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Delhi Delhi From top counterclockwise: Bahá’í Lotus Temple, India Gate, Humayun’s Tomb, and Rashtrapati Bhavan Delhi Location of Delhi in Delhi and India Country India Territory Delhi District(s) Districts of Delhi New Delhi Central Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi East Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi North West Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit Lt. Governor Tejendra Khanna Mayor Arti Mehra Legislature (seats) Unicameral (70) Population • Density • Metro 11,954,217 (2nd) (2007) • 11,463 /km2 (29,689 /sq mi) • 15.9 million[1] (2007) Language(s) Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Area • Elevation 1,484 km² (573 sq mi) • 239 m (784 ft)[2] Codes • Pincode • 110 xxx • Telephone • +011 • UN/LOCODE • INDEL • Vehicle • DL-xx Website delhigovt.nic.in Coordinates: 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23 Delhi (Hindi: ??????, Urdu: ???? dehlī), known locally as Dilli (Hindi: ??????, Urdu: ????, Punjabi: ????? dillī), and also by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the second-largest metropolis in India. With over 17.3 million residents, it is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population.[1] The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the NCT. The NCT is a federally ad- ministered union territory. Located on the banks of the River Yamuna, Delhi has been continuously inhab- ited since at least the 6th century BC, accord- ing to archaeological evidence.[3] After the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, Delhi emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 1 city along the trade routes between northw- est India and the Indo-Gangetic plains.[4][5] It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and re- mains. In 1639, Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857.[6][7] After the British East India Company gained control of much of India during the 18th and 19th centuries, Calcutta became the capital both under Company rule and under the British Raj, until George V announced in 1911 that it was to move back to Delhi. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.[8] When India gained independence from Brit- ish rule in 1947, New Delhi was declared its capital and seat of government. As such, New Delhi houses important offices of the federal government, including the Parliament of India. Owing to the migration of people from across the country, Delhi has grown to be a cosmopolitan metropolis. Its rapid develop- ment and urbanisation, coupled with the rel- atively high average income of its population, has transformed Delhi.[9] Today Delhi is a major cultural, political, and commercial cen- ter of India. Etymology The etymology of "Delhi" is uncertain but many possibilities exist. The most common view is that its eponym is Dhillu or Dilu, a king of the Mauryan dynasty, who built the city in 50 BC and named it after him- self.[10][11][12] The Hindi/Prakrit word dhili ("loose") was used by the Tuar Rajputs to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar built by Raja Dhava had a weak foundation and was replaced.[12] The coins in circulation in the region under the Rajputs were called dehliwal.[13] Some other historians believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corrup- tion of dehleez or dehali—Hindi for ’threshold’—and symbolic of city as a gate- way to the Indo-Gangetic Plains.[14] Another theory suggests that the city’s original name was Dhillika.[15] History Human habitation was probably present in and around Delhi during the second At 72.5 m (238 ft), the Qutub Minar is the world’s tallest free standing minaret.[16] Built in 1560, the Humayun’s Tomb is the first example of Mughal tomb complexes.[17] millennium BC and before,[18] and continu- ous inhabitation has been evidenced since at least the 6th century BC.[3] The city is be- lieved to be the site of Indraprastha, le- gendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata.[11] Settlements grew from the time of the Mauryan Empire (c. 300 BC).[18] Remains of seven major cities have been discovered in Delhi. The Tomara dyn- asty founded the city of Lal Kot in 736 AD. The Chauhan Rajputs of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 AD and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan Muhammad Ghori.[11] In 1206, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, the first ruler of the Slave Dynasty established the Delhi Sultanate. Qutb-ud-din started the construction the Qutub Minar and Quwwat- al-Islam (might of Islam), the earliest extant mosque in India.[11][19] After the fall of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic and Central Asian dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodhi dynasty held power in the late me- dieval period, and built a sequence of forts and townships that are part of the seven From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 2 cities of Delhi.[20] In 1398, Timur Lenk in- vaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too lenient towards their Hindu subjects. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins.[21] Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during the Sultanate period.[22] In 1526, Zahiruddin Babur defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.[11] The Mughal Empire ruled northern India for more than three centuries, with a five- year hiatus during Sher Shah Suri’s reign in the mid-16th century.[23] Mughal emperor Akbar shifted the capital from Agra to Delhi. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name (Shahjahanabad), and is more commonly known as the "Old City" or "Old Delhi". The old city served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638. Nader Shah defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal in 1739, and looted the city, carry- ing away many treasures, including the Pea- cock Throne.[24] In 1761, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Abdali after the Third battle of Panipat. At the Battle of Delhi on 11 Septem- ber, 1803, General Lake’s British forces de- feated the Marathas. Built in 1639 by Shah Jahan, the Red Fort is the site from which the Prime Minister of In- dia addresses the nation on Independence Day Delhi came under direct British control after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[11] Shortly after the Rebellion, Calcutta was declared the capital of British India and Delhi was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911, Delhi was declared the capital of Brit- ish India and a new political and administrative capital was designed by a team of British architects led by Edwin Luty- ens to house the government buildings. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens’ Delhi, was offi- cially declared as the seat of the Government of India and the capital of the republic after independence on 15 August, 1947. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab and Sindh fled to Delhi while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Starting on October 31, 1984 three thousand Sikhs were by Hindu mobs killed during the four-day long 1984 anti-Sikh riots after Sikh body guards assassinated the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in revenge for an assault on Sikhism’s holiest shrine during Operation Blue Star. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues, contributing more to the rise of Delhi’s population than the birth rate, which is declining.[25] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capit- al Territory of Delhi.[26] The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly, though with lim- ited powers.[26] In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants resulting in the death of six security personnel.[27] India suspected the hand of Pakistan-based milit- ant groups in the attacks resulting in a major diplomatic crisis between the two coun- tries.[28] Delhi again witnessed terrorist at- tacks in October 2005 and September 2008 resulting in the deaths of 62[29] and 30[30] ci- vilians respectively. Geography and climate See also: Climate of Delhi The National Capital Territory of Delhi is spread over an area of 1,484 km2 (573 sq mi) , of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban. Delhi has a maximum length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and the maximum width of 48.48 km (30 mi). There are three local bodies (statutory towns) namely, Municipal Corporation of Del- hi (area is 1,397.3 km2 or 540 sq mi), New Delhi Municipal Committee (42.7 km2 or 16 sq mi) and Delhi Cantonment Board (43 km2 or 17 sq mi).[31] Delhi is an expansive area, in its extremity it spans from Sarup Nagar in the north to From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 3 Rajorki in the south. Najafghar is the furthest point west, and the river Yamuna is its (relat- ively conservative eastern extremity). The NCR encompasses points south and east of the said border, namely Noida and DLF. Oddly, the main expanse of Delhi does not follow a specific geographical features (for example, converse to London, which centered around the Thames, has its north- ern limit at its first Hill, Hampstead Heath, and its southern limit at the river, similarly it’s western limit is the bottom of a basin - Paddington) The main city area of Delhi does not end until Saket in the South, whilst the northern limit is easily the Connaught Place, and the western limit is easily the NH8 The terrain of Delhi is widely erratic. It changes from plain agricultural fields in the north, to dry, arid hills (an offshoot of the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan) in the south. Their used to be large natural lakes in the southern part of the city, but most of them have dried up due to mining. The city is bordered by river Yamuna, that separates the, although there is a good connectivity between them, with a number of bridges and the Metro subway, areas east of the river are not in the City of Delhi. The entirety of the city, including New Delhi, lies west of the river. East of the river still continues the NCR, but is not Delhi. Lightning strikes near India Gate, New Delhi. Delhi receives much of its rainfall during the monsoon season which lasts from July to August Delhi is located at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23, and lies in northern India. It borders the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh on East and Haryana on West, North and South. Delhi lies almost entirely in the Gangetic plains. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plain and the Delhi ridge. The low-lying Yamuna flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture. However, these plains are prone to recurrent floods. Reach- ing up to a height of 318 m (1,043 ft),[32] the ridge forms the most dominating feature in this region. It originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast and northwest parts of the city. Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. Another river called the Hindon River separ- ates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Del- hi. Delhi falls under seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to major earthquakes. [33] Delhi has a continental climate with high variation between summer and winter tem- peratures. Summers are long, extremely hot, from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between. They are dan- gerous, and have, in the recent past, taken a huge toll. Beginning of March sees a reversal in the direction of wind, from the north-west- ern direction, to the south-western. These bring the hot waves from Rajasthan, carrying sand and are a characteristic of the Delhi summer. These are called loo. The months of February to May see a time of hot, prickling heat, with highly oxidizing conditions. At the end of June, humidity increases, bringing some respite in fluctuating rains in the months of July to September. Winter starts in late October and peaks in January and is no- torious for its heavy fog.[34] Extreme temper- atures range from −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) to 48 °C (118 °F).[35] The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 °C to 32 °C (56 °F to 90 °F).[36] The average annual rainfall is approx- imately 714 mm (28.1 inches), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[11] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.[37] Civic administration See also: Divisions of Delhi, Districts of Del- hi, and List of towns in National Capital Ter- ritory of Delhi As of July 2007, the National Capital Territ- ory of Delhi comprises nine districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns, 165 villages and From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 4 three statutory towns – the Municipal Cor- poration of Delhi (MCD); the New Delhi Mu- nicipal Committee (NDMC); and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB).[39] Map showing the nine districts of Delhi The Delhi metropolitan area lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). The NCT has three local municipal corpora- tions: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and Delhi Cantonment Board. MCD is one of the largest municipal corporations in the world providing civic amenities to an estimated 13.78 million people.[40] The capital of India, New Delhi, falls under the administration of NDMC. The chairperson of the NDMC is ap- pointed by the Government of India in con- sultation with the Chief Minister of Delhi. Delhi has four major satellite cities which lie outside the National Capital Territory of Delhi. These are Gurgaon and Faridabad (in Haryana), and NOIDA and Ghaziabad, in Ut- tar Pradesh. Delhi is divided into nine dis- tricts. Each district (division) is headed by a Deputy Commissioner and has three subdivi- sions. A Subdivision Magistrate heads each subdivision. All Deputy Commissioners report to the Divisional Commissioner. The District Administration of Delhi is the enforcing de- partment for all kinds of State and Central Government policies and exercises supervis- ory powers over numerous other functionar- ies of the Government. The Delhi High Court has jurisdiction over Delhi. Delhi also has lower courts: the Small Causes Court for civil cases, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Delhi Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, is one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.[41] Delhi is administratively divided in- to nine police-zones, which are further sub- divided into 95 local police stations.[42] Government and politics The North Block, built in 1931 during the British Raj, houses key government offices Earlier known as a special union territory, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, Council of Ministers and Chief Minister. The legislative assembly seats are filled by direct election from territorial con- stituencies in the NCT. However, the Union Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly ad- minister New Delhi. New Delhi, a city in Del- hi, is the seat of both the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Government of India. While services like transport and others are taken care of by the Delhi Govt., services such as the police are directly under the con- trol of the Central Government. The legislat- ive assembly was re-established in 1993 for the first time since 1956, with direct federal rule in the span. In addition, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic ad- ministration for the city as part of the Pan- chayati Raj act. New Delhi, an urban area in Delhi, is the seat of both the State Govern- ment of Delhi and the Government of India. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace) and the Su- preme Court of India are located in New Del- hi. There are 80 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament’s lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[43][44] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 5 Delhi was a traditional stronghold of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party. In the 1990s the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under the leadership of Madan Lal Khurana came into power. However in 1998, Congress regained power under Sheila Dixit, who is the incumbent Chief Minister. The Congress retained power in the Legislative Assembly in the 2003 and 2008 elections. Economy See also: Gurgaon and Noida Further information: Economy of In- dia and Economic development in India Barakhamba Road in Connaught Place, an important economic and cultural center. Del- hi registered an economic growth rate of 16% in 2006–07[45] With an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2007) of Rs. 1,182 billion (US$24.5 billion) in nominal terms and Rs. 3,364 billion (US$69.8 billion) in PPP terms,[45][46] Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India.[47] In 2007, Delhi had a per capita income of Rs. 66,728 (US$1,450) at current prices, the third highest in India after Chandigarh and Goa.[48] The tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi’s gross SDP followed by sec- ondary and primary sectors with 25.2% and 3.85% contribution respectively.[46] Delhi’s workforce constitutes 32.82% of the popula- tion showing an increase of 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[49] Delhi’s unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[49] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Del- hi.[49] In 2001 the total workforce in all govern- ment (union and state) and quasi government sector was 620,000. In comparison, organ- ised private sector employed 219,000.[49] Delhi’s service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multina- tional companies. Key service industries in- clude information technology, telecommunic- ations, hotels, banking, media and tour- ism.[50] Delhi’s manufacturing industry has also grown considerably as many consumer goods industries have established manufac- turing units and headquarters in and around Delhi. Delhi’s large consumer market, coupled with the easy availability of skilled labour, has attracted foreign investment in Delhi. In 2001, the manufacturing sector em- ployed 1,440,000 workers while the number of industrial units was 129,000.[51] Construc- tion, power, telecommunications, health and community services, and real estate form in- tegral parts of Delhi’s economy. Delhi has In- dia’s largest and one of the fastest growing retail industries.[52] As a result, land prices are booming and Delhi is currently ranked the 7th most expensive office hotspot in the world, with prices at $145.16 per square foot.[53] As in the rest of India, the fast growth of retail is expected to affect the tra- ditional unorganized retail trading sys- tem.[54] Utility services The water supply in Delhi is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of 2006, it supplied 650 MGD (million gallons per day) of water, while the water demand for 2005–06 was es- timated to be 963 MGD.[55] The rest of the demand is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is the largest water source for DJB, followed by river Yamuna and Ganges.[55] With falling groundwater level and rising population density, Delhi faces severely acute water shortage. Delhi daily produces 8000 tonnes of solid wastes which is dumped at three landfill sites by MCD.[56] The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[57] A large portion of the sewerage flows untreated into the river Yamuna.[57] The city’s per capita electricity consump- tion is about 1,265 kWh but actual demand is much more.[58] In 1997, Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) replaced Delhi Electric Supply Under- taking which was managed by the MCD. The From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 6 The headquarters of the New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC). On the foreground is Jantar Mantar. DVB itself cannot generate adequate power to meet the city’s demand and borrows power from India’s Northern Region Grid. As a result, Delhi faces a power shortage result- ing in frequent blackouts and brownouts, es- pecially during the summer season when en- ergy demand is at its peak. Several industrial units in Delhi rely on their own electrical generators to meet their electric demand and for back up during Delhi’s frequent and dis- ruptive power cuts. A few years ago, the power sector in Delhi was handed over to private companies. The distribution of electri- city is carried out by companies run by Tata Power and Reliance Energy. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[59] State-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises like Vodafone Essar, Airtel, Idea cellular, Reli- ance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide telephone and cell phone service to the city. In May 2008, Airtel alone had approximately 4 million cellular subscribers in Delhi.[60] Cellular coverage is extensive, and both GSM and CDMA (from Reliance and Tata Indicom) services are available. Affordable broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city.[61] Transport The DTC operates the world’s largest fleet of environmentally friendly buses.[62] The Delhi Metro has average ridership of 702,731 commuters per day.[63] Public transport in Delhi is provided by buses, auto rickshaws and a Metro rail system. Buses are the most popular means of transport catering to about 60% of the total demand.[65] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service pro- vider for the city. The DTC operates the world’s largest fleet of environment-friendly CNG buses.[66] A Bus rapid transit network runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit sys- tem built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 7 Indira Gandhi International Airport is the prime aviation hub of Delhi and one of the busiest airports in South Asia[64] Delhi. As of 2007, the metro consists of three lines with a total length of 65 km (40 miles) and 59 stations while several other lines are under construction.[67] Line 1 runs between Rithala and Shahdara, Line 2 runs under- ground between Jahangiri and the Central Secretariat and Line 3 runs between Indraprastha, Barakhamba Road, and Dwarka. Phase-II of the network is under construction and will have a total length of 128 km. It is expected to be completed by 2010.[68] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II will cost an additional US$4.3 billion.[69] Phase-III and IV will be completed by 2015 and 2020 respect- ively, creating a network spanning 413.8 km, longer than that of the London Under- ground.[70] Auto rickshaws are a popular means of public transportation in Delhi, as they charge a lower fare than taxis. Most run on Com- pressed Natural Gas (CNG) and are yellow and green in colour. Taxis are not an integral part of Delhi public transport, though they are easily available. Private operators oper- ate most taxis, and most neighborhoods have a taxi stand from which taxis can be ordered or picked up. In addition, air-conditioned ra- dio taxis, which can be ordered by calling a central number, have become increasingly popular, charging a flat rate of Rs. 15 per kilometer. Delhi is a major junction in the rail map of India and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The four main railway stations are Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Sarai Rohilla and New Delhi Railway Station.[65] Delhi is connected to other cities through many highways and expressways. Delhi cur- rently has three expressways and three are under construction to connect it with its prosperous and commercial suburbs. The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the international airport. The DND Flyway and Noida-Greater Noida Expressway connect Delhi with two prosper- ous suburbs. Greater Noida is to have the new airport while Noida is to have the Indian Grand Prix. Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) is situated in the southwestern corner of Delhi and serves as the main gateway for the city’s domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2006–07, the airport recorded a traffic of more than 23 million passengers,[71][72] mak- ing it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. A new US$1.93 billion Terminal 3 is currently under construction and will handle an additional 34 million passengers annually by 2010.[73] Further expansion programs will allow the airport to handle more than 100 million passengers per annum by 2020.[71] Safdarjung Airport is the other airfield in Del- hi used for general aviation purpose.[74] Private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[65] At 1922.32 km of road length per 100 km², Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India.[65] Delhi is well connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. Roads in Delhi are maintained by MCD (Municipal Corporation of Delhi), NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works De- partment (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.[75] Delhi’s high population growth rate, coupled with high economic growth rate has resulted in an ever increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city’s existent transport infrastructure. As of 2008. Also, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, i.e., Delhi NCR (Nation- al Capital Region (India)) is 112 lakhs (11.2 million).[76] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[77] In order to meet the transport demand in Delhi, the State and Union government started the construction of a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[65] In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered all public transport vehicles to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel instead of diesel and other hydro-carbons.[78] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 8 Demographics The Akshardham Temple in Delhi is the largest Hindu temple complex in the world.[79] Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in Asia-Pa- cific.[80] Many ethnic groups and cultures are repres- ented in Delhi, making it a cosmopolitan city. A seat of political power and a centre of com- merce, the city attracts workers—both blue collar and white collar—from all parts of In- dia, further enhancing its diverse character. A diplomatic hub, home to the embassies of 160 countries, Delhi has a large expatriate population as well. According to the 2001 Census of India, the population of Delhi that year was 13,782,976.[81] The corresponding popula- tion density was 9,294 persons per km², with a sex ratio of 821 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 81.82%. By 2003, the Na- tional Capital Territory of Delhi had a popula- tion of 14.1 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in India surpassing Mumbai.[82][83] This included 295,000 people living in New Delhi and another 125,000 in Delhi Cantonment. By 2004, the estimated population had increased to 15,279,000. That year, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate (per 1000 population) were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[84] Cur- rently the city’s municipal population is ex- pected to be 17 million, making it the world’s most populous city[85] (but not the most pop- ulous metropolitan region, that being Tokyo) According a 1999–2000 estimate, the total number of people living below the poverty line, defined as living on $11 or less per month, in Delhi was 1,149,000 (which was 8.23% of the total population, compared to 27.5% of India as a whole).[86] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by an additional 215,000 as a result of natural population growth[84] – this made Delhi one of the fast- est growing cities in the world. By 2015, Del- hi is expected to be the second largest ag- glomeration in the world after Tokyo.[83] Hinduism is the religion of 82% of Delhi’s population. There are also large communities of Muslims (11.7%), Sikhs (4.0%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in the city.[87] Other minorities include Parsis, Anglo-Indi- ans, Buddhists and Jews.[88] Hindi is the principal spoken and written language of the city. Other languages com- monly spoken in the city are English, Punjabi and Urdu. Of these, English is an associate official language, and Punjabi and Urdu second official languages. Linguistic groups from all over India are well represented in the city; among them are Maithili, Bhojpuri, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Bengali, Assamese and Marathi. Punjabis,Yadavs, Jats and Guj- jars are examples of the various ethnic com- munities in the city. The oldest community in Delhi which is a unique community in itself is that of the Dilli- walas, which traces its history in Delhi back a few centuries. In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage (16.2%) of the crimes reported in the 35 cities in India with populations of one million or more.[89] The city also has the highest rate of crime against women (27.6 compared to national average rate of 14.1 per 100,000) and against children (6.5 com- pared to national average of 1.4 per 100,000) in the country.[90] Culture See also: Culture of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 9 Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat Rice and Kadhai Chicken from Delhi Delhi’s culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. This is exemplified by the many monuments of significance found in the city; the Archaeological Survey of India re- cognises 1200 heritage buildings[91] and 175 monuments in Delhi as national heritage sites.[92] The Old City is the site where the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architectural marvels like the Jama Masjid (India’s largest mosque)[93] and Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun’s Tomb—are located in Delhi.[94] Other monu- ments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar (an 18th century astronomical obser- vatory) and the Purana Qila (a 16th century fortress). The Laxminarayan Temple, Ak- shardham and the Bahá’í Lotus Temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable per- sonalities. New Delhi houses several govern- ment buildings and official residences remin- iscent of the British colonial architecture. Important structures include the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parlia- ment of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung’s Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style Delhi’s association and geographic prox- imity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holi- days. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi’s birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in Delhi. On India’s Independ- ence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of free- dom.[95] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing In- dia’s cultural diversity and military might.[96][97]. Over the centuries Delhi is known for its composite culture, and a festiv- al that symbolizes it truly is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place each year in September, and where flowers and fans em- broidered with flowers, pankha are offered to the shrine of 13th century Sufi saint, Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, along with the Yogmaya Temple also situated in Mehrauli [98]. Religious festivals include Diwali (the fest- ival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak’s Birthday, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Maha Shiv- aratri, Eid ul-Fitr and Buddha Jayanti.[97] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dan- cers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.[99] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia’s largest auto show,[100] is held in Delhi biennially. The World Book Fair, held biannually at the Pragati Maidan, is the second largest exhibition of books in the world with as many as 23 nations participat- ing in the event.[63] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[101] Punjabi and Mughlai delicacies like kababs and biryanis are popular in several parts of Delhi.[102][103] Due to Delhi’s large cosmopolitan population, cuisines from every part of India, including Rajasthani, Maha- rashtrian, Bengali, Hyderabadi cuisines, and South Indian food items like idli, sambar and dosa are widely available. Local delicacies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 10 The Auto Expo is held annually at Pragati Maidan and showcases the technological prowess of the Indian automobile industry include Chaat and Dahi-Papri. There are sev- eral food outlets in Delhi serving internation- al cuisine including Italian and Chinese. Historically, Delhi has always remained an important trading centre in northern India. Old Delhi still contains legacies of its rich Mughal past that can be found among the old city’s tangle of snaking lanes and teeming bazaars.[104] The dingy markets of the Old City has an eclectic product range from oil- swamped mango, lime and eggplant pickles, candy-colored herbal potions to silver jew- elry, bridal attire, uncut material and linen, spices, sweets.[104] Some of old regal havelis (palatial residences) are still there in the Old City.[105] Chandni Chowk, a three century old shopping area, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[106] Notable among Delhi’s arts and crafts are the Zardozi (an embroidery done with gold thread) and Meenakari (the art of enameling). Dilli Haat, Hauz Khas, Pragati Maidan offer a variety of Indian handicrafts and handlooms. Over time Delhi has ab- sorbed a multitude of humanity from across the country and has morphed into an amorphous pool of cultural styles.[107][9] Delhi has the following sister cities:[108] • Chicago, United States • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia • London, United Kingdom • Moscow, Russia • Seoul, South Korea • Tokyo, Japan • Ulan Bator, Mongolia Education See also: Educational Institutions in Delhi Consistently ranked as India’s top medical college,[109] All India Institute of Medical Sciences is a global leader in medical re- search and treatment[110] Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Direct- orate of Education, the NCT government, or private organizations. In 2004–05, there were 2,515 primary, 635 middle, 504 secondary and 1,208 senior secondary schools in Delhi. That year, the higher education institutions in the city included 165 colleges, among them five medical colleges and eight engin- eering colleges,[111] six universities—DU, JNU, JMI, GGSIPU, IGNOU and Jamia Hamd- ard—and nine deemed universities.[111] GGSIPU is the only state university; IGNOU is for open/distance learning; the rest are all central universities. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is ranked by Asiaweek as the fourth best insti- tute in Asia in the field of science and techno- logy[112] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 11 Private schools in Delhi—which employ either English or Hindi as the language of in- struction—are affiliated to one of two admin- istering bodies: the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) and the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). In 2004–05, approximately 15.29 lakh (1.529 million) students were en- rolled in primary schools, 8.22 lakh (0.822 million) in middle schools and 6.69 lakh (0.669 million) in secondary schools across Delhi.[111] Female students represen- ted 49% of the total enrollment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[111] After completing the ten-year secondary phase of their education under the 10+2+3 plan, students typically spend the next two years either in junior colleges or in schools with senior secondary facilities, during which their studies become more focused. They se- lect a stream of study—liberal arts, com- merce, science, or, less commonly, vocation- al. Upon completion, those who choose to continue, either study for a three-year under- graduate degree at a college, or a profession- al degree in law, engineering, or medicine. Notable higher education or research insti- tutes in Delhi include All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Lady Hardinge Medical College,Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital & PGIMER,Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi College of Engineering, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Faculty of Manage- ment Studies, Indian Law Institute, Delhi School of Economics, Indian Agricultural Re- search Institute and Indian Institute of For- eign Trade. According to a 2008 survey, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[113] Media As the capital of India, New Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular tele- vision broadcasts of Indian parliament ses- sions. Many country-wide media agencies, among them the state-owned Press Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming in the city includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and regional-languages cable chan- nels offered by multi system operators. Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts program- ming to Delhi Satellite television, in contrast, is yet to gain large-scale subscribership in the city.[114] Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. During the year 2004–05, 1029 newspapers—in thirteen lan- guages—were published from the city. Of these, 492 were Hindi language newspapers, and included Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Desbandhu and fastest grow- ing weekly The Stageman International.[115] Among the English language newspapers, The Hindustan Times, with over a million copies in circulation, was the single largest daily.[115] Other major English newspapers include Indian Express, Business Standard, Times of India, The Hindu, The Pioneer and Asian Age. Radio is a less popular mass medi- um in Delhi, although FM radio has been gaining ground[116] since the inauguration of several new FM channels in 2006.[117] A number of state-owned and private radio sta- tions broadcast from Delhi, including All In- dia Radio (AIR), one of the world’s largest ra- dio service providers, which offers six radio channels in ten languages. Other city-based radio stations include Big FM (92.7 FM), Ra- dio Mirchi (98.3 FM), Fever (104.0 FM), From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 12 Radio One (94.3 FM), Red FM (93.5 FM), Ra- dio City (91.1 FM), Hit 95 (95.0 FM) and Meow (104.8FM). Sports The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is the 57th largest stadium in the world and 3rd largest in India. As in the rest of India, cricket is the most popular sport in Delhi.[118] There are several cricket grounds (or maidans) located across the city, including the Feroz Shah Kotla stadi- um, one of the oldest cricket grounds in India also has the status as venue for international cricket matches. The Delhi cricket team rep- resents the city in the Ranji Trophy, a do- mestic first-class cricket championship.[119] The city is also home to the IPL team Delhi Daredevils, and ICL team Delhi Giants (earli- er named Delhi Jets). Other sports such as field hockey, football (soccer), tennis, golf, badminton, swimming, kart racing, weight- lifting and table tennis are also popular in the city. Sports facilities in Delhi include the Jawa- harlal Nehru Stadium and the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium. In the past, Delhi has hosted several domestic and international sporting events, such as the First and the Ninth Asian Games.[120] Delhi is preparing itself to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games, projected to be the largest multi-sport event ever held in the city. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,[121] but is bidding for 2020 Olympic Games.[120][122] Delhi was chosen by the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile to host the first ever Indian Grand Prix in 2010.[123] Tourism Raj Ghat, the memorial to Mahatma Gandhi Tomb of Mohammed Shah in the Lodhi Gar- dens, New Delhi. Delhi has the fine blend of old and new, an- cient and modern in every stream of life. A melting pot of cultures, religions and castes makes Delhi a diverse place. Delhi has been the capital of India from the mythological days. The rulers left behind their trade marks in the architecture. Delhi currently has many renowned monuments and landmarks such as the Tughlaqabad Fort, Lodhi Gardens, Pur- ana Qila, Qutub Minar, Jama Masjid, Humay- un’s tomb, Red Fort, Yantra Mandir, Safdar- jung’s Tomb, India Gate, Raj Ghat, Akshard- ham Temple, Bahá’í Lotus temple, and the Magnificent President’s house (Rashtrapati Bhavan). Delhi is famous for its wide roads and crisp winters. See also • List of tourist attractions in Delhi • National Capital Region of India References [1] ^ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database". UN. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Delhi 13 http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp. Retrieved on 2000-03-13. [2] "General info on Delhi". Government of India. http://isc2001.nic.in/delhi.htm. Retrieved on 2006-05-03. [3] ^ Asher, Catherine B (2000) [2000]. "Chapter 9:Delhi walled: Changing Boundaries". in James D. Tracy. City Walls. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–281. 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[123]"India agree grand prix". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/ motorsport/formula_one/6751929.stm. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Further reading • Economic Survey of Delhi 2005–2006. Planning Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 February 2007 • Horton, P (2002), Lonely Planet Delhi (3 ed.), Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1864502975 • Rowe, P & P Coster (2004), Delhi (Great Cities of the World), World Almanac Library, ISBN 0836851978 External links This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Government • Directory of Indian Government Websites, Delhi • Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi • Municipal Corporation of Delhi • New Delhi Municipal Council Other • Lonely Planet guide • Delhi travel guide from Wikitravel Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" Categories: Metropolitan cities in India, Host cities of the Commonwealth Games, Delhi, Indi- an Union Territory capitals, Union Territories of India, Proposed states and union territories in India, Cities and towns in India, Capital districts and territories, Places of Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi railway division, Divisions of Indian Railways, Northern Railway (India) Zone, South Asia This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 02:54 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax- deductible nonprofit charity. 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