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Message Mail System File Command mailbox User
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
 
SC23-4122-02
 

AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
 
SC23-4122-02
 

Note
 
Before
 
using
 
this
 
information
 
and
 
the
 
product
 
it
 
supports,
 
read
 
the
 
information
 
in
 
“Notices,”
 
on
 
page
 
77
Third
 
Edition
 
(October
 
2002)
 
This
 
edition
 
applies
 
to
 
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
 
and
 
to
 
all
 
subsequent
 
releases
 
of
 
this
 
product
 
until
 
otherwise
 
indicated
 
in
 
new
 
editions.
 
A
 
reader’s
 
comment
 
form
 
is
 
provided
 
at
 
the
 
back
 
of
 
this
 
publication.
 
If
 
the
 
form
 
has
 
been
 
removed,
 
address
 
comments
 
to
 
Information
 
Development,
 
Department
 
H6DS-905-6C006,
 
11501
 
Burnet
 
Road,
 
Austin,
 
Texas
 
78758-3493.
 
To
 
send
 
comments
 
electronically,
 
use
 
this
 
commercial
 
Internet
 
address:
 
aix6kpub@austin.ibm.com.
 
Any
 
information
 
that
 
you
 
supply
 
may
 
be
 
used
 
without
 
incurring
 
any
 
obligation
 
to
 
you.
 
(c)
 
Copyright
 
AT&T,
 
1984,
 
1985,
 
1986,
 
1987,
 
1988,
 
1989.
 
All
 
rights
 
reserved.
 
This
 
software
 
and
 
documentation
 
is
 
based
 
in
 
part
 
on
 
the
 
Fourth
 
Berkeley
 
Software
 
Distribution
 
under
 
license
 
from
 
The
 
Regents
 
of
 
the
 
University
 
of
 
California.
 
We
 
acknowledge
 
the
 
following
 
institutions
 
for
 
their
 
role
 
in
 
its
 
development:
 
the
 
Electrical
 
Engineering
 
and
 
Computer
 
Sciences
 
Department
 
at
 
the
 
Berkeley
 
Campus.
The
 
Rand
 
MH
 
Message
 
Handling
 
System
 
was
 
developed
 
by
 
the
 
Rand
 
Corporation
 
and
 
the
 
University
 
of
 
California.
Portions
 
of
 
the
 
code
 
and
 
documentation
 
described
 
in
 
this
 
book
 
were
 
derived
 
from
 
code
 
and
 
documentation
 
developed
 
under
 
the
 
auspices
 
of
 
the
 
Regents
 
of
 
the
 
University
 
of
 
California
 
and
 
have
 
been
 
acquired
 
and
 
modified
 
under
 
the
 
provisions
 
that
 
the
 
following
 
copyright
 
notice
 
and
 
permission
 
notice
 
appear:
Copyright
 
Regents
 
of
 
the
 
University
 
of
 
California,
 
1986,
 
1987,
 
1988,
 
1989.
 
All
 
rights
 
reserved.
Redistribution
 
and
 
use
 
in
 
source
 
and
 
binary
 
forms
 
are
 
permitted
 
provided
 
that
 
this
 
notice
 
is
 
preserved
 
and
 
that
 
due
 
credit
 
is
 
given
 
to
 
the
 
University
 
of
 
California
 
at
 
Berkeley.
 
The
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
University
 
may
 
not
 
be
 
used
 
to
 
endorse
 
or
 
promote
 
products
 
derived
 
from
 
this
 
software
 
without
 
specific
 
prior
 
written
 
permission.
 
This
 
software
 
is
 
provided
 
"as
 
is"
 
without
 
express
 
or
 
implied
 
warranty.
 
(c)
 
Copyright
 
Apollo
 
Computer,
 
Inc.,
 
1987.
 
All
 
rights
 
reserved.
 
(c)
 
Copyright
 
TITN,
 
Inc.,
 
1984,
 
1989.
 
All
 
rights
 
reserved.
 
©
 
Copyright
 
International
 
Business
 
Machines
 
Corporation
 
1997,
 
2002.
 
All
 
rights
 
reserved.
 
US
 
Government
 
Users
 
Restricted
 
Rights
 
–
 
Use,
 
duplication
 
or
 
disclosure
 
restricted
 
by
 
GSA
 
ADP
 
Schedule
 
Contract
 
with
 
IBM
 
Corp.
 
Contents
 
About
 
This
 
Book
 
.
 
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. v
Who
 
Should
 
Use
 
This
 
Book
 
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Highlighting
 
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. v
Case-Sensitivity
 
in
 
AIX
 
.
 
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. v
ISO
 
9000
 
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. v
Related
 
Publications
 
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. v
Chapter
 
1.
 
Introduction
 
to
 
Communication
 
Concepts
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
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. 1
Mail
 
Applications
 
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. 1
Networking
 
Applications
 
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. 3
Host
 
Emulation
 
Applications
 
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. 4
Communications
 
System
 
Commands
 
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. 6
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
.
 
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. 9
Storing
 
Mail
 
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. 9
Receiving
 
and
 
Handling
 
Mail
 
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. 10
Creating
 
and
 
Sending
 
Mail
 
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. 17
Viewing
 
Mail
 
Help
 
Information
 
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. 31
Customizing
 
the
 
Mail
 
Program
 
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. 32
Mail
 
Command
 
and
 
Subcommand
 
Summary
 
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. 38
Chapter
 
3.
 
Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)
 
Overview
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
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.
 
. 43
TCP/IP
 
Facilities,
 
Terminology,
 
and
 
Application
 
.
 
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. 43
Communicating
 
with
 
Other
 
Systems
 
and
 
Users
 
.
 
.
 
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. 46
Transferring
 
Files
 
.
 
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. 50
Printing
 
Files
 
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. 53
Finding
 
Information
 
about
 
Hosts
 
and
 
Users
 
.
 
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. 55
Customizing
 
TCP/IP
 
Features
 
.
 
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. 56
Understanding
 
the
 
Secure
 
Rcmds
 
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. 58
Summary
 
of
 
TCP/IP
 
Commands
 
for
 
End
 
Users
 
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. 60
Chapter
 
4.
 
Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU)
 
Overview
 
.
 
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. 61
Using
 
BNU
 
Path
 
Names
 
.
 
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. 61
Communicating
 
Between
 
Local
 
and
 
Remote
 
Systems
 
.
 
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. 62
How
 
to
 
Continue
 
Dialing
 
a
 
Number
 
Until
 
a
 
Connection
 
Is
 
Made
 
.
 
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. 63
How
 
to
 
Continue
 
Dialing
 
Multiple
 
Numbers
 
Until
 
a
 
Connection
 
Is
 
Made
 
.
 
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. 63
Exchanging
 
Files
 
Between
 
Local
 
and
 
Remote
 
Systems
 
.
 
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. 64
How
 
to
 
Use
 
the
 
uuto
 
and
 
uupick
 
Commands
 
to
 
Exchange
 
Files
 
.
 
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. 65
Exchanging
 
Commands
 
Between
 
Local
 
and
 
Remote
 
Systems
 
.
 
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. 66
How
 
to
 
Transfer
 
a
 
File
 
to
 
a
 
Remote
 
System
 
for
 
Printing
 
.
 
.
 
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. 66
Identifying
 
Compatible
 
Systems
 
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. 67
Reporting
 
the
 
Status
 
of
 
Command
 
and
 
File
 
Exchanges
 
.
 
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. 67
How
 
to
 
Use
 
the
 
uustat
 
Command
 
to
 
Cancel
 
Remote
 
Jobs
 
.
 
.
 
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. 68
List
 
of
 
BNU
 
Commands
 
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. 69
List
 
of
 
BNU
 
Files,
 
File
 
Formats,
 
and
 
Directories
 
.
 
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. 69
Chapter
 
5.
 
Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE)
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
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. 71
ATE
 
Concepts
 
.
 
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. 71
How
 
to
 
Set
 
Up
 
an
 
ATE
 
Dialing
 
Directory
 
.
 
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. 74
How
 
to
 
Edit
 
the
 
ATE
 
Default
 
File
 
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. 74
List
 
of
 
ATE
 
Commands
 
.
 
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. 75
List
 
of
 
ATE
 
File
 
Formats
 
.
 
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. 75
©
 
Copyright
 
IBM
 
Corp.
 
1997,
 
2002
 
iii
Appendix.
 
Notices
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
.
 
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. 77
Trademarks
 
.
 
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. 78
Index
 
.
 
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. 79
iv
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
About
 
This
 
Book
 
This
 
book
 
describes
 
the
 
following
 
communications
 
applications:
 
Mail,
 
Message
 
Handler
 
(MH),
 
Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP),
 
Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU),
 
and
 
Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE).
 
It
 
provides
 
overviews,
 
concepts,
 
and
 
procedures
 
on
 
receiving
 
and
 
sending
 
mail
 
and
 
messages,
 
transferring
 
files
 
(ftp
 
command),
 
printing
 
files
 
from
 
and
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
system,
 
running
 
commands
 
on
 
other
 
systems,
 
communicating
 
between
 
local
 
and
 
remote
 
systems,
 
and
 
customizing
 
the
 
communications
 
environment.
 
Who
 
Should
 
Use
 
This
 
Book
 
This
 
book
 
is
 
intended
 
for
 
end
 
users
 
who
 
need
 
information
 
on
 
communications
 
applications
 
and
 
services
 
for
 
the
 
operating
 
system.
 
Highlighting
 
The
 
following
 
highlighting
 
conventions
 
are
 
used
 
in
 
this
 
book:
 
Bold
 
Identifies
 
commands,
 
subroutines,
 
keywords,
 
files,
 
structures,
 
directories,
 
and
 
other
 
items
 
whose
 
names
 
are
 
predefined
 
by
 
the
 
system.
 
Also
 
identifies
 
graphical
 
objects
 
such
 
as
 
buttons,
 
labels,
 
and
 
icons
 
that
 
the
 
user
 
selects.
 
Italics
 
Identifies
 
parameters
 
whose
 
actual
 
names
 
or
 
values
 
are
 
to
 
be
 
supplied
 
by
 
the
 
user.
 
Monospace
 
Identifies
 
examples
 
of
 
specific
 
data
 
values,
 
examples
 
of
 
text
 
similar
 
to
 
what
 
you
 
might
 
see
 
displayed,
 
examples
 
of
 
portions
 
of
 
program
 
code
 
similar
 
to
 
what
 
you
 
might
 
write
 
as
 
a
 
programmer,
 
messages
 
from
 
the
 
system,
 
or
 
information
 
you
 
should
 
actually
 
type.
 
Case-Sensitivity
 
in
 
AIX
 
Everything
 
in
 
the
 
AIX
 
operating
 
system
 
is
 
case-sensitive,
 
which
 
means
 
that
 
it
 
distinguishes
 
between
 
uppercase
 
and
 
lowercase
 
letters.
 
For
 
example,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
ls
 
command
 
to
 
list
 
files.
 
If
 
you
 
type
 
LS,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
that
 
the
 
command
 
is
 
″not
 
found.″
 
Likewise,
 
FILEA,
 
FiLea,
 
and
 
filea
 
are
 
three
 
distinct
 
file
 
names,
 
even
 
if
 
they
 
reside
 
in
 
the
 
same
 
directory.
 
To
 
avoid
 
causing
 
undesirable
 
actions
 
to
 
be
 
performed,
 
always
 
ensure
 
that
 
you
 
use
 
the
 
correct
 
case.
 
ISO
 
9000
 
ISO
 
9000
 
registered
 
quality
 
systems
 
were
 
used
 
in
 
the
 
development
 
and
 
manufacturing
 
of
 
this
 
product.
 
Related
 
Publications
 
The
 
following
 
books
 
contain
 
related
 
information:
 
v
 
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Operating
 
System
 
and
 
Devices
 
v
 
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
 
System
 
Management
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
 
©
 
Copyright
 
IBM
 
Corp.
 
1997,
 
2002
 
v
vi
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Chapter
 
1.
 
Introduction
 
to
 
Communication
 
Concepts
 
This
 
chapter
 
provides
 
a
 
general
 
overview
 
of
 
communication
 
concepts.
 
In
 
addition,
 
several
 
system
 
commands
 
are
 
mentioned
 
to
 
help
 
you
 
determine
 
the
 
current
 
communication
 
environment.
 
Topics
 
discussed
 
include:
 
v
 
“Mail
 
Applications”
 
v
 
“Networking
 
Applications”
 
on
 
page
 
3
 
v
 
“Host
 
Emulation
 
Applications”
 
on
 
page
 
4
 
v
 
“Communications
 
System
 
Commands”
 
on
 
page
 
6
Mail
 
Applications
 
Before
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
system,
 
you
 
must
 
select
 
a
 
user-agent
 
program
 
such
 
as
 
one
 
of
 
the
 
following:
 
v
 
“mail”
 
v
 
“mh”
 
on
 
page
 
2
 
v
 
“bellmail”
 
on
 
page
 
2
 
A
 
user-agent
 
program
 
provides
 
facilities
 
for
 
creating,
 
receiving,
 
sending,
 
and
 
filing
 
mail.
 
In
 
addition,
 
you
 
need
 
a
 
transport-agent
 
program,
 
sendmail,
 
which
 
distributes
 
incoming
 
mail
 
from
 
other
 
systems
 
or
 
packages
 
and
 
distributes
 
each
 
outgoing
 
mail
 
item
 
and
 
then
 
transmits
 
it
 
to
 
a
 
similar
 
program
 
in
 
one
 
or
 
more
 
remote
 
systems.
 
Note:
 
mail
 
and
 
mh
 
are
 
incompatible
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
they
 
store
 
mail;
 
you
 
must
 
choose
 
one
 
mail
 
handler
 
or
 
the
 
other.
mail
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
provides
 
you
 
with
 
a
 
user
 
interface
 
to
 
handle
 
mail
 
to
 
and
 
from
 
both
 
a
 
local
 
network
 
user
 
and
 
a
 
remote
 
system
 
user.
 
A
 
mail
 
message
 
can
 
be
 
text,
 
entered
 
using
 
an
 
editor,
 
or
 
an
 
ASCII
 
file.
 
In
 
addition
 
to
 
a
 
typed
 
message
 
or
 
a
 
file,
 
you
 
can
 
send:
 
system
 
message
 
Informs
 
users
 
the
 
system
 
has
 
been
 
updated.
 
A
 
system
 
message
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
a
 
broadcast
 
message
 
but
 
is
 
sent
 
on
 
the
 
local
 
network
 
only.
 
secret
 
mail
 
Used
 
to
 
send
 
classified
 
information.
 
A
 
secret
 
mail
 
message
 
is
 
encrypted.
 
The
 
recipient
 
must
 
enter
 
a
 
password
 
to
 
read
 
it.
 
vacation
 
message
 
Informs
 
users
 
you
 
are
 
on
 
vacation.
 
When
 
your
 
system
 
receives
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
absence,
 
it
 
sends
 
a
 
message
 
back
 
to
 
the
 
origin.
 
The
 
message
 
states
 
you
 
are
 
on
 
vacation.
 
Any
 
mail
 
you
 
receive
 
while
 
on
 
vacation
 
can
 
also
 
be
 
forwarded.
 
When
 
you
 
receive
 
mail
 
using
 
the
 
mail
 
subcommands,
 
you
 
can:
 
v
 
Leave
 
the
 
mail
 
in
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
v
 
Read
 
and
 
delete
 
the
 
mail.
 
v
 
Forward
 
the
 
mail.
 
v
 
Add
 
comments
 
to
 
the
 
mail.
 
v
 
Store
 
the
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
(mbox).
 
v
 
Store
 
the
 
mail
 
in
 
a
 
folder
 
you
 
have
 
created.
 
v
 
Create
 
and
 
maintain
 
an
 
alias
 
file
 
or
 
a
 
distribution
 
file,
 
which
 
directs
 
the
 
mail
 
and
 
mail
 
messages.
 
The
 
installation
 
of
 
sendmail
 
is
 
automatic.
 
©
 
Copyright
 
IBM
 
Corp.
 
1997,
 
2002
 
1
For
 
more
 
information
 
about
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
refer
 
to
 
Chapter
 
2,
 
“Mail
 
Overview,”
 
on
 
page
 
9.
 
mh
 
mh
 
is
 
a
 
collection
 
of
 
commands
 
that
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
perform
 
each
 
mail
 
processing
 
function
 
directly
 
from
 
the
 
command
 
line.
 
These
 
commands
 
provide
 
a
 
broader
 
range
 
of
 
function
 
than
 
the
 
subcommands
 
of
 
mail.
 
Also,
 
because
 
the
 
commands
 
can
 
be
 
issued
 
at
 
any
 
time
 
the
 
command
 
prompt
 
is
 
displayed,
 
you
 
gain
 
power
 
and
 
flexibility
 
in
 
creating
 
mail
 
and
 
in
 
processing
 
received
 
mail.
 
For
 
example,
 
you
 
can
 
read
 
a
 
mail
 
message,
 
search
 
a
 
file
 
or
 
run
 
a
 
program
 
to
 
find
 
a
 
particular
 
solution,
 
and
 
answer
 
the
 
message,
 
all
 
within
 
the
 
same
 
shell.
 
The
 
mh
 
program
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
create,
 
distribute,
 
receive,
 
view,
 
process,
 
and
 
store
 
messages
 
using
 
the
 
following
 
commands:
 
ali
 
Lists
 
mail
 
aliases
 
and
 
their
 
addresses.
 
anno
 
Annotates
 
messages.
 
ap
 
Parses
 
and
 
reformats
 
addresses.
 
burst
 
Explodes
 
digests
 
into
 
messages.
 
comp
 
Starts
 
an
 
editor
 
for
 
creating
 
or
 
modifying
 
a
 
message.
 
dist
 
Redistributes
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
additional
 
addresses.
 
dp
 
Parses
 
and
 
reformats
 
dates.
 
folder
 
Selects
 
and
 
lists
 
folders
 
and
 
messages.
 
folders
 
Lists
 
all
 
folders
 
and
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
directory.
 
forw
 
Forwards
 
messages.
 
inc
 
Incorporates
 
new
 
mail
 
into
 
a
 
folder.
 
mark
 
Creates,
 
modifies,
 
and
 
displays
 
message
 
sequences.
 
mhl
 
Produces
 
a
 
formatted
 
listing
 
of
 
messages.
 
mhmail
 
Sends
 
or
 
receives
 
mail.
 
mhpath
 
Prints
 
full
 
path
 
names
 
of
 
messages
 
and
 
folders.
 
msgchk
 
Checks
 
for
 
messages.
 
msh
 
Creates
 
a
 
mail
 
handler
 
(MH)
 
shell.
 
next
 
Shows
 
the
 
next
 
message.
 
packf
 
Compresses
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
a
 
folder
 
into
 
a
 
file.
 
pick
 
Selects
 
messages
 
by
 
content
 
and
 
creates
 
and
 
modifies
 
sequences.
 
prev
 
Shows
 
the
 
previous
 
message.
 
refile
 
Moves
 
files
 
between
 
folders.
 
repl
 
Replies
 
to
 
a
 
message.
 
rmf
 
Removes
 
folders
 
and
 
the
 
messages
 
they
 
contain.
 
rmm
 
Removes
 
messages
 
from
 
active
 
status.
 
scan
 
Produces
 
a
 
one-line-per-message
 
scannable
 
listing.
 
send
 
Sends
 
a
 
message.
 
show
 
Shows
 
messages.
 
sortm
 
Sorts
 
messages.
 
vmh
 
Starts
 
a
 
visual
 
interface
 
for
 
use
 
with
 
mh
 
commands.
 
whatnow
 
Starts
 
a
 
prompting
 
interface
 
for
 
draft
 
disposition.
 
whom
 
Manipulates
 
MH
 
addresses.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
on
 
mh
 
commands,
 
refer
 
to
 
the
 
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
 
Commands
 
Reference,
 
Volume
 
3.
 
bellmail
 
bellmail
 
is
 
the
 
original
 
AT&T
 
UNIX
 
mail
 
command,
 
which
 
handles
 
mail
 
for
 
users
 
on
 
the
 
same
 
system
 
and
 
also
 
for
 
users
 
on
 
remote
 
systems
 
that
 
can
 
be
 
accessed
 
by
 
means
 
of
 
Basic
 
Network
 
Utilities
 
(BNU),
 
2
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
sometimes
 
known
 
as
 
the
 
UNIX-to-UNIX
 
Copy
 
Program
 
(UUCP).
 
These
 
programs
 
support
 
only
 
networks
 
of
 
systems
 
connected
 
by
 
dial-up
 
or
 
leased
 
point-to-point
 
communication
 
lines.
 
The
 
command
 
opens
 
a
 
shell
 
whose
 
subcommands
 
allow
 
you
 
to:
 
v
 
Take
 
data
 
from
 
standard
 
input
 
(typed
 
in
 
or
 
redirected
 
from
 
an
 
existing
 
file),
 
add
 
one
 
or
 
more
 
addresses
 
(supplied
 
as
 
arguments
 
to
 
the
 
command
 
itself)
 
and
 
a
 
timestamp,
 
then
 
append
 
a
 
copy
 
to
 
each
 
addressee’s
 
system
 
mailbox
 
file
 
(/var/spool/mail/UserID).
 
v
 
Read
 
mail
 
items
 
from
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
file.
 
v
 
Append
 
mail
 
items
 
to
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
file
 
($HOME/mbox)
 
or
 
to
 
a
 
specified
 
file.
 
v
 
Send
 
mail
 
using
 
BNU
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
system.
 
v
 
Automatically
 
redirect
 
all
 
mail
 
from
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
to
 
one
 
on
 
another
 
system
 
by
 
adding
 
a
 
.forward
 
statement
 
to
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
file.
 
However,
 
you
 
must
 
have
 
some
 
skill
 
as
 
a
 
UNIX
 
user
 
before
 
you
 
can
 
make
 
full
 
use
 
of
 
this
 
mail
 
handler.
 
For
 
more
 
information,
 
refer
 
to
 
the
 
bellmail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
AIX
 
5L
 
Version
 
5.2
 
Commands
 
Reference,
 
Volume
 
1.
 
Networking
 
Applications
 
Different
 
types
 
of
 
networks
 
and
 
emulators
 
provide
 
different
 
functions.
 
To
 
assist
 
you
 
in
 
understanding
 
the
 
basic
 
concepts
 
of
 
networking
 
and
 
emulation,
 
this
 
section
 
consists
 
of
 
the
 
following
 
information:
 
v
 
“Network
 
Introduction”
 
v
 
“System
 
Hardware
 
and
 
Software
 
Communication
 
Support
 
for
 
End
 
Users”
 
v
 
“User
 
and
 
Application
 
Communications
 
Functions”
 
on
 
page
 
4
 
v
 
“Communicating
 
with
 
Other
 
Operating
 
Systems”
 
on
 
page
 
4
Network
 
Introduction
 
A
 
network
 
is
 
the
 
combination
 
of
 
two
 
or
 
more
 
computers
 
and
 
the
 
connecting
 
links
 
between
 
them.
 
A
 
physical
 
network
 
is
 
the
 
hardware
 
(equipment
 
such
 
as
 
computers,
 
cables,
 
and
 
telephone
 
lines)
 
that
 
makes
 
up
 
the
 
network.
 
The
 
software
 
and
 
other
 
controlling
 
devices
 
and
 
conventions
 
make
 
up
 
the
 
logical
 
network.
 
System
 
Hardware
 
and
 
Software
 
Communication
 
Support
 
for
 
End
 
Users
 
All
 
network
 
communications
 
involve
 
use
 
of
 
hardware
 
and
 
software.
 
Hardware
 
consists
 
of
 
the
 
physical
 
equipment
 
connected
 
to
 
the
 
physical
 
network.
 
Software
 
consists
 
of
 
the
 
programs,
 
procedures,
 
rules
 
or
 
protocols,
 
and
 
associated
 
documentation
 
pertaining
 
to
 
the
 
operation
 
of
 
a
 
particular
 
system.
 
The
 
system
 
hardware
 
and
 
software
 
communications
 
support
 
is
 
determined
 
by
 
the
 
hardware
 
being
 
used
 
and
 
the
 
software
 
necessary
 
to
 
run
 
that
 
hardware
 
and
 
interface
 
with
 
the
 
network.
 
The
 
system
 
hardware
 
consists
 
of
 
adapter
 
cards
 
that
 
provide
 
a
 
path
 
or
 
interface
 
between
 
the
 
system
 
software
 
and
 
the
 
physical
 
network.
 
An
 
adapter
 
card
 
requires
 
an
 
input/output
 
(I/O)
 
card
 
slot
 
in
 
the
 
system.
 
The
 
adapter
 
card
 
connects
 
the
 
data
 
terminal
 
equipment
 
(DTE)
 
to
 
the
 
data
 
circuit-terminating
 
equipment
 
(DCE);
 
that
 
is,
 
it
 
provides
 
physical
 
local
 
addressing
 
to
 
a
 
DTE
 
port.
 
An
 
adapter
 
card
 
prepares
 
all
 
inbound
 
and
 
outbound
 
data;
 
performs
 
address
 
searches;
 
provides
 
drivers,
 
receivers,
 
and
 
surge
 
protection;
 
supports
 
different
 
interfaces;
 
and
 
in
 
general
 
relieves
 
the
 
system
 
processor
 
of
 
many
 
communications
 
tasks.
 
Adapter
 
cards
 
support
 
the
 
standards
 
required
 
by
 
the
 
physical
 
network
 
(for
 
example,
 
EIA
 
232D,
 
Smartmodem,
 
V.25
 
bis,
 
EIA
 
422A,
 
X.21,
 
or
 
V.35)
 
and
 
at
 
the
 
same
 
time
 
support
 
software
 
protocols
 
(for
 
example,
 
synchronous
 
data
 
link
 
control
 
or
 
SDLC,
 
high-level
 
data
 
link
 
control
 
or
 
HDLC,
 
and
 
bisynchronous
 
protocols).
 
Chapter
 
1.
 
Introduction
 
to
 
Communication
 
Concepts
 
3
User
 
and
 
Application
 
Communications
 
Functions
 
Networks
 
allow
 
for
 
several
 
user
 
and
 
application
 
communications
 
functions.
 
They
 
enable
 
a
 
user
 
to:
 
v
 
Send
 
electronic
 
mail
 
v
 
Emulate
 
another
 
terminal
 
or
 
log
 
in
 
to
 
another
 
computer
 
v
 
Transfer
 
data
 
v
 
Execute
 
programs
 
residing
 
on
 
a
 
remote
 
node.
 
The
 
communications
 
network
 
enables
 
one
 
user
 
to
 
communicate
 
with
 
another
 
user
 
through
 
electronic
 
mail.
 
The
 
underlying
 
layers
 
of
 
software
 
and
 
hardware,
 
as
 
well
 
as
 
the
 
physical
 
network,
 
allow
 
a
 
user
 
to
 
generate,
 
send,
 
receive,
 
and
 
process
 
messages,
 
letters,
 
memos,
 
invitations,
 
and
 
data
 
files.
 
These
 
communications
 
can
 
be
 
to
 
or
 
from
 
any
 
other
 
user
 
who
 
resides
 
on
 
the
 
physical
 
network.
 
Electronic
 
mail
 
has
 
the
 
capability
 
for
 
message
 
annotation,
 
message
 
sequencing,
 
message
 
packing,
 
date
 
sorting,
 
and
 
mail
 
folder
 
management.
 
Emulating
 
another
 
computer
 
permits
 
users
 
to
 
access
 
applications
 
in
 
other
 
systems
 
as
 
if
 
directly
 
attached
 
to
 
that
 
system.
 
Remote
 
login
 
provides
 
an
 
interactive
 
command
 
line
 
interface
 
between
 
a
 
system
 
based
 
on
 
this
 
operating
 
system
 
and
 
other
 
UNIX-based
 
systems.
 
A
 
file
 
transfer
 
protocol
 
allows
 
users
 
to
 
access
 
files
 
and
 
directories
 
on
 
remote
 
hosts.
 
Files
 
may
 
be
 
transferred
 
to
 
and
 
from
 
the
 
remote
 
host.
 
Password
 
protection
 
is
 
usually
 
provided
 
as
 
part
 
of
 
the
 
protocol.
 
With
 
a
 
file
 
transfer,
 
there
 
is
 
a
 
client/server
 
relationship
 
between
 
the
 
user
 
initiating
 
the
 
request
 
and
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
the
 
user
 
is
 
accessing.
 
Often
 
a
 
file
 
transfer
 
protocol
 
includes
 
functions
 
for
 
display
 
and
 
control
 
so
 
that
 
users
 
with
 
read/write
 
access
 
can
 
display,
 
define,
 
or
 
delete
 
files
 
and
 
directories.
 
Several
 
different
 
protocols
 
have
 
been
 
devised
 
to
 
allow
 
users
 
and
 
applications
 
on
 
one
 
system
 
to
 
invoke
 
procedures
 
and
 
execute
 
applications
 
on
 
other
 
systems.
 
This
 
can
 
be
 
useful
 
for
 
a
 
number
 
of
 
environments,
 
including
 
the
 
offloading
 
of
 
many
 
computer-intensive
 
routines
 
in
 
engineering
 
and
 
scientific
 
applications.
 
Communicating
 
with
 
Other
 
Operating
 
Systems
 
Different
 
types
 
of
 
computers
 
can
 
be
 
connected
 
on
 
a
 
network.
 
That
 
is,
 
the
 
computers
 
can
 
be
 
from
 
different
 
manufacturers
 
or
 
be
 
different
 
models
 
from
 
the
 
same
 
manufacturer.
 
The
 
differences
 
in
 
operating
 
systems
 
of
 
two
 
or
 
more
 
types
 
of
 
computers
 
can
 
be
 
bridged
 
with
 
programs.
 
Sometimes
 
these
 
programs
 
require
 
that
 
another
 
program
 
be
 
previously
 
installed
 
on
 
the
 
network.
 
Other
 
programs
 
may
 
require
 
that
 
such
 
communications
 
connectivity
 
protocols
 
as
 
Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)
 
or
 
Systems
 
Network
 
Architecture
 
(SNA)
 
exist
 
on
 
the
 
network.
 
Host
 
Emulation
 
Applications
 
An
 
emulator
 
is
 
a
 
software
 
application
 
that
 
allows
 
your
 
system
 
to
 
function
 
as
 
if
 
you
 
were
 
using
 
a
 
different
 
terminal
 
or
 
printer.
 
Several
 
applications
 
are
 
available
 
to
 
allow
 
your
 
system
 
to
 
emulate
 
other
 
types
 
of
 
terminals.
 
The
 
following
 
sections
 
provide
 
information
 
on
 
terminal
 
or
 
printer
 
emulators:
 
v
 
“Emulators
 
Introduction”
 
on
 
page
 
5
 
v
 
“TCP/IP
 
Commands
 
for
 
Emulation”
 
on
 
page
 
5
 
v
 
“BNU
 
Commands
 
for
 
Emulation”
 
on
 
page
 
5
 
v
 
“Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE)”
 
on
 
page
 
6
 
Note:
 
The
 
bterm
 
command
 
emulates
 
terminals
 
in
 
bidirectional
 
(BIDI)
 
mode.
 
4
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Emulators
 
Introduction
 
A
 
terminal
 
emulator
 
connects
 
to
 
a
 
host
 
system
 
to
 
access
 
data
 
or
 
applications.
 
Some
 
terminal
 
emulators
 
provide
 
a
 
facility
 
to
 
transfer
 
files
 
to
 
and
 
from
 
the
 
host.
 
Others
 
provide
 
an
 
application
 
programming
 
interface
 
(API)
 
to
 
allow
 
program-to-program
 
communication
 
and
 
automation
 
of
 
host
 
tasks.
 
A
 
printer
 
emulator
 
allows
 
the
 
host
 
either
 
to
 
print
 
files
 
on
 
a
 
local
 
printer
 
or
 
store
 
them
 
in
 
printable
 
form
 
to
 
be
 
printed
 
or
 
edited
 
later.
 
TCP/IP
 
Commands
 
for
 
Emulation
 
The
 
Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)
 
(Chapter
 
3,
 
“Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)
 
Overview,”
 
on
 
page
 
43)
 
software
 
includes
 
the
 
telnet
 
and
 
rlogin
 
commands,
 
which
 
allow
 
you
 
to
 
connect
 
to
 
and
 
access
 
a
 
remote
 
TCP/IP
 
system.
 
telnet
 
Command:
 
the
 
telnet
 
command
 
allows
 
a
 
user
 
to
 
log
 
in
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
host
 
by
 
implementing
 
the
 
TELNET
 
protocol.
 
It
 
is
 
different
 
from
 
the
 
rlogin
 
command
 
in
 
that
 
it
 
is
 
a
 
trusted
 
command.
 
A
 
trusted
 
command
 
is
 
one
 
that
 
meets
 
all
 
security
 
levels
 
configured
 
on
 
your
 
computer.
 
Systems
 
that
 
require
 
extra
 
security
 
should
 
allow
 
only
 
trusted
 
commands.
 
Standards
 
for
 
trusted
 
commands,
 
processes,
 
and
 
programs
 
are
 
set
 
and
 
maintained
 
by
 
the
 
U.S.
 
Department
 
of
 
Defense.
 
Note:
 
The
 
tn
 
command
 
performs
 
the
 
same
 
function
 
as
 
the
 
telnet
 
command.
rlogin
 
Command:
 
the
 
rlogin
 
command
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
telnet
 
command
 
in
 
that
 
both
 
allow
 
a
 
local
 
host
 
to
 
connect
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
host.
 
The
 
only
 
difference
 
is
 
that
 
the
 
rlogin
 
command
 
is
 
considered
 
a
 
nontrusted
 
command
 
and
 
can
 
be
 
disabled
 
if
 
your
 
system
 
needs
 
extra
 
security.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
about
 
TCP/IP,
 
refer
 
to
 
the
 
Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)Overview
 
(Chapter
 
3,
 
“Transmission
 
Control
 
Protocol/Internet
 
Protocol
 
(TCP/IP)
 
Overview,”
 
on
 
page
 
43).
 
BNU
 
Commands
 
for
 
Emulation
 
The
 
Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU)
 
(Chapter
 
4,
 
“Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU)
 
Overview,”
 
on
 
page
 
61)
 
software
 
includes
 
the
 
ct,
 
cu,
 
and
 
tip
 
commands,
 
which
 
allow
 
you
 
to
 
connect
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
system
 
that
 
uses
 
this
 
operating
 
system.
 
ct
 
The
 
ct
 
command
 
enables
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
a
 
remote
 
terminal,
 
such
 
as
 
a
 
3161,
 
to
 
communicate
 
with
 
a
 
workstation
 
over
 
a
 
telephone
 
line.
 
The
 
user
 
on
 
the
 
remote
 
terminal
 
can
 
then
 
log
 
in
 
and
 
work
 
on
 
the
 
workstation.
 
The
 
ct
 
command
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
cu
 
command
 
but
 
not
 
as
 
flexible.
 
For
 
example,
 
the
 
user
 
cannot
 
issue
 
commands
 
on
 
the
 
local
 
system
 
while
 
connected
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
system
 
through
 
the
 
ct
 
command.
 
However,
 
the
 
ct
 
command
 
does
 
allow
 
the
 
user
 
to
 
instruct
 
the
 
ct
 
command
 
to
 
continue
 
dialing
 
until
 
the
 
connection
 
is
 
established
 
or
 
to
 
specify
 
more
 
than
 
one
 
telephone
 
number
 
at
 
a
 
time.
 
cu
 
The
 
cu
 
command
 
connects
 
your
 
workstation
 
to
 
another
 
workstation
 
connected
 
to
 
either
 
a
 
UNIX
 
or
 
non-UNIX
 
system.
 
After
 
the
 
connection
 
is
 
established,
 
a
 
user
 
can
 
be
 
logged
 
in
 
on
 
both
 
systems
 
at
 
the
 
same
 
time,
 
executing
 
commands
 
on
 
either
 
one
 
without
 
dropping
 
the
 
BNU
 
communication
 
link.
 
If
 
the
 
remote
 
computer
 
is
 
also
 
running
 
under
 
UNIX,
 
the
 
user
 
can
 
transfer
 
ASCII
 
files
 
between
 
the
 
two
 
systems.
 
The
 
cu
 
command
 
can
 
also
 
be
 
used
 
to
 
connect
 
multiple
 
systems,
 
and
 
commands
 
can
 
then
 
be
 
executed
 
on
 
any
 
of
 
the
 
connected
 
systems.
 
Chapter
 
1.
 
Introduction
 
to
 
Communication
 
Concepts
 
5
tip
 
The
 
tip
 
command
 
connects
 
your
 
workstation
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
system
 
and
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
work
 
on
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
as
 
if
 
logged
 
in
 
directly.
 
You
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
tip
 
command
 
to
 
transfer
 
files
 
to
 
and
 
from
 
the
 
remote
 
system.
 
You
 
can
 
use
 
scripting
 
to
 
record
 
the
 
conversations
 
you
 
have
 
with
 
the
 
tip
 
command.
 
Note:
 
You
 
must
 
have
 
a
 
login
 
on
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
to
 
use
 
the
 
tip
 
command.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
about
 
BNU,
 
refer
 
to
 
Chapter
 
4,
 
“Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU)
 
Overview,”
 
on
 
page
 
61.
 
Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE)
 
The
 
Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE)
 
program
 
enables
 
your
 
workstation
 
to
 
connect
 
to
 
most
 
systems
 
that
 
support
 
asynchronous
 
terminals,
 
including
 
any
 
system
 
that
 
supports
 
RS-232C
 
or
 
RS-422A
 
connections.
 
ATE
 
allows
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
to
 
communicate
 
with
 
your
 
terminal
 
either
 
as
 
an
 
asynchronous
 
display
 
or
 
as
 
a
 
DEC
 
VT100
 
terminal.
 
ATE
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
run
 
commands
 
on
 
the
 
remote
 
system,
 
send
 
and
 
receive
 
files,
 
and
 
check
 
the
 
data
 
integrity
 
in
 
the
 
files
 
transferred
 
between
 
systems.
 
You
 
can
 
also
 
use
 
a
 
capture
 
file
 
to
 
record,
 
or
 
capture,
 
incoming
 
data
 
from
 
the
 
remote
 
system.
 
ATE
 
is
 
menu-driven
 
and
 
uses
 
subcommands.
 
When
 
installed,
 
ATE
 
is
 
accessible
 
only
 
to
 
users
 
who
 
have
 
been
 
registered
 
as
 
a
 
member
 
of
 
the
 
UUCP
 
group
 
by
 
a
 
user
 
with
 
root
 
authority.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
about
 
ATE,
 
refer
 
to
 
Asynchronous
 
Terminal
 
Emulation
 
(ATE)
 
Concepts
 
(“ATE
 
Concepts”
 
on
 
page
 
71).
 
Communications
 
System
 
Commands
 
This
 
section
 
describes
 
different
 
commands
 
available
 
for
 
displaying
 
information
 
that
 
identifies
 
users
 
on
 
your
 
system,
 
the
 
system
 
you
 
are
 
using,
 
and
 
users
 
logged
 
in
 
on
 
other
 
systems.
 
Displaying
 
Your
 
Login
 
Name
 
The
 
command
 
whoami
 
helps
 
you
 
determine
 
your
 
login
 
name.
 
whoami
 
Displays
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
being
 
used,
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
denise
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
is
 
denise.
 
Displaying
 
Your
 
System
 
Name
 
The
 
command
 
uname
 
helps
 
you
 
determine
 
your
 
system’s
 
name.
 
uname
 
-n
 
The
 
uname
 
command
 
used
 
with
 
the
 
-n
 
flag
 
displays
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
your
 
system
 
if
 
you
 
are
 
on
 
a
 
network.
 
Information
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
following
 
is
 
displayed:
 
barnard
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
the
 
system
 
name
 
is
 
barnard.
 
To
 
find
 
the
 
node
 
name
 
of
 
another
 
system,
 
you
 
must
 
request
 
that
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
that
 
system
 
enter
 
the
 
uname
 
-n
 
command.
 
6
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Determining
 
Whether
 
Your
 
System
 
Has
 
Access
 
To
 
access
 
another
 
system
 
on
 
the
 
network,
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
must
 
have
 
access
 
to
 
information
 
that
 
defines
 
the
 
other
 
system.
 
To
 
determine
 
if
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
has
 
this
 
information,
 
enter
 
the
 
host
 
command
 
with
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
other
 
system,
 
as
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example.
 
host
 
zeus
 
Determines
 
if
 
your
 
system
 
has
 
routing
 
information
 
for
 
system
 
zeus.
 
If
 
your
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
a
 
message
 
similar
 
to:
 
zeus
 
is
 
192.9.200.4
 
(300,11,310,4)
 
your
 
system
 
has
 
the
 
proper
 
information
 
and
 
you
 
can
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
system
 
zeus.
 
The
 
address
 
192.9.200.4
 
is
 
used
 
by
 
the
 
system
 
to
 
route
 
the
 
mail.
 
If
 
your
 
system
 
does
 
not
 
have
 
information
 
about
 
the
 
requested
 
system,
 
it
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
zeus:
 
unknown
 
host
 
If
 
you
 
receive
 
an
 
unknown
 
host
 
message,
 
the
 
requested
 
system
 
name:
 
v
 
Is
 
not
 
be
 
correct
 
(check
 
the
 
spelling
 
in
 
the
 
address).
 
v
 
Is
 
on
 
your
 
network,
 
but
 
not
 
defined
 
to
 
your
 
system
 
(contact
 
the
 
person
 
responsible
 
for
 
setting
 
up
 
your
 
network).
 
v
 
Is
 
on
 
another
 
network
 
(“To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
a
 
Different
 
Network”
 
on
 
page
 
19)
 
and
 
requires
 
more
 
detailed
 
addressing.
 
v
 
Is
 
not
 
connected
 
to
 
your
 
network.
You
 
can
 
also
 
receive
 
the
 
unknown
 
host
 
message
 
if
 
your
 
network
 
is
 
not
 
operating
 
and
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
depends
 
on
 
a
 
remote
 
system
 
to
 
supply
 
network
 
addresses.
 
Displaying
 
Information
 
about
 
Logged-In
 
Users
 
The
 
command
 
finger
 
or
 
f
 
displays
 
information
 
about
 
the
 
current
 
users
 
on
 
a
 
specified
 
host.
 
This
 
information
 
can
 
include
 
the
 
user’s
 
login
 
name,
 
full
 
name,
 
and
 
terminal
 
name,
 
as
 
well
 
as
 
the
 
date
 
and
 
time
 
of
 
login.
 
finger
 
@alcatraz
 
Displays
 
the
 
following
 
information
 
about
 
all
 
users
 
logged
 
in
 
to
 
host
 
alcatraz:
 
brown
 
Console
 
Mar
 
15
 
13:19
 
smith
 
pts0
 
Mar
 
15
 
13:01
 
jones
 
tty0
 
Mar
 
15
 
13:01
 
User
 
brown
 
is
 
logged
 
in
 
at
 
the
 
console,
 
user
 
smith
 
is
 
logged
 
in
 
from
 
a
 
pseudo
 
teletype
 
line
 
pts0,
 
and
 
user
 
jones
 
is
 
logged
 
in
 
from
 
a
 
tty0.
 
finger
 
brown
 
or
 
brown@alcatraz
 
Displays
 
the
 
following
 
information
 
about
 
the
 
user
 
brown:
 
Login
 
name:
 
brown
 
In
 
real
 
life:
 
Marta
 
Brown
 
Directory:/home/brown
 
Shell:
 
/bin/ksh
 
On
 
since
 
May
 
8
 
07:13:49
 
on
 
console
 
No
 
Plan.
 
Chapter
 
1.
 
Introduction
 
to
 
Communication
 
Concepts
 
7
8
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
receive,
 
create,
 
and
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
users
 
on
 
a
 
local
 
or
 
remote
 
system.
 
Topics
 
discussed
 
in
 
this
 
section
 
are:
 
v
 
“Storing
 
Mail”
 
v
 
“Receiving
 
and
 
Handling
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
10
 
v
 
“Creating
 
and
 
Sending
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
17
 
v
 
“Viewing
 
Mail
 
Help
 
Information”
 
on
 
page
 
31
 
v
 
“Customizing
 
the
 
Mail
 
Program”
 
on
 
page
 
32
 
v
 
“Mail
 
Command
 
and
 
Subcommand
 
Summary”
 
on
 
page
 
38
Storing
 
Mail
 
Mail
 
is
 
stored
 
in
 
different
 
ways,
 
depending
 
on
 
the
 
specific
 
situation.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
uses
 
the
 
following
 
types
 
of
 
mailboxes
 
or
 
folders:
 
v
 
“System
 
Mailbox”
 
v
 
“Default
 
Personal
 
Mailbox”
 
($HOME/mbox)
 
v
 
dead.letter
 
(“dead.letter
 
File”)
 
file
 
v
 
“Folders”
 
on
 
page
 
10.
System
 
Mailbox
 
The
 
system
 
mailbox
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
a
 
post
 
office
 
box:
 
the
 
post
 
office
 
delivers
 
letters
 
addressed
 
to
 
the
 
person
 
who
 
owns
 
that
 
box.
 
Similarly,
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox
 
is
 
a
 
file
 
where
 
messages
 
are
 
delivered
 
to
 
a
 
particular
 
user.
 
If
 
the
 
file
 
does
 
not
 
exist
 
when
 
mail
 
arrives,
 
it
 
is
 
created.
 
The
 
file
 
is
 
deleted
 
when
 
all
 
messages
 
have
 
been
 
removed.
 
System
 
mailboxes
 
reside
 
in
 
the
 
/var/spool/mail
 
directory.
 
Each
 
system
 
mailbox
 
is
 
named
 
by
 
the
 
user
 
ID
 
associated
 
with
 
it.
 
For
 
example,
 
if
 
your
 
user
 
ID
 
is
 
karen,
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
is:
 
/var/spool/mail/karen
 
Default
 
Personal
 
Mailbox
 
Your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
an
 
in-basket
 
in
 
an
 
office.
 
You
 
put
 
mail
 
in
 
the
 
in-basket
 
after
 
you
 
have
 
received
 
it,
 
but
 
before
 
you
 
have
 
filed
 
it.
 
Each
 
user
 
has
 
a
 
personal
 
mailbox.
 
When
 
you
 
read
 
mail
 
from
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
if
 
it
 
is
 
not
 
marked
 
for
 
deletion
 
or
 
saved
 
to
 
a
 
file,
 
it
 
is
 
written
 
to
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
$HOME/mbox
 
($HOME
 
is
 
your
 
login
 
directory).
 
The
 
mbox
 
file
 
exists
 
only
 
when
 
it
 
contains
 
a
 
message.
 
dead.letter
 
File
 
If
 
you
 
need
 
to
 
interrupt
 
a
 
message
 
you
 
are
 
creating
 
to
 
complete
 
other
 
tasks,
 
the
 
system
 
saves
 
incomplete
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
in
 
the
 
$HOME
 
directory.
 
If
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
does
 
not
 
exist,
 
the
 
file
 
is
 
created.
 
Later
 
you
 
can
 
edit
 
the
 
file
 
to
 
complete
 
your
 
message.
 
Attention:
 
Do
 
not
 
use
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
to
 
store
 
messages.
 
The
 
content
 
of
 
this
 
file
 
is
 
overwritten
 
each
 
time
 
an
 
interrupt
 
is
 
issued
 
to
 
save
 
a
 
partial
 
message
 
to
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file.
 
©
 
Copyright
 
IBM
 
Corp.
 
1997,
 
2002
 
9
Folders
 
Folders
 
enable
 
you
 
to
 
save
 
messages
 
in
 
an
 
organized
 
fashion.
 
Using
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
you
 
can
 
put
 
a
 
message
 
into
 
a
 
folder
 
from
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
a
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
and
 
another
 
folder.
 
Each
 
folder
 
is
 
a
 
text
 
file.
 
Each
 
folder
 
is
 
placed
 
in
 
the
 
directory
 
you
 
specify
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file
 
with
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option.
 
You
 
must
 
create
 
this
 
directory
 
before
 
using
 
folders
 
to
 
store
 
messages.
 
When
 
the
 
directory
 
exists,
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
creates
 
the
 
folders
 
in
 
that
 
directory
 
as
 
needed.
 
If
 
you
 
do
 
not
 
specify
 
a
 
directory
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
folders
 
are
 
created
 
in
 
the
 
current
 
directory.
 
See
 
“Organizing
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
15.
 
Note:
 
Several
 
programs
 
are
 
available
 
to
 
send
 
and
 
receive
 
mail,
 
including
 
Message
 
Handler
 
(MH)
 
and
 
the
 
bellmail
 
program.
 
Which
 
program
 
you
 
use
 
depends
 
on
 
what
 
is
 
installed
 
and
 
configured
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
For
 
information
 
on
 
your
 
system
 
configuration,
 
contact
 
your
 
system
 
administrator.
Receiving
 
and
 
Handling
 
Mail
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
examine
 
each
 
message
 
in
 
a
 
mail
 
box
 
and
 
then
 
delete
 
or
 
file
 
a
 
message
 
in
 
a
 
personal
 
mail
 
directory.
 
This
 
section
 
discusses
 
the
 
concepts
 
and
 
procedures
 
on
 
the
 
following
 
mail
 
tasks:
 
v
 
“Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Program”
 
v
 
“Displaying
 
the
 
Contents
 
of
 
Your
 
Mailbox”
 
on
 
page
 
11
 
v
 
“Reading
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
13
 
v
 
“Deleting
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
14
 
v
 
“Exiting
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
14
 
v
 
“Organizing
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
15
Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Program
 
When
 
mail
 
is
 
sent
 
to
 
your
 
address,
 
it
 
is
 
stored
 
in
 
a
 
system
 
directory
 
that
 
is
 
specifically
 
for
 
mail.
 
This
 
system
 
directory
 
contains
 
a
 
file
 
for
 
every
 
user
 
on
 
the
 
local
 
system.
 
This
 
directory
 
holds
 
your
 
mail
 
until
 
you
 
do
 
something
 
with
 
it.
 
The
 
command
 
shell
 
notifies
 
you
 
that
 
mail
 
has
 
arrived.
 
The
 
notification
 
is
 
displayed
 
before
 
the
 
next
 
prompt,
 
provided
 
that
 
the
 
MAIL
 
environment
 
variable
 
is
 
set
 
and
 
provided
 
that
 
the
 
interval
 
specified
 
by
 
MAILCHECK
 
has
 
elapsed
 
since
 
the
 
shell
 
last
 
checked
 
for
 
mail.
 
The
 
notification
 
message
 
is
 
the
 
value
 
of
 
the
 
MAILMSG
 
environment
 
variable.
 
Depending
 
on
 
which
 
shell
 
you
 
are
 
using
 
(bourne,
 
korn,
 
or
 
C
 
shell),
 
the
 
notification
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
YOU
 
HAVE
 
NEW
 
MAIL
 
Use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
to
 
read
 
and
 
remove
 
messages
 
from
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
Do
 
not
 
use
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox
 
to
 
store
 
messages.
 
Store
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
(“Default
 
Personal
 
Mailbox”
 
on
 
page
 
9)
 
($HOME/mbox)
 
and
 
in
 
“Folders.”
 
Prerequisites
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
To
 
Check
 
Your
 
System
 
Mailbox
 
At
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
type
 
the
 
mail
 
command:
 
mail
 
If
 
there
 
is
 
no
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
a
 
message:
 
No
 
mail
 
for
 
YourID
 
10
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
If
 
there
 
is
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox,
 
the
 
system
 
displays
 
a
 
listing
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox:
 
Mail
 
Type
 
?
 
for
 
help.
 
"/usr/mail/lance":
 
3
 
messages
 
3
 
new
 
>N
 
1
 
karen
 
Tue
 
Apr
 
27
 
16:10
 
12/321
 
"Dept
 
Meeting"
 
N
 
2
 
lois
 
Tue
 
Apr
 
27
 
16:50
 
10/350
 
"System
 
News"
 
N
 
3
 
tom
 
Tue
 
Apr
 
27
 
17:00
 
11/356
 
"Tools
 
Available"
 
The
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
always
 
prefixed
 
with
 
a
 
greater-than
 
symbol
 
(>).
 
Each
 
one-line
 
entry
 
displays
 
the
 
following
 
fields:
 
status
 
Indicates
 
the
 
class
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
number
 
Identifies
 
the
 
piece
 
of
 
mail
 
to
 
the
 
mail
 
program.
 
sender
 
Identifies
 
the
 
address
 
of
 
the
 
person
 
who
 
sent
 
the
 
mail.
 
date
 
Specifies
 
the
 
date
 
the
 
message
 
was
 
received.
 
size
 
Defines
 
the
 
number
 
of
 
lines
 
and
 
characters
 
contained
 
in
 
the
 
message
 
(this
 
includes
 
the
 
header).
 
subject
 
Identifies
 
the
 
subject
 
of
 
the
 
message,
 
if
 
it
 
has
 
one.
 
The
 
status
 
can
 
be
 
any
 
of
 
the
 
following:
 
N
 
A
 
new
 
message.
 
P
 
A
 
message
 
that
 
will
 
be
 
preserved
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
U
 
An
 
unread
 
message.
 
This
 
is
 
a
 
message
 
that
 
was
 
listed
 
in
 
the
 
mailbox
 
the
 
last
 
time
 
you
 
used
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
but
 
the
 
contents
 
were
 
not
 
examined.
 
*
 
A
 
message
 
that
 
was
 
saved
 
or
 
written
 
to
 
a
 
file
 
or
 
folder.
 
A
 
message
 
without
 
a
 
status
 
indicator
 
means
 
that
 
the
 
message
 
has
 
been
 
read
 
but
 
has
 
not
 
been
 
deleted
 
or
 
saved.
 
To
 
Check
 
Your
 
Personal
 
Mailbox
 
or
 
Mail
 
Folder
 
At
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
mail
 
-f
 
A
 
listing
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
$HOME/mbox,
 
is
 
displayed.
 
If
 
there
 
is
 
no
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
message:
 
"/u/george/mbox":
 
0
 
messages
 
OR
 
A
 
file
 
or
 
directory
 
in
 
the
 
path
 
name
 
does
 
not
 
exist
 
mail
 
-f
 
+dept
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
a
 
listing
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
dept
 
folder
 
is
 
displayed.
 
If
 
there
 
is
 
no
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
mail
 
folder,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
message:
 
A
 
file
 
or
 
directory
 
in
 
the
 
path
 
name
 
does
 
not
 
exist
 
Displaying
 
the
 
Contents
 
of
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
From
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt
 
you
 
can
 
type
 
mailbox
 
subcommands
 
to
 
manage
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
mailbox.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
 
3.
 
There
 
must
 
be
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox.
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
11
To
 
Display
 
a
 
Message
 
within
 
a
 
Specific
 
Range
 
of
 
Messages
 
The
 
(h)eaders
 
subcommand
 
allows
 
you
 
to
 
view
 
a
 
message
 
contained
 
within
 
a
 
specific
 
range
 
of
 
messages.
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
h
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
h
 
Approximately
 
20
 
messages
 
are
 
displayed
 
at
 
a
 
time.
 
The
 
actual
 
number
 
displayed
 
is
 
determined
 
by
 
the
 
type
 
of
 
terminal
 
being
 
used,
 
and
 
the
 
set
 
screen
 
option
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
If
 
you
 
type
 
the
 
h
 
subcommand
 
again,
 
the
 
same
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
is
 
displayed.
 
h
 
21
 
Message
 
21
 
and
 
subsequent
 
messages,
 
up
 
to
 
and
 
including
 
message
 
40
 
(if
 
you
 
have
 
that
 
number
 
of
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox),
 
are
 
displayed.
 
Continue
 
typing
 
the
 
h
 
subcommand
 
with
 
the
 
subsequent
 
message
 
number
 
until
 
all
 
messages
 
have
 
been
 
displayed.
 
h
 
1
 
To
 
return
 
to
 
the
 
first
 
group
 
of
 
20
 
messages,
 
type
 
any
 
number
 
within
 
the
 
range
 
of
 
1-20.
 
To
 
Scroll
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
The
 
z
 
subcommand
 
allows
 
you
 
to
 
scroll
 
your
 
mailbox.
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
z
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
z
 
Approximately
 
20
 
messages
 
are
 
displayed
 
at
 
a
 
time.
 
The
 
actual
 
number
 
displayed
 
is
 
determined
 
by
 
the
 
type
 
of
 
terminal
 
being
 
used
 
and
 
the
 
set
 
screen
 
option
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
Type
 
the
 
z
 
subcommand
 
again
 
to
 
scroll
 
to
 
the
 
next
 
20
 
messages.
 
z
 
+
 
The
 
plus
 
sign
 
(+)
 
argument
 
scrolls
 
to
 
the
 
next
 
20
 
messages.
 
Message
 
21
 
and
 
subsequent
 
messages,
 
up
 
to
 
and
 
including
 
message
 
40
 
(if
 
you
 
have
 
that
 
number
 
of
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox),
 
are
 
displayed.
 
Continue
 
typing
 
the
 
z+
 
subcommand
 
until
 
all
 
messages
 
have
 
been
 
displayed.
 
The
 
system
 
will
 
respond
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
On
 
last
 
screenful
 
of
 
messages.
 
z
 
-
 
The
 
minus
 
sign
 
(-)
 
argument
 
scrolls
 
to
 
the
 
previous
 
20
 
messages.
 
When
 
you
 
reach
 
the
 
first
 
set
 
of
 
messages,
 
the
 
system
 
will
 
respond
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
On
 
first
 
screenful
 
of
 
messages.
 
To
 
Search
 
and
 
Display
 
Information
 
about
 
Specific
 
Messages
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(f)rom
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
f
 
Displays
 
heading
 
information
 
for
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
f
 
1
 
4
 
7
 
Displays
 
heading
 
information
 
for
 
the
 
specific
 
messages
 
1,
 
4,
 
and
 
7.
 
f
 
1-10
 
Displays
 
heading
 
information
 
for
 
a
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
1
 
through
 
10.
 
f
 
*
 
Displays
 
all
 
messages.
 
f
 
ron
 
Messages,
 
if
 
any,
 
from
 
user
 
ron
 
are
 
displayed.
 
The
 
characters
 
typed
 
for
 
an
 
address
 
do
 
not
 
need
 
to
 
exactly
 
match
 
the
 
address;
 
therefore,
 
the
 
request
 
for
 
address
 
ron
 
in
 
either
 
uppercase
 
or
 
lowercase
 
letters
 
matches
 
all
 
of
 
the
 
following
 
addresses:
 
RoN
 
ron@topdog
 
hron
 
rOn
 
f
 
/meet
 
Messages,
 
if
 
any,
 
where
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field
 
contains
 
the
 
letters
 
meet
 
are
 
displayed.
 
The
 
characters
 
typed
 
for
 
a
 
pattern
 
do
 
not
 
need
 
to
 
exactly
 
match
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field.
 
They
 
must
 
only
 
be
 
contained
 
in
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field
 
in
 
either
 
uppercase
 
or
 
lowercase
 
letters;
 
therefore,
 
the
 
request
 
for
 
subject
 
meet
 
matches
 
all
 
of
 
the
 
following
 
subjects:
 
Meeting
 
on
 
Thursday
 
Come
 
to
 
meeting
 
tomorrow
 
MEET
 
ME
 
IN
 
ST.
 
LOUIS
 
12
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
To
 
Display
 
the
 
Current
 
Message
 
Number
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
=
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
=
 
The
 
current
 
message
 
number
 
is
 
displayed.
 
To
 
Check
 
How
 
Many
 
Messages
 
You
 
Have
 
in
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
folder
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
folder
 
Lists
 
information
 
about
 
your
 
folder
 
or
 
mailbox.
 
The
 
system
 
will
 
respond
 
similarly
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
"/u/lance/mbox":
 
29
 
messages.
 
Reading
 
Mail
 
You
 
can
 
read
 
your
 
mail
 
in
 
several
 
ways.
 
The
 
following
 
provides
 
an
 
example
 
of
 
each
 
method.
 
Choose
 
the
 
method
 
you
 
are
 
most
 
comfortable
 
with
 
and
 
use
 
it
 
to
 
read
 
your
 
mail.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
 
3.
 
There
 
must
 
be
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
To
 
Read
 
Messages
 
in
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(t)ype
 
or
 
(p)rint
 
subcommands
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
3
 
If
 
you
 
use
 
the
 
number
 
of
 
the
 
message,
 
by
 
default,
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
displayed.
 
t
 
If
 
you
 
use
 
the
 
t
 
subcommand,
 
by
 
default,
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
displayed.
 
t
 
3
 
The
 
text
 
of
 
message
 
3
 
is
 
displayed.
 
t
 
2
 
4
 
9
 
The
 
text
 
for
 
messages
 
2,
 
4,
 
and
 
9
 
is
 
displayed.
 
t
 
2-4
 
The
 
text
 
for
 
the
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
2
 
through
 
4
 
is
 
displayed.
 
p
 
If
 
you
 
use
 
the
 
p
 
subcommand,
 
by
 
default,
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
displayed.
 
p
 
3
 
The
 
text
 
of
 
message
 
3
 
is
 
displayed.
 
p
 
2
 
4
 
9
 
The
 
text
 
for
 
messages
 
2,
 
4,
 
and
 
9
 
is
 
displayed.
 
p
 
2-4
 
The
 
text
 
for
 
the
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
2
 
through
 
4
 
is
 
displayed.
 
When
 
you
 
display
 
more
 
than
 
one
 
message
 
at
 
a
 
time,
 
be
 
sure
 
to
 
include
 
the
 
set
 
crt
 
option
 
in
 
your
 
$HOME/.mailrc
 
file
 
so
 
you
 
can
 
scroll
 
through
 
your
 
messages.
 
You
 
also
 
can
 
type
 
this
 
subcommand
 
at
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt.
 
If
 
you
 
do
 
not
 
use
 
this
 
subcommand
 
and
 
you
 
have
 
more
 
than
 
one
 
screen
 
of
 
messages,
 
the
 
displayed
 
messages
 
scroll
 
up
 
and
 
off
 
the
 
screen
 
before
 
you
 
have
 
time
 
to
 
read
 
them.
 
To
 
Read
 
the
 
Next
 
Message
 
in
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(n)ext
 
or
 
plus
 
sign
 
(+)
 
subcommands
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
n
 
or
 
+
 
Displays
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
next
 
message,
 
and
 
this
 
message
 
becomes
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
You
 
can
 
also
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
to
 
display
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
next
 
message.
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
13
To
 
Read
 
the
 
Previous
 
Message
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
-
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
-
 
The
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
previous
 
message
 
is
 
displayed.
 
Deleting
 
Mail
 
When
 
deleting
 
a
 
message,
 
you
 
can
 
delete
 
the
 
current
 
message,
 
delete
 
a
 
specific
 
message,
 
or
 
delete
 
a
 
range
 
of
 
messages.
 
You
 
can
 
also
 
delete
 
the
 
current
 
message
 
and
 
display
 
the
 
next
 
message
 
by
 
combining
 
subcommands.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
There
 
must
 
be
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
3.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
To
 
Delete
 
a
 
Message
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(d)elete
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
d
 
The
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
deleted.
 
dp
 
or
 
dt
 
The
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
deleted
 
and
 
the
 
next
 
message
 
is
 
displayed.
 
This
 
also
 
can
 
be
 
accomplished
 
by
 
including
 
the
 
set
 
autoprint
 
option
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
which
 
will
 
set
 
the
 
d
 
subcommand
 
to
 
function
 
like
 
the
 
dp
 
or
 
dt
 
subcommand
 
combination.
 
d
 
4
 
Deletes
 
the
 
specific
 
message
 
4.
 
d
 
4-6
 
Deletes
 
a
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
4,
 
5,
 
and
 
6.
 
d
 
2
 
6
 
8
 
Deletes
 
messages
 
2,
 
6,
 
and
 
8.
 
To
 
Undelete
 
a
 
Message
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(u)ndelete
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
u
 
The
 
current
 
message
 
is
 
undeleted.
 
u
 
4
 
Undeletes
 
the
 
specific
 
message
 
4.
 
u
 
4-6
 
Undeletes
 
a
 
range
 
of
 
messages
 
4,
 
5,
 
and
 
6.
 
u
 
2
 
6
 
8
 
Undeletes
 
messages
 
2,
 
6,
 
and
 
8.
 
Exiting
 
Mail
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
There
 
must
 
be
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
3.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
To
 
Exit
 
Mail
 
and
 
Save
 
Your
 
Changes
 
to
 
the
 
Original
 
Contents
 
of
 
the
 
Mailbox
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(q)uit
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
ways
 
shown:
 
14
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
If
 
You
 
Are
 
Exiting
 
the
 
System
 
Mailbox:
 
q
 
The
 
q
 
subcommand
 
leaves
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox
 
and
 
returns
 
to
 
the
 
operating
 
system.
 
When
 
you
 
leave
 
the
 
mailbox,
 
all
 
messages
 
marked
 
to
 
be
 
deleted
 
are
 
removed
 
from
 
the
 
mailbox
 
and
 
cannot
 
be
 
recovered.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
saves
 
the
 
messages
 
you
 
read
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
(mbox).
 
If
 
you
 
did
 
not
 
read
 
any
 
of
 
your
 
mail,
 
the
 
messages
 
remain
 
in
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox
 
until
 
acted
 
upon.
 
If
 
You
 
Are
 
Exiting
 
Your
 
Personal
 
Mailbox
 
or
 
a
 
Mail
 
Folder:
 
q
 
When
 
using
 
the
 
q
 
subcommand
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
or
 
a
 
mail
 
folder,
 
messages
 
read
 
and
 
not
 
read
 
will
 
remain
 
in
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
or
 
in
 
a
 
mail
 
folder
 
until
 
acted
 
upon.
 
To
 
Exit
 
Mail
 
without
 
Changing
 
the
 
Original
 
Contents
 
of
 
the
 
Mailbox
 
x
 
or
 
ex
 
The
 
x
 
or
 
ex
 
subcommand
 
allows
 
you
 
to
 
leave
 
the
 
mailbox
 
and
 
return
 
to
 
the
 
operating
 
system
 
without
 
changing
 
the
 
original
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
mailbox.
 
The
 
program
 
ignores
 
any
 
requests
 
you
 
made
 
prior
 
to
 
the
 
x
 
request;
 
however,
 
if
 
you
 
did
 
save
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
another
 
folder,
 
the
 
save
 
will
 
occur.
 
Organizing
 
Mail
 
Use
 
folders
 
to
 
save
 
messages
 
in
 
an
 
organized
 
fashion.
 
You
 
can
 
create
 
as
 
many
 
folders
 
as
 
you
 
need.
 
Give
 
each
 
folder
 
a
 
name
 
that
 
pertains
 
to
 
the
 
subject
 
matter
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
it
 
contains,
 
similar
 
to
 
file
 
folders
 
in
 
an
 
office
 
filing
 
system.
 
Each
 
folder
 
is
 
a
 
text
 
file
 
that
 
is
 
placed
 
in
 
the
 
directory
 
you
 
specify
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file
 
with
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option.
 
You
 
must
 
create
 
this
 
directory
 
before
 
using
 
folders
 
to
 
store
 
messages.
 
When
 
the
 
directory
 
exists,
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
creates
 
the
 
folders
 
in
 
that
 
directory
 
as
 
needed.
 
If
 
you
 
do
 
not
 
specify
 
a
 
directory
 
with
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
the
 
folder
 
is
 
created
 
in
 
your
 
current
 
directory.
 
Using
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
you
 
can
 
put
 
a
 
message
 
into
 
a
 
folder
 
from
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
a
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
or
 
another
 
folder.
 
You
 
can
 
add
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
file
 
or
 
folder
 
using
 
the
 
(s)ave
 
or
 
(w)rite
 
subcommands.
 
Both
 
of
 
these
 
subcommands
 
append
 
information
 
to
 
an
 
existing
 
file,
 
or
 
create
 
a
 
new
 
file
 
if
 
it
 
does
 
not
 
exist.
 
Information
 
currently
 
in
 
the
 
file
 
is
 
not
 
destroyed.
 
If
 
you
 
save
 
a
 
message
 
from
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
to
 
a
 
file
 
or
 
folder,
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
deleted
 
from
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox
 
and
 
transferred
 
to
 
the
 
file
 
or
 
folder
 
specified.
 
If
 
you
 
save
 
a
 
message
 
from
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox
 
or
 
folder
 
to
 
another
 
file
 
or
 
folder,
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
not
 
deleted
 
from
 
your
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
but
 
is
 
copied
 
to
 
the
 
specified
 
file
 
or
 
folder.
 
When
 
using
 
the
 
s
 
subcommand,
 
you
 
can
 
read
 
the
 
folder
 
like
 
a
 
mailbox
 
because
 
the
 
messages
 
and
 
the
 
header
 
information
 
are
 
appended
 
at
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
folder.
 
When
 
using
 
the
 
w
 
subcommand,
 
you
 
can
 
read
 
the
 
folder
 
like
 
a
 
file
 
because
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
appended
 
without
 
header
 
information
 
at
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
file.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
There
 
must
 
be
 
mail
 
in
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
personal
 
mailbox,
 
or
 
a
 
folder
 
you
 
have
 
defined.
 
3.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
To
 
Create
 
a
 
Letters
 
Mailbox
 
Directory
 
to
 
Store
 
Messages
 
in
 
Folders
 
1.
 
To
 
check
 
if
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option
 
has
 
been
 
enabled
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
type
 
the
 
following
 
subcommand
 
at
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt:
 
set
 
The
 
set
 
subcommand
 
displays
 
a
 
list
 
of
 
the
 
enabled
 
mail
 
options
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
If
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option
 
has
 
been
 
enabled,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
a
 
message
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
folder
 
/home/george/letters
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
letters
 
is
 
the
 
directory
 
in
 
which
 
mail
 
folders
 
will
 
be
 
stored.
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
15
2.
 
If
 
the
 
set
 
folder
 
option
 
has
 
not
 
been
 
enabled,
 
add
 
a
 
line
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
following
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file:
 
set
 
folder=/home/george/letters
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
/home/george
 
is
 
George’s
 
home
 
directory
 
and
 
letters
 
is
 
the
 
directory
 
in
 
which
 
mail
 
folders
 
will
 
be
 
stored.
 
The
 
set
 
folder
 
option
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
use
 
the
 
plus
 
sign
 
(+)
 
shorthand
 
notation
 
at
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt
 
to
 
save
 
messages
 
in
 
your
 
letters
 
directory.
 
3.
 
You
 
must
 
create
 
a
 
letters
 
directory
 
in
 
your
 
home
 
directory.
 
In
 
your
 
home
 
directory
 
at
 
the
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
type:
 
mkdir
 
letters
 
To
 
Use
 
the
 
(s)ave
 
Subcommand
 
to
 
Save
 
a
 
Message
 
with
 
Its
 
Heading
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
(s)ave
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
s
 
1-4
 
notes
 
Saves
 
messages
 
1,
 
2,
 
3
 
and
 
4
 
with
 
their
 
heading
 
information
 
to
 
a
 
folder
 
called
 
notes
 
in
 
the
 
current
 
directory.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
"notes"
 
[Appended]
 
62/1610
 
s
 
+admin
 
Saves
 
the
 
current
 
message
 
to
 
an
 
existing
 
folder
 
called
 
admin
 
in
 
your
 
folder
 
directory.
 
If
 
the
 
folder
 
directory
 
is
 
defined
 
as
 
/home/george/letters
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with:
 
"/home/george/letters/admin"
 
[Appended]
 
14/321
 
s
 
6
 
+admin
 
Saves
 
message
 
6
 
to
 
an
 
existing
 
folder
 
called
 
admin
 
in
 
your
 
folder
 
directory.
 
If
 
the
 
folder
 
directory
 
is
 
defined
 
as
 
/home/george/letters
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with:
 
"/home/george/letters/admin"
 
[Appended]
 
14/321
 
To
 
Use
 
the
 
(w)rite
 
Subcommand
 
to
 
Save
 
a
 
Message
 
without
 
Its
 
Heading
 
The
 
(w)rite
 
subcommand
 
allows
 
you
 
to
 
save
 
a
 
message
 
as
 
a
 
file
 
instead
 
of
 
as
 
a
 
folder.
 
To
 
read
 
or
 
edit
 
a
 
file
 
saved
 
with
 
the
 
w
 
subcommand,
 
you
 
must
 
use
 
vi
 
or
 
some
 
other
 
text
 
editor.
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
w
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
w
 
6
 
pass
 
Saves
 
only
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
message
 
6
 
to
 
a
 
file
 
called
 
pass
 
in
 
the
 
current
 
directory.
 
If
 
the
 
pass
 
file
 
does
 
not
 
already
 
exist,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
"pass"
 
[New
 
file]
 
12/30
 
If
 
the
 
pass
 
file
 
exists,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
"pass"
 
[Appended]
 
12/30
 
w
 
1-3
 
safety
 
Saves
 
only
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
specific
 
messages
 
1,
 
2,
 
and
 
3
 
to
 
a
 
file
 
called
 
safety
 
in
 
the
 
current
 
directory.
 
The
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
this
 
example
 
will
 
be
 
appended
 
one
 
after
 
the
 
other
 
into
 
one
 
file.
 
If
 
the
 
safety
 
file
 
does
 
not
 
already
 
exist,
 
the
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
following
 
message:
 
"safety"
 
[New
 
file]
 
12/30
 
To
 
Find
 
the
 
Name
 
of
 
the
 
Current
 
Mailbox
 
or
 
Folder
 
Although
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
displays
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
mailbox
 
when
 
it
 
starts,
 
you
 
might
 
lose
 
track
 
of
 
which
 
mailbox
 
you
 
are
 
in.
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
folder
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
16
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
folder
 
Finds
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
your
 
current
 
mailbox
 
or
 
folder.
 
If
 
the
 
current
 
mailbox
 
is
 
/home/lance/mbox,
 
the
 
following
 
is
 
displayed:
 
/home/lance/mbox:
 
2
 
messages
 
1
 
deleted
 
This
 
message
 
indicates
 
that
 
/home/lance/mbox
 
is
 
the
 
current
 
mailbox
 
you
 
are
 
in,
 
it
 
contains
 
two
 
messages,
 
and
 
one
 
of
 
those
 
messages
 
will
 
be
 
deleted
 
when
 
you
 
finish
 
with
 
this
 
mailbox.
 
To
 
Change
 
to
 
Another
 
Mailbox
 
Changing
 
to
 
another
 
mailbox
 
is
 
like
 
quitting
 
a
 
mailbox
 
or
 
folder.
 
Any
 
messages
 
that
 
you
 
marked
 
to
 
be
 
deleted
 
are
 
deleted
 
when
 
you
 
leave
 
that
 
mailbox.
 
The
 
deleted
 
messages
 
cannot
 
be
 
recovered.
 
At
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
file
 
or
 
folder
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
folder
 
+project
 
Once
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
is
 
started
 
with
 
one
 
mailbox,
 
use
 
the
 
file
 
or
 
folder
 
subcommands
 
to
 
change
 
to
 
another
 
mailbox.
 
If
 
you
 
change
 
from
 
the
 
mbox
 
file
 
to
 
the
 
project
 
folder
 
and
 
you
 
have
 
deleted
 
all
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
mbox
 
file,
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
displays:
 
/home/dee/mbox
 
removed
 
+project:
 
2
 
messages
 
2
 
new
 
followed
 
by
 
a
 
list
 
of
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
project
 
folder.
 
Creating
 
and
 
Sending
 
Mail
 
You
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
to
 
create,
 
send,
 
reply,
 
and
 
forward
 
messages
 
to
 
other
 
users
 
or
 
to
 
send
 
ASCII
 
files
 
to
 
other
 
users.
 
An
 
ASCII
 
file
 
might,
 
for
 
example,
 
be
 
a
 
document
 
you
 
have
 
written
 
using
 
a
 
preferred
 
editor
 
or
 
a
 
source
 
file
 
for
 
a
 
program.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
provides
 
a
 
line-oriented
 
editor
 
for
 
creating
 
messages.
 
This
 
editor
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
type
 
each
 
line
 
of
 
the
 
message,
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
to
 
get
 
a
 
new
 
line,
 
and
 
type
 
more
 
text.
 
When
 
you
 
create
 
mail
 
with
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
the
 
date:
 
and
 
from:
 
fields
 
are
 
automatically
 
completed
 
by
 
the
 
system.
 
You
 
have
 
the
 
option
 
to
 
complete
 
the
 
subject:
 
and
 
cc:
 
fields.
 
These
 
fields
 
are
 
similar
 
to
 
the
 
body
 
of
 
a
 
standard
 
business
 
letter.
 
Other
 
editors
 
can
 
only
 
be
 
used
 
by
 
using
 
the
 
editor
 
subcommands.
 
You
 
can
 
send
 
messages
 
and
 
files
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
system,
 
on
 
your
 
network,
 
or
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
connected
 
network.
 
The
 
recipient
 
does
 
not
 
need
 
to
 
be
 
logged
 
onto
 
the
 
system
 
when
 
you
 
send
 
the
 
information.
 
Mail
 
is
 
sent
 
to
 
a
 
user’s
 
address.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
about
 
creating
 
and
 
sending
 
mail,
 
see:
 
v
 
“Addressing
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
18
 
v
 
“Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
21
 
v
 
“Editing
 
a
 
Message”
 
on
 
page
 
21
 
v
 
“Displaying
 
a
 
Message
 
While
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
22
 
v
 
“Exiting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
without
 
Sending
 
the
 
Message”
 
on
 
page
 
22
 
v
 
“Adding
 
a
 
File
 
and
 
a
 
Specific
 
Message
 
within
 
a
 
Message”
 
on
 
page
 
23
 
v
 
“Changing
 
or
 
Adding
 
to
 
the
 
Heading
 
Fields
 
of
 
a
 
Message”
 
on
 
page
 
24
 
v
 
“Reformatting
 
a
 
Message
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
26
 
v
 
“Checking
 
for
 
Misspelling
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
26
 
v
 
“Sending
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
27
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
17
v
 
“Replying
 
to
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
27
 
v
 
“Forwarding
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
28
 
v
 
“Sending
 
a
 
Vacation
 
Message
 
Notice”
 
on
 
page
 
29
 
v
 
“Sending
 
and
 
Receiving
 
Secret
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
30
Addressing
 
Mail
 
Mail
 
is
 
sent
 
to
 
a
 
user’s
 
address.
 
The
 
address,
 
containing
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
and
 
system
 
name,
 
directs
 
the
 
delivery
 
of
 
the
 
mail
 
message.
 
Generally,
 
to
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
another
 
user,
 
you
 
must
 
type
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
and
 
the
 
address
 
as
 
follows:
 
mail
 
User@Address
 
How
 
you
 
address
 
mail
 
depends
 
on
 
whether
 
you
 
are
 
sending
 
the
 
mail:
 
v
 
To
 
users
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
(“To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
Your
 
Local
 
System”
 
on
 
page
 
19)
 
v
 
To
 
users
 
on
 
your
 
network
 
(“To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
Your
 
Network”
 
on
 
page
 
19)
 
v
 
To
 
users
 
on
 
a
 
different
 
network
 
(“To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
a
 
Different
 
Network”
 
on
 
page
 
19)
 
v
 
Over
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
link
 
(“To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
over
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
Link”
 
on
 
page
 
20)
 
However,
 
the
 
format
 
of
 
the
 
Address
 
parameter
 
depends
 
upon
 
the
 
location
 
of
 
the
 
recipient.
 
The
 
concept
 
is
 
similar
 
to
 
how
 
you
 
might
 
address
 
a
 
note
 
to
 
a
 
fellow
 
worker
 
in
 
an
 
office.
 
To
 
send
 
a
 
note
 
to
 
Ryan,
 
who
 
works
 
in
 
a
 
small
 
department
 
of
 
six
 
to
 
eight
 
people,
 
you
 
might
 
write
 
the
 
name
 
on
 
an
 
envelope
 
and
 
put
 
it
 
in
 
the
 
office
 
mail
 
system.
 
However,
 
if
 
Ryan
 
is
 
in
 
another
 
department,
 
you
 
might
 
have
 
to
 
provide
 
more
 
information
 
on
 
the
 
envelope:
 
Ryan
 
Payroll
 
If
 
Ryan
 
is
 
in
 
another
 
plant,
 
you
 
might
 
need
 
even
 
more
 
information
 
to
 
ensure
 
that
 
the
 
message
 
reaches
 
him:
 
Ryan
 
Payroll
 
Gaithersburg
 
mail
 
ryan
 
To
 
send
 
mail
 
electronically,
 
use
 
a
 
similar
 
addressing
 
progression.
 
To
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
system,
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
is
 
the
 
only
 
part
 
of
 
the
 
address
 
required.
 
mail
 
ryan@tybalt
 
To
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
network,
 
type
 
the
 
full
 
system
 
(node)
 
address.
 
mail
 
ryan@mars.aus.dbm.com
 
To
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
connected
 
network,
 
type
 
the
 
full
 
system
 
address
 
and
 
network
 
address.
 
mail
 
dept71
 
You
 
can
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
a
 
specific
 
group
 
of
 
people
 
by
 
using
 
an
 
alias
 
or
 
distribution
 
list.
 
To
 
do
 
so,
 
you
 
must
 
create
 
an
 
alias
 
or
 
distribution
 
list
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
If
 
you
 
need
 
information
 
on
 
creating
 
aliases,
 
see
 
“Creating
 
an
 
Alias
 
or
 
Distribution
 
List”
 
on
 
page
 
34.
 
Note:
 
More
 
than
 
one
 
user
 
can
 
be
 
addressed
 
at
 
the
 
same
 
time
 
on
 
the
 
command
 
line.
 
Separate
 
each
 
name
 
with
 
a
 
space.
 
For
 
example:
 
ryan@tybalt
 
suemc@julius
 
dmorgan@ophelia
 
Prerequisites
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
18
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
Your
 
Local
 
System
 
To
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
(to
 
someone
 
whose
 
login
 
name
 
is
 
listed
 
in
 
your
 
/etc/passwd
 
file),
 
use
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
for
 
the
 
address.
 
At
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
mail
 
LoginName
 
mail
 
ryan
 
If
 
Ryan
 
is
 
on
 
your
 
system
 
and
 
has
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
ryan,
 
this
 
command
 
activates
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
create
 
a
 
message,
 
and
 
tries
 
to
 
send
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
local
 
login
 
name
 
of
 
ryan.
 
If
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
delivered
 
successfully,
 
you
 
receive
 
no
 
notification.
 
If
 
Ryan
 
is
 
not
 
on
 
your
 
system,
 
the
 
mail
 
system
 
immediately
 
returns
 
an
 
error
 
message
 
and
 
returns
 
the
 
unsent
 
message
 
to
 
your
 
system
 
mailbox.
 
To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
Your
 
Network
 
To
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
through
 
a
 
local
 
network
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
system,
 
at
 
the
 
command
 
line
 
type:
 
mail
 
LoginName@SystemName
 
For
 
example,
 
if
 
Ryan
 
is
 
on
 
system
 
zeus,
 
use
 
the
 
following
 
command
 
to
 
create
 
and
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
him:
 
mail
 
ryan@zeus
 
This
 
command
 
activates
 
the
 
mail
 
program,
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
create
 
a
 
message,
 
and
 
tries
 
to
 
send
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
login
 
name
 
ryan
 
on
 
system
 
zeus.
 
If
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
delivered
 
successfully,
 
you
 
receive
 
the
 
system
 
prompt
 
with
 
no
 
notification.
 
If
 
the
 
mail
 
address
 
is
 
incorrect,
 
you
 
receive
 
an
 
error
 
message.
 
Note:
 
To
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
through
 
a
 
local
 
network
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
system,
 
you
 
must
 
know
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
and
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
other
 
system.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
on
 
this,
 
see
 
Communications
 
System
 
Commands
 
for
 
End
 
Users
 
(“Communications
 
System
 
Commands”
 
on
 
page
 
6).
To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
to
 
Users
 
on
 
a
 
Different
 
Network
 
If
 
your
 
network
 
is
 
connected
 
to
 
other
 
networks,
 
you
 
can
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
users
 
on
 
the
 
other
 
networks.
 
The
 
address
 
parameters
 
differ
 
depending
 
on
 
how
 
your
 
network
 
and
 
the
 
other
 
networks
 
address
 
each
 
other
 
and
 
how
 
they
 
are
 
connected.
 
Using
 
a
 
Central
 
Database
 
of
 
Names
 
and
 
Addresses:
 
at
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
mail
 
LoginName@SystemName
 
If
 
the
 
networks
 
use
 
a
 
central
 
database
 
of
 
names,
 
you
 
do
 
not
 
need
 
any
 
additional
 
information
 
to
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
users
 
on
 
the
 
connected
 
networks.
 
Use
 
the
 
same
 
addressing
 
format
 
as
 
for
 
users
 
on
 
your
 
local
 
network.
 
This
 
type
 
of
 
addressing
 
works
 
well
 
when
 
the
 
nature
 
of
 
the
 
network
 
allows
 
a
 
central
 
database
 
of
 
names
 
to
 
be
 
maintained.
 
Using
 
Domain
 
Name
 
Addressing:
 
at
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
mail
 
LoginName@SystemName.DomainName
 
For
 
networks
 
that
 
span
 
large,
 
unrelated
 
networks
 
in
 
widespread
 
locations,
 
a
 
central
 
database
 
of
 
names
 
is
 
not
 
possible.
 
The
 
DomainName
 
parameter
 
defines
 
the
 
remote
 
network,
 
relative
 
to
 
your
 
local
 
network,
 
within
 
the
 
defined
 
structure
 
for
 
the
 
larger
 
group
 
of
 
interconnected
 
networks.
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
19
mail
 
kelly@merlin.odin.valryanl
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
user
 
kelly
 
is
 
on
 
the
 
system
 
merlin
 
that
 
is
 
on
 
a
 
local
 
network,
 
named
 
odin,
 
that
 
is
 
connected
 
to
 
a
 
second
 
network
 
whose
 
domain
 
is
 
called
 
valryanl.
 
To
 
Address
 
Mail
 
over
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
Link
 
To
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
another
 
system
 
connected
 
to
 
your
 
system
 
by
 
the
 
Basic
 
Networking
 
Utilities
 
(BNU)
 
or
 
another
 
version
 
of
 
UNIX-to-UNIX
 
Copy
 
Program
 
(UUCP),
 
you
 
must
 
know:
 
v
 
The
 
login
 
name
 
v
 
The
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
other
 
system
 
v
 
The
 
physical
 
route
 
to
 
that
 
other
 
system
 
The
 
person
 
responsible
 
for
 
connecting
 
your
 
system
 
to
 
other
 
systems
 
should
 
be
 
able
 
to
 
provide
 
routing
 
information
 
to
 
address
 
the
 
other
 
system.
 
When
 
Your
 
Computer
 
Has
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
Link:
 
at
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
mail
 
UUCPRoute!LoginName
 
If
 
your
 
local
 
computer
 
has
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
connection
 
that
 
can
 
be
 
used
 
to
 
reach
 
the
 
remote
 
system,
 
use
 
the
 
format
 
in
 
this
 
example
 
to
 
address
 
a
 
message.
 
The
 
variable
 
LoginName
 
is
 
the
 
login
 
name
 
on
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
for
 
the
 
message
 
recipient.
 
The
 
variable
 
UUCPRoute
 
describes
 
the
 
physical
 
route
 
the
 
message
 
must
 
follow
 
along
 
the
 
UUCP
 
network.
 
If
 
your
 
system
 
is
 
connected
 
to
 
the
 
remote
 
system
 
without
 
any
 
intermediate
 
UUCP
 
systems
 
between,
 
this
 
variable
 
is
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
remote
 
system.
 
mailarthur!lancelot!merlin!ken
 
If
 
your
 
message
 
must
 
travel
 
through
 
one
 
or
 
more
 
intermediate
 
UUCP
 
systems
 
before
 
reaching
 
the
 
desired
 
remote
 
system,
 
this
 
variable
 
is
 
a
 
list
 
of
 
each
 
of
 
the
 
intermediate
 
systems.
 
The
 
list
 
starts
 
with
 
the
 
nearest
 
system
 
and
 
proceeds
 
to
 
the
 
farthest
 
system,
 
separated
 
by
 
an
 
exclamation
 
mark
 
(!).
 
You
 
can
 
follow
 
this
 
example,
 
if
 
the
 
message
 
must
 
travel
 
through
 
systems
 
arthur
 
and
 
lancelot
 
(in
 
that
 
order)
 
before
 
reaching
 
merlin.
 
mail
 
merlin!ken
 
If
 
your
 
local
 
system
 
has
 
a
 
UUCP
 
link
 
to
 
a
 
system
 
called
 
merlin
 
and
 
there
 
are
 
no
 
other
 
UUCP
 
systems
 
between
 
your
 
system
 
and
 
merlin,
 
you
 
can
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
ken
 
on
 
that
 
system.
 
When
 
the
 
BNU
 
or
 
UUCP
 
Link
 
Is
 
on
 
Another
 
Computer:
 
in
 
a
 
local
 
or
 
wide
 
area
 
network
 
environment,
 
one
 
of
 
the
 
systems
 
on
 
the
 
network
 
may
 
have
 
a
 
BNU
 
or
 
other
 
type
 
of
 
UUCP
 
connection
 
to
 
a
 
remote
 
system.
 
You
 
can
 
use
 
that
 
UUCP
 
connection
 
to
 
send
 
a
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
on
 
that
 
remote
 
UUCP
 
system.
 
At
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
mail
 
@arthur:merlin!ken
 
Sends
 
mail
 
to
 
ken
 
on
 
UUCP
 
system
 
merlin
 
from
 
the
 
Internet
 
system
 
arthur.
 
The
 
delimiter
 
@
 
is
 
for
 
the
 
internet
 
addressing,
 
the
 
delimiter
 
!
 
is
 
for
 
the
 
UUCP
 
addressing,
 
and
 
the
 
delimiter
 
:
 
connects
 
the
 
two
 
addresses.
 
Notice
 
that
 
in
 
this
 
format
 
you
 
are
 
not
 
sending
 
mail
 
to
 
a
 
user
 
at
 
any
 
of
 
the
 
intermediate
 
systems,
 
so
 
no
 
login
 
name
 
precedes
 
the
 
@
 
in
 
the
 
domain
 
address.
 
mail
 
@arthur:odin!acct.dept!kelly
 
Sends
 
mail
 
to
 
kelly
 
on
 
UUCP
 
system
 
acct.dept
 
through
 
system
 
odin
 
from
 
the
 
Internet
 
system
 
arthur.
 
20
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
mail@odin.uucp:@dept1.UUCP:@dept2:bill@dept3
 
Sends
 
mail
 
to
 
bill@dept3
 
over
 
odin
 
and
 
dept1
 
UUCP
 
links
 
and
 
then
 
over
 
the
 
local
 
network
 
link
 
between
 
systems
 
dept2
 
and
 
dept3.
 
The
 
/etc/sendmail.cf
 
file
 
must
 
be
 
configured
 
accordingly
 
to
 
use
 
this
 
type
 
of
 
UUCP
 
address
 
notation.
 
See
 
your
 
system
 
administrator
 
for
 
information.
 
If
 
you
 
often
 
send
 
mail
 
to
 
users
 
on
 
other
 
networks,
 
creating
 
aliases
 
that
 
include
 
the
 
users’
 
addresses
 
can
 
save
 
you
 
time.
 
See
 
“Creating
 
an
 
Alias
 
or
 
Distribution
 
List”
 
on
 
page
 
34.
 
Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
provides
 
a
 
line-oriented
 
editor
 
for
 
composing
 
messages.
 
This
 
editor
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
type
 
each
 
line
 
of
 
the
 
message,
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
to
 
get
 
a
 
new
 
line,
 
and
 
type
 
more
 
text.
 
You
 
cannot
 
change
 
a
 
line
 
after
 
you
 
have
 
pressed
 
the
 
Enter
 
key.
 
However,
 
before
 
pressing
 
the
 
Enter
 
key,
 
you
 
can
 
change
 
information
 
on
 
that
 
one
 
line
 
by
 
using
 
the
 
Backspace
 
and
 
Delete
 
keys
 
to
 
erase.
 
You
 
can
 
also
 
use
 
mail
 
editor
 
subcommands
 
to
 
enter
 
a
 
full-screen
 
editor
 
and
 
change
 
the
 
message.
 
The
 
mail
 
editor
 
includes
 
many
 
control
 
subcommands
 
that
 
enable
 
you
 
to
 
perform
 
other
 
operations
 
on
 
a
 
message.
 
Each
 
of
 
these
 
subcommands
 
must
 
be
 
typed
 
on
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
and
 
must
 
begin
 
with
 
the
 
special
 
escape
 
character.
 
By
 
default,
 
the
 
escape
 
character
 
is
 
a
 
tilde
 
(~).
 
You
 
can
 
change
 
it
 
to
 
any
 
other
 
character
 
by
 
including
 
the
 
set
 
escape
 
option
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
started.
To
 
Start
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
from
 
the
 
Command
 
Line
 
or
 
the
 
Mailbox
 
Prompt
 
At
 
your
 
system
 
command
 
line
 
prompt
 
or
 
your
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
mail
 
User@Address
 
Issue
 
this
 
command
 
from
 
the
 
command
 
line
 
prompt.
 
The
 
message
 
is
 
addressed
 
to
 
User@Address.
 
The
 
Address
 
parameter
 
depends
 
upon
 
the
 
location
 
of
 
the
 
recipient.
 
m
 
User@Address
 
Issue
 
this
 
subcommand
 
from
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt.
 
The
 
message
 
is
 
addressed
 
to
 
User@Address.
 
The
 
Address
 
parameter
 
depends
 
upon
 
the
 
location
 
of
 
the
 
recipient.
 
For
 
more
 
information,
 
see
 
“Sending
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
27.
 
The
 
mail
 
editor
 
is
 
also
 
activated,
 
if
 
you
 
use
 
the
 
(R)eply
 
or
 
(r)eply
 
subcommands
 
to
 
reply
 
to
 
a
 
message.
 
For
 
more
 
information
 
on
 
how
 
to
 
reply
 
to
 
a
 
message,
 
see
 
“Replying
 
to
 
Mail”
 
on
 
page
 
27.
 
Editing
 
a
 
Message
 
While
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox,
 
you
 
can
 
add
 
information
 
to
 
an
 
existing
 
message
 
by
 
typing
 
the
 
(e)dit
 
or
 
(v)isual
 
subcommand
 
at
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt.
 
While
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
cannot
 
change
 
information
 
on
 
a
 
line
 
after
 
you
 
have
 
pressed
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
and
 
gone
 
on
 
to
 
the
 
next
 
line.
 
You
 
can
 
change
 
the
 
content
 
of
 
your
 
message
 
before
 
sending
 
it
 
by
 
editing
 
the
 
message
 
with
 
another
 
editor.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
alternate
 
editor
 
must
 
be
 
defined
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file
 
with:
 
set
 
EDITOR=PathName
 
This
 
defines
 
the
 
editor
 
you
 
activate
 
with
 
the
 
~e
 
subcommand.
 
The
 
value
 
of
 
PathName
 
must
 
be
 
the
 
full
 
path
 
name
 
to
 
the
 
editor
 
program
 
that
 
you
 
want
 
to
 
use.
 
For
 
example,
 
the
 
definition
 
set
 
EDITOR=/usr/bin/vi
 
defines
 
the
 
vi
 
editor
 
for
 
use
 
with
 
the
 
~e
 
subcommand.
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
21
3.
 
To
 
add
 
information
 
to
 
a
 
message
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox,
 
you
 
must
 
have
 
started
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
to
 
read
 
mail
 
in
 
the
 
system
 
mailbox,
 
other
 
mailbox,
 
or
 
folder.
 
4.
 
To
 
start
 
an
 
alternate
 
editor
 
while
 
creating
 
a
 
message,
 
you
 
must
 
be
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
prompt.
To
 
Add
 
Information
 
to
 
a
 
Specific
 
Message
 
in
 
Your
 
Mailbox
 
To
 
add
 
information
 
to
 
a
 
message
 
in
 
your
 
mailbox,
 
type
 
the
 
(e)dit
 
subcommand
 
or
 
the
 
(v)isual
 
subcommand,
 
followed
 
by
 
the
 
message
 
number.
 
At
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
either
 
the
 
e
 
subcommand
 
or
 
the
 
v
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
e
 
13
 
To
 
add
 
a
 
note
 
to
 
message
 
13
 
using
 
the
 
e
 
editor
 
(or
 
whatever
 
editor
 
is
 
defined
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file).
 
v
 
15
 
To
 
add
 
a
 
note
 
to
 
message
 
15
 
using
 
the
 
vi
 
editor
 
(or
 
whatever
 
editor
 
is
 
defined
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file).
 
If
 
you
 
do
 
not
 
specify
 
a
 
message
 
number,
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
activates
 
the
 
editor
 
using
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
When
 
you
 
leave
 
the
 
editor,
 
you
 
return
 
to
 
the
 
mailbox
 
prompt
 
to
 
continue
 
processing
 
the
 
messages
 
in
 
the
 
mailbox.
 
To
 
Change
 
the
 
Current
 
Message
 
While
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
either
 
the
 
~e
 
subcommand
 
or
 
the
 
~v
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
~e
 
Activates
 
the
 
e
 
editor
 
or
 
other
 
editor
 
that
 
you
 
define
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
~v
 
Activates
 
the
 
vi
 
editor
 
or
 
other
 
editor
 
that
 
you
 
define
 
in
 
the
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
This
 
enables
 
you
 
to
 
edit
 
the
 
text
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
When
 
you
 
leave
 
the
 
different
 
editor,
 
you
 
return
 
to
 
the
 
mail
 
editor.
 
Displaying
 
a
 
Message
 
While
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
To
 
display
 
a
 
message
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
must
 
have
 
started
 
the
 
mail
 
editor.
 
If
 
you
 
need
 
information
 
on
 
this,
 
see
 
“Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
21.
To
 
Display
 
the
 
Lines
 
of
 
a
 
Message
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
use
 
the
 
~p
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~p
 
The
 
editor
 
displays
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
including
 
the
 
header
 
information
 
for
 
the
 
message.
 
The
 
text
 
scrolls
 
up
 
from
 
the
 
bottom
 
of
 
the
 
display.
 
The
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
followed
 
by
 
the
 
mail
 
editor’s
 
(Continue)
 
prompt.
 
If
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
larger
 
than
 
one
 
screen
 
and
 
you
 
have
 
not
 
set
 
the
 
page
 
size
 
for
 
your
 
terminal
 
by
 
using
 
the
 
stty
 
command,
 
the
 
text
 
scrolls
 
off
 
the
 
top
 
of
 
the
 
screen
 
to
 
the
 
end.
 
To
 
look
 
at
 
the
 
content
 
of
 
large
 
messages,
 
use
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
subcommands
 
to
 
view
 
the
 
message
 
with
 
another
 
editor.
 
If
 
you
 
need
 
information
 
on
 
this,
 
see
 
“Editing
 
a
 
Message”
 
on
 
page
 
21.
 
Exiting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
without
 
Sending
 
the
 
Message
 
To
 
quit
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
without
 
sending
 
the
 
message,
 
use
 
the
 
~q
 
subcommand
 
or
 
the
 
interrupt
 
key
 
sequence
 
(usually
 
the
 
Alt-Pause
 
or
 
Ctrl-C
 
key
 
sequence).
 
If
 
you
 
have
 
typed
 
any
 
text,
 
the
 
mail
 
command
 
saves
 
the
 
message
 
in
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file.
 
22
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
To
 
display
 
a
 
message
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
must
 
have
 
started
 
the
 
mail
 
editor.
 
If
 
you
 
need
 
information
 
on
 
this,
 
see
 
“Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
21.
To
 
Quit
 
the
 
Editor
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
~q
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~q
 
Quits
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
and
 
the
 
message
 
is
 
not
 
sent.
 
The
 
message
 
is
 
saved
 
in
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
in
 
your
 
home
 
directory,
 
unless
 
you
 
have
 
not
 
typed
 
any
 
text.
 
The
 
system
 
prompt
 
is
 
displayed.
 
Ctrl-C
 
To
 
quit
 
the
 
editor
 
using
 
an
 
interrupt
 
key
 
sequence,
 
press
 
the
 
break
 
(Ctrl-C
 
key
 
sequence)
 
or
 
the
 
interrupt
 
(Alt-Pause
 
key
 
sequence).
 
The
 
following
 
message
 
is
 
displayed:
 
(Interrupt
 
--
 
one
 
more
 
to
 
kill
 
letter)
 
Press
 
break
 
or
 
interrupt
 
again.
 
(Last
 
Interrupt
 
--
 
letter
 
saved
 
in
 
dead.letter)
 
The
 
message
 
is
 
not
 
sent.
 
The
 
message
 
is
 
saved
 
in
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
in
 
your
 
home
 
directory,
 
unless
 
you
 
have
 
not
 
typed
 
any
 
text.
 
The
 
system
 
prompt
 
is
 
displayed.
 
Note:
 
When
 
you
 
exit
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
without
 
sending
 
the
 
message,
 
the
 
previous
 
content
 
of
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
is
 
replaced
 
with
 
the
 
incomplete
 
message.
 
To
 
retrieve
 
the
 
file,
 
see
 
“Adding
 
a
 
File
 
and
 
a
 
Specific
 
Message
 
within
 
a
 
Message.”
Adding
 
a
 
File
 
and
 
a
 
Specific
 
Message
 
within
 
a
 
Message
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
You
 
must
 
know
 
the
 
name
 
and
 
address
 
of
 
the
 
mail
 
recipient.
 
3.
 
The
 
mail
 
editor
 
must
 
be
 
started.
To
 
Include
 
a
 
File
 
in
 
a
 
Message
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
~r
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~rschedule
 
Where
 
schedule
 
is
 
the
 
name
 
of
 
the
 
file
 
to
 
include.
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
the
 
information
 
in
 
the
 
file
 
schedule
 
is
 
included
 
at
 
the
 
current
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
being
 
written.
 
To
 
Include
 
a
 
Specific
 
Message
 
within
 
a
 
Message
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
either
 
the
 
~f
 
or
 
~m
 
subcommands
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
23
~f
 
MessageList
 
This
 
appends
 
the
 
indicated
 
message
 
or
 
messages
 
to
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message,
 
but
 
does
 
not
 
indent
 
the
 
appended
 
message.
 
Also,
 
use
 
this
 
subcommand
 
to
 
append
 
messages
 
for
 
reference
 
whose
 
margins
 
are
 
too
 
wide
 
to
 
embed
 
with
 
the
 
~m
 
subcommand.
 
Note:
 
The
 
parameter
 
MessageList
 
is
 
a
 
list
 
of
 
integers
 
that
 
refer
 
to
 
valid
 
message
 
numbers
 
in
 
the
 
mailbox
 
or
 
folder
 
being
 
handled
 
by
 
mail.
 
You
 
can
 
type
 
simple
 
ranges
 
of
 
numbers
 
also.
 
For
 
example:
 
~f
 
1-4
 
Appends
 
messages
 
1,
 
2,
 
3,
 
and
 
4
 
to
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
being
 
written.
 
These
 
messages
 
are
 
aligned
 
with
 
the
 
left
 
margin
 
(not
 
indented).
~m
 
2
 
This
 
appends
 
the
 
indicated
 
message
 
to
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
The
 
included
 
message
 
is
 
indented
 
one
 
tab
 
character
 
from
 
the
 
normal
 
left
 
margin
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
message
 
2
 
is
 
appended
 
to
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
~m
 
1
 
3
 
Appends
 
message
 
1
 
and
 
then
 
message
 
3
 
to
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
being
 
written,
 
indented
 
one
 
tab
 
from
 
the
 
left
 
margin.
 
To
 
Add
 
the
 
Contents
 
of
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
File
 
into
 
Your
 
Current
 
Message
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
~d
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~d
 
This
 
retrieves
 
and
 
appends
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
dead.letter
 
file
 
to
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
current
 
message.
 
At
 
the
 
(Continue)
 
prompt,
 
continue
 
by
 
adding
 
to
 
the
 
message
 
or
 
by
 
sending
 
the
 
message.
 
Changing
 
or
 
Adding
 
to
 
the
 
Heading
 
Fields
 
of
 
a
 
Message
 
The
 
heading
 
of
 
a
 
message
 
contains
 
routing
 
information
 
and
 
a
 
short
 
statement
 
of
 
the
 
subject.
 
You
 
must
 
specify
 
at
 
least
 
one
 
recipient
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
The
 
rest
 
of
 
the
 
heading
 
information
 
is
 
not
 
required.
 
The
 
information
 
in
 
the
 
heading
 
can
 
include
 
the
 
following:
 
To:
 
Contains
 
the
 
address
 
or
 
addresses
 
for
 
sending
 
the
 
message.
 
Subject:
 
Contains
 
a
 
short
 
summary
 
of
 
the
 
topic
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
Cc:
 
Contains
 
the
 
address
 
or
 
addresses
 
for
 
sending
 
copies
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
The
 
contents
 
of
 
this
 
field
 
are
 
part
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
sent
 
to
 
all
 
who
 
receive
 
the
 
message.
 
Bcc:
 
Contains
 
the
 
address
 
or
 
addresses
 
for
 
sending
 
blind
 
copies
 
of
 
the
 
message.
 
This
 
field
 
is
 
not
 
included
 
as
 
part
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
sent
 
to
 
all
 
who
 
receive
 
the
 
message.
 
You
 
can
 
customize
 
the
 
mail
 
program
 
(“Customizing
 
the
 
Mail
 
Program”
 
on
 
page
 
32)
 
to
 
automatically
 
ask
 
for
 
the
 
information
 
in
 
these
 
fields
 
by
 
putting
 
entries
 
in
 
your
 
.mailrc
 
file.
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
Start
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
(“Starting
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor”
 
on
 
page
 
21)
 
and
 
begin
 
editing
 
a
 
message.
To
 
Edit
 
the
 
Heading
 
Information
 
To
 
add
 
to
 
or
 
change
 
information
 
in
 
more
 
than
 
one
 
heading
 
field,
 
use
 
the
 
~h
 
subcommand.
 
When
 
you
 
type
 
this
 
subcommand
 
on
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
the
 
system
 
displays
 
each
 
of
 
the
 
four
 
heading
 
fields,
 
one
 
at
 
a
 
time.
 
You
 
can:
 
v
 
View
 
the
 
content
 
of
 
each
 
field.
 
v
 
Delete
 
information
 
from
 
that
 
field
 
(using
 
the
 
Backspace
 
key).
 
v
 
Add
 
information
 
to
 
that
 
field.
 
24
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks
Pressing
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
saves
 
any
 
changes
 
to
 
that
 
field
 
and
 
displays
 
the
 
next
 
field
 
and
 
its
 
contents.
 
When
 
you
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key
 
for
 
the
 
last
 
field
 
(Bcc:),
 
you
 
return
 
to
 
the
 
editor.
 
1.
 
Type
 
the
 
following
 
subcommand
 
at
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor:
 
~h
 
The
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
To:
 
field
 
and
 
places
 
the
 
cursor
 
at
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
that
 
field:
 
To:
 
mark@austin_
 
If
 
necessary,
 
edit
 
or
 
add
 
to
 
the
 
field.
 
Then
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key.
 
2.
 
The
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field:
 
Subject:
 
Fishng
 
Trip_
 
Note:
 
If
 
you
 
have
 
changed
 
this
 
field,
 
the
 
cursor
 
may
 
not
 
be
 
at
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
field.
To
 
correct
 
the
 
misspelling
 
in
 
the
 
subject,
 
use
 
the
 
Cursor
 
Right
 
or
 
Cursor
 
Left
 
key
 
to
 
position
 
the
 
cursor
 
under
 
the
 
n
 
in
 
Fishng.
 
Retype
 
the
 
rest
 
of
 
the
 
subject
 
to
 
correct
 
it
 
to
 
Fishing
 
Trip.
 
Press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key.
 
3.
 
The
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
Cc:
 
field:
 
Cc:
 
mel@gtwn_
 
To
 
add
 
another
 
person
 
to
 
the
 
copy
 
list,
 
ensure
 
the
 
cursor
 
is
 
at
 
the
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
list,
 
type
 
a
 
space,
 
and
 
type
 
the
 
new
 
address:
 
Cc:
 
mel@gtwn
 
geo@austin
 
This
 
expands
 
the
 
copy
 
list
 
to
 
two
 
persons.
 
When
 
you
 
have
 
completed
 
the
 
copy
 
list,
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key.
 
4.
 
The
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
Bcc:
 
field.
 
Make
 
any
 
changes
 
and
 
press
 
the
 
Enter
 
key.
 
5.
 
The
 
system
 
responds
 
with
 
the
 
(Continue)
 
prompt
 
and
 
returns
 
you
 
to
 
the
 
mail
 
editor
 
at
 
the
 
current
 
end
 
of
 
the
 
message.
To
 
Set
 
or
 
Reset
 
the
 
Subject:
 
Field
 
Use
 
the
 
~s
 
subcommand
 
to
 
set
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field
 
to
 
a
 
particular
 
phrase
 
or
 
sentence.
 
Using
 
this
 
subcommand
 
replaces
 
the
 
previous
 
contents
 
(if
 
any)
 
of
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field.
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
~s
 
subcommand
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~s
 
Fishing
 
Trip
 
This
 
changes
 
the
 
current
 
Subject:
 
field:
 
Subject:
 
Vacation
 
To
 
the
 
following:
 
Subject:
 
Fishing
 
Trip
 
Note:
 
You
 
cannot
 
append
 
to
 
the
 
Subject:
 
field
 
with
 
this
 
subcommand.
 
Use
 
the
 
~h
 
subcommand,
 
as
 
described
 
in
 
“To
 
Edit
 
the
 
Heading
 
Information”
 
on
 
page
 
24.
 
To
 
Add
 
to
 
the
 
To:,
 
Cc:,
 
and
 
Bcc:
 
List
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
~t,
 
~c
 
,
 
or
 
~b
 
subcommands
 
in
 
the
 
ways
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
examples:
 
~t
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
This
 
changes
 
the
 
current
 
To:list:
 
To:
 
mark@austin
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
To:
 
mark@austin
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
Chapter
 
2.
 
Mail
 
Overview
 
25
~c
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
This
 
changes
 
the
 
current
 
Cc:
 
list:
 
Cc:
 
mark@austin
 
amy
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
Cc:
 
mark@austin
 
amy
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
~b
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
This
 
changes
 
the
 
current
 
Bcc:
 
list:
 
Bcc:
 
mark@austin
 
to
 
the
 
following:
 
Bcc:
 
mark@austin
 
geo@austin
 
mel@gtwn
 
Note:
 
You
 
cannot
 
use
 
the
 
~t,
 
~c,
 
or~b
 
subcommands
 
to
 
change
 
or
 
delete
 
the
 
contents
 
of
 
the
 
To:,
 
Cc:,
 
and
 
Bcc:
 
lists.
 
Use
 
the
 
~h
 
subcommand,
 
as
 
described
 
in
 
“To
 
Edit
 
the
 
Heading
 
Information”
 
on
 
page
 
24.
Reformatting
 
a
 
Message
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
fmt
 
command
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
To
 
Reformat
 
a
 
Message
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
After
 
you
 
have
 
typed
 
the
 
message
 
and
 
before
 
sending
 
it,
 
you
 
can
 
reformat
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
improve
 
its
 
appearance
 
by
 
using
 
the
 
fmt
 
shell
 
program.
 
At
 
the
 
beginning
 
of
 
a
 
new
 
line
 
while
 
in
 
the
 
mail
 
editor,
 
you
 
can
 
use
 
the
 
fmt
 
command
 
in
 
the
 
way
 
shown
 
in
 
the
 
following
 
example:
 
~|
 
fmt
 
This
 
uses
 
the
 
fmt
 
command
 
to
 
change
 
the
 
appearance
 
of
 
the
 
message
 
by
 
reflowing
 
the
 
information
 
for
 
each
 
paragraph
 
within
 
defined
 
margins
 
(a
 
blank
 
line
 
must
 
separate
 
each
 
paragraph).
 
The
 
pipe
 
(|)
 
subcommand
 
pipes
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
standard
 
input
 
of
 
the
 
command
 
and
 
replaces
 
the
 
message
 
with
 
the
 
standard
 
output
 
from
 
that
 
command.
 
Attention:
 
Do
 
not
 
use
 
the
 
fmt
 
command
 
if
 
the
 
message
 
contains
 
embedded
 
messages
 
or
 
preformatted
 
information
 
from
 
external
 
files.
 
The
 
fmt
 
command
 
reformats
 
the
 
heading
 
information
 
in
 
embedded
 
messages
 
and
 
may
 
change
 
the
 
format
 
of
 
preformatted
 
information.
 
Instead,
 
use
 
the
 
~e
 
or
 
~v
 
subcommand
 
to
 
enter
 
a
 
full-screen
 
editor
 
and
 
reformat
 
the
 
message.
Checking
 
for
 
Misspelling
 
in
 
the
 
Mail
 
Editor
 
Prerequisites
 
1.
 
The
 
mail
 
program
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
 
2.
 
The
 
text-formatting
 
programs
 
must
 
be
 
installed
 
on
 
your
 
system.
To
 
Spell
 
Check
 
Your
 
Message
 
To
 
use
 
the
 
spell
 
command
 
to
 
check
 
your
 
message
 
for
 
misspelled
 
words,
 
from
 
the
 
mail
 
editor:
 
1.
 
Write
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
a
 
temporary
 
file.
 
For
 
example,
 
to
 
write
 
the
 
message
 
to
 
the
 
checkit
 
file,
 
type:
 
~w
 
checkit
 
2.
 
Run
 
the
 
spell
 
command
 
using
 
the
 
temporary
 
file
 
as
 
input.
 
Type:
 
~!
 
spell
 
checkit
 
In
 
this
 
example,
 
the
 
exclamation
 
point
 
(!)
 
is
 
the
 
subcommand
 
that
 
starts
 
a
 
shell,
 
runs
 
a
 
command,
 
and
 
returns
 
to
 
the
 
mailbox.
 
The
 
spell
 
command
 
responds
 
with
 
a
 
list
 
of
 
words
 
that
 
are
 
not
 
in
 
its
 
list
 
of
 
known
 
words,
 
followed
 
by
 
an
 
exclamation
 
point
 
(!)
 
to
 
indicate
 
that
 
you
 
have
 
returned
 
to
 
the
 
mail
 
program.
 
26
 
System
 
User’s
 
Guide:
 
Communications
 
and
 
Networks