United States presidential election, 1860 ‹ 1856 1864 › United States presidential election, 1860 November 6, 1860 Nominee Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckinridge Party Republican Southern Democratic Home state Illinois Kentucky Running mate Hannibal Hamlin Joseph Lane Electoral vote 180 72 States carried 18 11 Popular vote 1,865,908 848,019 Percentage 39.8% 18.1% Nominee John Bell Stephen A. Douglas Party Constitutional Union Northern Democratic Home state Tennessee Illinois Running mate Edward Everett Herschel V Johnson Electoral vote 39 12 States carried 3 1 Popular vote 590,901 1,380,201 Percentage 12.6% 29.5% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by L Hamlin, spring green denotes those won by Breckinridge/Lan denotes those won by Bell/Everett, and blue denotes those wo Douglas/Johnson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral vo allotted to each state. Incumbent President James Buchanan Democratic President-elect Abraham Lincoln Republican The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states’ rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860 this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single South- ern state. Hardly more than a month following Lin- coln’s victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 1 were rejected as illegal by the then-current President, James Buchanan and President- elect Abraham Lincoln. Background Further information: Origins of the American Civil War The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, competing un- derstandings of federalism, party politics, ex- pansionism, sectionalism, tariffs, economics, and modernization in the Antebellum Period. After the Mexican-American War, the is- sue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromise averted an immediate political crisis, it did not permanently resolve the issue of The Slave Power (the power of slaveholders to control the national government). Amid the emergence of increasingly viru- lent and hostile sectional ideologies in nation- al politics, the collapse of the old Second Party System in the 1850s hampered efforts of the politicians to reach yet one more com- promise. The compromise that was reached (the Kansas-Nebraska Act) outraged many northerners. In the 1850s, with the rise of the Republican Party, the first major party with no appeal in the South, the industrializ- ing North and agrarian Midwest became committed to the economic ethos of free- labor industrial capitalism. Nominations Republican Party nomination Republican candidates: • Abraham Lincoln, former U.S. representative from Illinois • William H. Seward, U.S. senator from New York • Simon Cameron, U.S. senator from Pennsylvania • Salmon P. Chase, former U.S. governor of Ohio • Edward Bates, former U.S. representative from Missouri Candidates gallery Former Rep- resentative Abraham Lin- coln of Illinois Senator Willi- am H. Se- ward of New York Senator Si- mon Cameron of Pennsylvania Former Governor of Ohio Salmon P. Chase Former Rep- resentative Edward Bates of Missouri From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 2 Presidential Ballot Nominee 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd "corrected" Abraham Lincoln 102 181 231.5 349 William H. Seward 173.5 184.5 180 111.5 Simon Cameron 50.5 2 0 0 Salmon P. Chase 49 42.5 24.5 2 Edward Bates 48 35 22 0 William L. Dayton 14 10 1 1 John McLean 12 8 5 0.5 Jacob Collamer 10 0 0 0 Benjamin F. Wade 3 0 0 0 Cassius M. Clay 0 2 1 1 John C. Fremont 1 0 0 0 John M. Read 1 0 0 0 Charles Sumner 1 0 0 0 The Republican National Convention met in mid-May, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charle- ston. With the Democrats in disarray and with a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans were confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Se- ward of New York was considered the front runner, followed by Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Mis- souri’s Edward Bates. As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Delegates were concerned that Se- ward was too closely identified with the rad- ical wing of the party, and his moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s, had opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and critic- ally, had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. Bates outlined his positions on ex- tension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, po- sitions that alienated his supporters in the border states and southern conservatives. German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings. Since it was essential to carry the West, and because Lincoln had a national reputa- tion from his debates and speeches as the most articulate moderate, he won the party’s nomination on the third ballot on May 18, 1860. Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for vice president, defeating Cassius Clay of Kentucky. The party platform clearly stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further, and it also promised that tariffs protecting in- dustry would be imposed, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to set- tlers, and the funding of a transcontinental From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 3 Vice Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st 2nd Hannibal Hamlin 194 367 Cassius M. Clay 100.5 86 John Hickman 57 13 Andrew Horatio Reeder 51 0 Nathaniel Prentice Banks 38.5 0 Henry Winter Davis 8 0 Sam Houston 6 0 William L. Dayton 3 0 John M. Reed 1 0 railroad. All of these provisions were highly unpopular in the South. Northern Democratic Party nomination Northern Democratic candidates: • Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. senator from Illinois • James Guthrie, former U.S. Treasury Secretary from Kentucky • Robert M. T. Hunter, U.S. senator from Virginia • Joseph Lane, U.S. senator from Oregon • Daniel S. Dickinson, former U.S. senator from New York • Andrew Johnson, U.S. senator from Tennessee Candidates gallery Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois Former Treasury Secretary James Guthrie of Kentucky Senator Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon Former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York Sena Andr John of Tenn The Democratic Party was divided over the issue of slavery. At the convention in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 4 Charleston Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Stephen A. Douglas 145.5 147 148.5 149 149.5 149.5 150.5 150.5 150.5 150.5 150.5 150.5 149.5 150 James Guthrie 35.5 36.5 42 37.5 37.5 39.5 38.5 38.5 41 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 41 Robert M. T. Hunter 42 41.5 36 41.5 41 41 41 40.5 39.5 39 38 38 28.5 27 Joseph Lane 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 6.5 20 20.5 Daniel S. Dickinson 7 6.5 6.5 5 5 3 4 4.5 1 4 4 4 1 0.5 Andrew Johnson 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 Isaac Toucey 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jefferson Davis 1.5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 James A. Pearce 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Charleston in April 1860, 51 Southern Demo- crats walked out over a platform dispute, led by William Lowndes Yancey. Yancey and the Alabama delegation left the hall and they were followed by the delegates of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, three of the four del- egates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware. Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, James Guthrie of Ken- tucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter of Virginia, Joseph Lane of Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sover- eignty", was ahead on the first ballot, need- ing 56.5 more votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but still 50.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, on May 3 the delegates agreed to stop voting and ad- journ the convention. The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland on June 18. This time 110 southern delegates (led by “Fire-Eaters”) walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution sup- porting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. After two From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 5 Charleston Presidential Ballot Ballot 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43r Stephen A. Douglas 151.5 151.5 152.5 152.5 152.5 152 151.5 151.5 151.5 151.5 151.5 151.5 151.5 151 James Guthrie 45 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.5 47.5 48 64.5 66 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.5 65. Robert M. T. Hunter 25 32.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22 22 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Joseph Lane 5.5 5.5 14.5 14.5 12.5 13 13 12.5 13 12.5 12.5 13 13 13 Daniel S. Dickinson 13 3 3 3 5 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 Andrew Johnson 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isaac Toucey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jefferson Davis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 James A. Pearce 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baltimore Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st 2nd Stephen A. Douglas 173.5 181.5 James Guthrie 9 5.5 John C. Breckinridge 5 7.5 Horatio Seymour 1 0 Thomas S. Bocock 1 0 Daniel S. Dickinson 0.5 0 Henry A. Wise 0.5 0 ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for President. Benjamin Fitzpatrick was nomin- ated for vice president, but he refused the nomination. The nomination ultimately went to Herschel Vespasian Johnson of Georgia. Southern Democratic Party nomination Southern Democratic candidates: • John C. Breckinridge, U.S. Vice President from Kentucky • Daniel S. Dickinson, former U.S. senator from New York Candidates gallery Former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 6 Southern Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st John C. Breckinridge 81 Daniel S. Dickinson 24 Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky The Southern Democrats, led by Yancey, re- convened in Richmond, Virginia, and on June 28 nominated the pro-slavery incumbent Vice President, John Cabell Breckinridge of Ken- tucky, for President, and Joseph Lane of Ore- gon for Vice President at the Maryland Insti- tute, in Baltimore. Constitutional Union Party nomination Constitutional Union candidates: • John Bell, former U.S. senator from Tennessee • Sam Houston, U.S. governor of Texas • John J. Crittenden, U.S. senator from Kentucky • Edward Everett, former U.S. senator from Massachusetts • William A. Graham, former U.S. senator from North Carolina • John McLean, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice from Ohio Candidates gallery Former Senator John Bell of Tennessee Former Governor Sam Houston of Texas Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky Former Senat- or Edward Everett of Massachusetts Former Senator William A. Gra- ham of North Carolina Supreme Court Justice John McLean of Ohio Die-hard former Whigs and Know Noth- ings who felt they could support neither the Democratic Party nor the Republican Party formed the Constitutional Union Party, nom- inating John Bell of Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the Constitutional Union poster second ballot. Edward Everett was nomin- ated for vice president at the convention in Baltimore on May 9, 1860 (one week before Lincoln was nominated). John Bell was a former Whig who had op- posed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Le- compton Constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Fillmore administra- tion. The party platform advocated comprom- ise to save the Union, with the slogan "the Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is."[1] General election Campaign The contest in the North was between Lin- coln and Douglas, but only the latter took to the stump and gave speeches and interviews. In the South, John C. Breckinridge and John Bell were the main rivals, but Douglas had an From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 7 Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st 2nd John Bell 68.5 138 Sam Houston 57 69 John J. Crittenden 28 1 Edward Everett 25 9.5 William A. Graham 22 18 John McLean 21 1 William C. Rives 13 0 John M. Botts 9.5 7 William L. Sharkey 7 8.5 William L. Goggin 3 0 Political cartoon depicting Lincoln stopping Douglas, Bell, and Breckenridge trying to enter the White House important presence in southern cities, espe- cially among Irish Americans. Fusion tickets of the non-Republicans developed in New York and Rhode Island, and partially in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (the northern state in which Breckenridge made the best showing). Stephen A. Douglas was the first presiden- tial candidate in history to undertake a na- tionwide speaking tour. He traveled to the South where he did not expect to win many electoral votes, but he spoke for the mainten- ance of the Union. The dispute over the Dred Scott case had helped the Republicans easily dominate the Northern states’ congressional delegations, allowing that party, although a newcomer on the political scene, easily to spread its popular influence. Throughout the general election, Lincoln did not campaign or give speeches. This was handled by the state and county Republican organizations, who used the latest techniques to sustain party enthusiasm and thus obtain high turnout. There was little effort to convert non-Republicans, and there was vir- tually no campaigning in the South except for a few border cities such as St. Louis, Mis- souri, and Wheeling, Virginia; indeed, the party did not even run a slate in most of the South. In the North, there were thousands of Republican speakers, tons of campaign posters and leaflets, and thousands of news- paper editorials. These focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln’s life story, making the most of his boyhood poverty, his pioneer background, his native genius, and his rise from obscurity. His nick- names, "Honest Abe" and "the Rail-Splitter," were exploited to the full. The goal was to emphasize the superior power of "free labor," whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts.[2] The 1860 campaign was less frenzied than 1856, when the Republicans had crusaded zealously, and their opponents counter-cru- saded with warnings of civil war. In 1860 every observer calculated the Republicans had an almost unbeatable advantage in the electoral college, since they dominated al- most every northern state. Republicans felt victory at hand, and used para-military cam- paign organizations like the Wide Awakes to rally their supporters (see American election campaigns in the 19th century for campaign techniques). Results The election was held on November 6. It was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism of the vote, with Lincoln not even on the bal- lot in nine Southern states[3] - and winning From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 8 Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1861, beneath the unfinished capitol dome only two[4] of 996 counties in the entire South[5] (in the 1856 election, the Republican candidate for president had received no votes in 13 of the 15 slave states). In the six states still permitting slavery where he was on the ballot, he came in fourth in every state ex- cept Delaware (3rd). Breckinridge, who was the sitting Vice-President of the United States and the only candidate to later sup- port secession, won all the states that would form the Confederacy except Virginia and Tennessee. Breckinridge also lost in the fu- ture border states of Missouri and Kentucky (his birth state), but won the states of Delaware and Maryland (both of which also still permitted slavery) by pluralities. Lincoln won an electoral majority without an absolute majority of total popular votes. While Lincoln captured less than 40% of the popular vote, the divisions of the nation al- lowed him to capture 17 states plus four electoral votes in New Jersey, for a total of 180 electoral votes. Although the three-way split of the non-Republican vote confuses the issue, the vote split was irrelevant to Lin- coln’s victory because he would have won an outright majority in the electoral vote, 169-134, even if the 60% of voters who sup- ported other candidates united behind a single candidate. Except for California, Ore- gon, and New Jersey, Lincoln won a popular majority in every state that cast its electoral votes for him.[6] Only in California, Oregon, and Illinois was Lincoln’s victory margin less than seven percent. Stephen Douglas finished second in the popular vote, but because his support was re- latively evenly distributed between both northern and southern states he garnered only Missouri’s nine electoral votes and three of seven electoral votes in New Jersey, good for fourth place. Bell won Kentucky, Tenness- ee, and Virginia’s electors, while Breckin- ridge won every other slave state except Missouri. Contrary to popular myth, Lincoln was not a third party candidate. The Republicans had already established themselves as the second major party in the 1856 election by coming in second in that race. The voter turnout rate in 1860 was the second-highest on record (81.2%, second only to 1876, with 81.8%). The Fusion ticket of non-Republicans drew 595,846 votes.[7] It is interesting to note that had roughly 26,000 New Yorkers voted for Douglas in- stead of Lincoln, then Lincoln would have failed to achieve the electoral majority, as he would have lost New York’s 35 electoral votes and only received 145 total (152 was required to achieve the majority). In this in- stance, the vote would have gone to the Un- ited States House of Representatives, and some historians have speculated that the Southern-controlled House of Representat- ives would have cast their vote for the South- ern Democratic nomination, John C. Breckin- ridge, under the urging of William Yancey. Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1860 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip’s At- las of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 27, 2005). Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official web- site of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005). (a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote. Results by state See also • American election campaigns in the 19th century • Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln • History of the United States (1849–1865) • History of the United States Democratic Party • History of the United States Republican Party • Third Party System • United States House of Representatives elections, 1860 • Wide Awakes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 9 Popular vote(a) Presidential candidate Party Home state Count Pct Electoral vote Running mate Running mate’s home state Runnin mate’s elector vote Abraham Lincoln Republican Illinois 1,865,908 39.8% 180 Hannibal Hamlin Maine 180 John C. Breckinridge Southern Democratic Kentucky 848,019 18.1% 72 Joseph Lane Oregon 72 John Bell Constitutional Union/Whig Tennessee 590,901 12.6% 39 Edward Everett Massachusetts 39 Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democratic Illinois 1,380,202 29.5% 12 Herschel Vespasian Johnson Georgia 12 Other 531 0.0% – Other – Total 4,685,561 100% 303 303 Needed to win 152 152 References • Daniel W. Crofts; Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis University of North Carolina Press, 1989 • David Herbert Donald. Lincoln (1999) ISBN 0-684-82535-X, standard biography • Dwight Lowell Dumond, ed., Southern Editorials on Secession (1931), contains hundreds of well-chosen editorials from the 1860 presidential campaign and the secession crisis in both the upper and lower South • Foner, Eric (1995). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. http://www.questia.com/ PM.qst?a=o&d=90104191. , analyzes factions inside new party • Holt, Michael F. (1978). The Political Crisis of the 1850s. • Robert W Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas Oxford University Press, 1973, standard biography • Marc W. Kruman, Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836-1865 (Louisiana State University Press, 1983), pages 180-221 • Luebke, Frederick C. (1971). Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln. • Luthin, Reinhard H. The First Lincoln Campaign (1944), along with Nevins, the most detailed narrative of the election • McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988). Pulitzer Prize winner surveys all aspects of the era • Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln. 2 vols. the most detailed narrative; covers 1857–61 • Roy Franklin Nichols. The Disruption of American Democracy (1948), pp 348-506, focused on the Democratic party • H. Parks, John Bell of Tennessee (Louisiana State University Press, 1950), standard biography • Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2 vols. (1942), reprints hundreds of editorials • Potter, David (1976). Impending Crisis 1848–1861. ISBN 0-06-090524-7. • Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. http://www.questia.com/ PM.qst?a=o&d=72303423. vol. 2, ch. 11. highly detailed narrative covering 1856–60 • Stampp, Kenneth M. (1950). And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861. , focus on immediate aftermath of election Footnotes [1] Getting the Message Out! Stephen A. Douglas [2] Thomas 1952, p. 216 See also: Luthin, Reinhard H. (December 1987). The First Lincoln Campaign. Peter Smith Publishing. ISBN 0844612928. and From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 10 Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen Douglas (Northern) Democrat John Breckinridge (Southern) Democr State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electo votes Alabama 9 not on ballot 13,618 15.1 - 48,669 54.0 9 Arkansas 4 not on ballot 5,357 9.9 - 28,732 53.1 4 California 4 38,733 32.3 4 37,999 31.7 - 33,969 28.4 - Connecticut 6 43,488 58.1 6 15,431 20.6 - 14,372 19.2 - Delaware 3 3,822 23.7 - 1,066 6.6 - 7,339 45.5 3 Florida 3 not on ballot 223 1.7 - 8,277 62.2 3 Georgia 10 not on ballot 11,581 10.9 - 52,176 48.9 10 Illinois 11 172,171 50.7 11 160,215 47.2 - 2,331 0.7 - Indiana 13 139,033 51.1 13 115,509 42.4 - 12,295 4.5 - Iowa 4 70,302 54.6 4 55,639 43.2 - 1,035 0.8 - Kentucky 12 1,364 0.9 - 25,651 17.5 - 53,143 36.3 - Louisiana 6 not on ballot 7,625 15.1 - 22,681 44.9 6 Maine 8 62,811 62.2 8 29,693 29.4 - 6,368 6.3 - Maryland 8 2,294 2.5 - 5,966 6.4 - 42,482 45.9 8 Massachusetts 13 106,684 62.9 13 34,370 20.3 - 6,163 3.6 - Michigan 6 88,481 57.2 6 65,057 42.0 - 805 0.5 - Minnesota 4 22,069 63.4 4 11,920 34.3 - 748 2.2 - Mississippi 7 not on ballot 3,282 4.7 - 40,768 59.0 7 Missouri 9 17,028 10.3 - 58,801 35.5 9 31,362 18.9 - New Hampshire 5 37,519 56.9 5 25,887 39.3 - 2,125 3.2 - New Jersey 7 58,346 48.1 4 62,869 51.9 3 partial fusion ticket w New York 35 362,646 53.7 35 312,510 46.3 - fusion ticket with Dou North Carolina 10 not on ballot 2,737 2.8 - 48,846 50.5 10 Ohio 23 231,709 52.3 23 187,421 42.3 - 11,406 2.6 - Oregon 3 5,329 36.1 3 4,136 28.0 - 5,075 34.4 - Pennsylvania 27 268,030 56.3 27 16,765 3.5 - 178,871 37.5 - Rhode Island 4 12,244 61.4 4 7,707 38.6 - fusion ticket with Dou South Carolina 8 - - 8 Tennessee 12 not on ballot 11,281 7.7 - 65,097 44.6 - Texas 4 not on ballot 18 0.0 - 47,454 75.5 4 Vermont 5 33,808 75.7 5 8,649 19.4 - 218 0.5 - Virginia 15 1,887 1.1 - 16,198 9.7 - 74,325 44.5 - Wisconsin 5 86,110 56.6 5 65,021 42.7 - 887 0.6 - TOTALS: 303 1,865,908 39.8 180 1,380,202 29.5 12 848,019 18.1 72 TO WIN: 152 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States presidential election, 1860 11 Nevins, Allan (1992-09-30). Ordeal of the Union Vol. 4. Charles Scribner’s Sons. ISBN 0020354452. [3] "American President:Abraham Lincoln:Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/ academic/americanpresident/lincoln/ essays/biography/3. Retrieved on 2009-04-22. [4] St. Louis County, Missouri and Gasconade County, Missouri according to http://www.missouridivision-scv.org/ election.htm [5] HarpWeek | Elections | 1860 Overview [6] 1860 election [7] Vshadow: Lincoln’s Election External links • 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results • 1860 popular vote by counties • Wrong way elections table at the Center for Range Voting • Election of 1860 • Electoral Map from 1860 • Lincoln’s election - details • Report on 1860 Republican convention • Overview of Constitutional Union National Convention • How close was the 1860 election? - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University • Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860" Categories: History of the United States (1849–1865), Secession crisis of 1860-1861, United States presidential election, 1860 This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 00:49 (UTC). 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