio State Route 2. Cleveland is also served by two three-digit interstates, • Interstate 480, which enters Cleveland briefly at a few points and • Interstate 490, which connects I-77 with the junction of I-90 and I-71 just south of downtown.[147] Two other limited-access highways serve Cleveland. • The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway carries State Route 2 along its length, and at varying points also carries US 6, US 20 and I-90. • The Jennings Freeway (State Route 176) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480 near the suburbs of Parma and Brooklyn Heights. • A third highway, the Berea Freeway (State Route 237 in part), connects I-71 to the airport, and forms part of the boundary between Cleveland and Brook Park.[148] Sister cities Cleveland has twenty sister cities:[149] • Alexandria (Egypt) • Bahir Dar (Ethiopia) • Bangalore (India) • Braşov (Romania) • Bratislava (Slovakia) • Cleveland, England (United Kingdom) • Conakry (Guinea) • Fier (Albania) • Gdańsk (Poland) • Heidenheim an der Brenz (Germany) • Ibadan (Nigeria) • Klaipėda (Lithuania) • Lima (Peru) • Ljubljana (Slovenia) • Miskolc (Hungary) • Segundo Montes (El Salvador) • Rouen (France) • Taipei (Taiwan) • Volgograd (Russia) • West Mayo (Ireland) See also • Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion • Cleveland Torso Murderer (Kingsbury Run murders) • Cleveland travel guide from Wikitravel • Greater Cleveland - The metropolitan area as a whole. 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Case Western Reserve University. • Cleveland Cartography • Cleveland Memory Project External links • City Of Cleveland Home Page • Positively Cleveland (Convention and Visitors Bureau of Greater Cleveland) • Cleveland at the Open Directory Project • Flickr: Photos tagged with "Cleveland" • Pictures of Cleveland at UrbanOhio.com • Historic Cleveland Maps (1835–1971) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" Categories: Cleveland, Ohio, Cities in Ohio, County seats in Ohio, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Port settlements in the United States, United States communities with African American ma- jority populations, Settlements on the Great Lakes, Settlements established in 1796 This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 15:24 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. 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