1.1 Electrical Engineering 2
1.2 Electrical Engineering
as a Foundation for the Design
of Mechatronic Systems 4
1.3 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam
Review 8
1.4 Brief History of Electrical Engineering 9
1.5 Systems of Units
10
1.6 Special Features of This Book 11
2.1 Charge, Current, and Kirchhoff’s
Current Law 16
2.2 Voltage and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 21
2.3
Ideal Voltage and Current Sources 23
Ideal Voltage Sources 24
Ideal Current Sources 25
Dependent (Controlled) Sources 25
2.4 Electric Power and Sign Convention 26
2.5 Circuit Elements and Their
i-v Characteristics 29
2.6 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 30
Open and Short Circuits
38
Series Resistors and the Voltage
Divider Rule 39
Parallel Resistors and the Current
Divider Rule 42
2.7 Practical Voltage and Current Sources 49
2.8 Measuring Devices 50
The Ohmmeter 50
The Ammeter 51
The Voltmeter
51
2.9 Electrical Networks 52
Branch 52
Node 55
Loop 55
Mesh 55
Network Analysis
55
Circuit Variables 56
Ground 57
3.1 The Node Voltage Method 72
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source 77
3.2 The Mesh Current Method 78
Mesh Analysis with Current Sources 82
3.3 Nodal and Mesh Analysis with Controlled
Sources 84
Remarks on Node Voltage and Mesh Current
Methods 86
3.4 The Principle of Superposition 86
3.5 One-Port Networks and Equivalent
Circuits
89
Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
90
Determination of Norton or Thévenin
Equivalent Resistance 91
Computing the Thévenin Voltage 95
Computing the Norton Current
99
Source Transformations 101
Experimental Determination of Thévenin
and Norton Equivalents 104
3.6 Maximum Power Transfer
107
3.7 Nonlinear Circuit Elements 110
Description of Nonlinear Elements 110
Graphical (Load-Line) Analysis of Nonlinear
Circuits
111
4.1 Energy-Storage (Dynamic) Circuit
Elements 126
The Ideal Capacitor
126
Energy Storage in Capacitors 130
The Ideal Inductor 133
Energy Storage in Inductors 137
4.2 Time-Dependent Signal Sources 141
Why Sinusoids? 141
Average and RMS Values 142
Contents
PART I CIRCUITS 14
xii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electr