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Journal of Science Engineering Technology and Management Science
Volume 02, Issue 05, May2025 ISSN: 3049-0952
www.jsetms.com DOI: 10.63590/jsetms.2025.v02.i05.pp12-19
Published by: Surya Publishers www.jsetms.com
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Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G
Technology
Samuel Johnson
Department of Computer Science, University of California
Corresponding Author: samuelson135@gmail.com
To Cite this Article
Samuel Johnson, “Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology”, Journal of Science
Engineering Technology and Management Science, Vol. 02,
Issue 05, May 2025, pp: 12-19,
DOI: http://doi.org/10.63590/jsetms.2025.v02.i05.pp12-19
Submitted: 12-03-2025 Accepted: 28-04-2025 Published:04-05-2025
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The research introduces Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technologies for improving solar power quality by
designing shunt active filters. A third-order battery model serves as the foundation for the presented dynamic PHEV
model and complete system model which incorporates solar generation. The proposed power electronic interface
enables a basic battery system to control both PHEV charging and discharging operations. The active filter controller
derives its design from the p-q theory to correct the changing real and reactive power output from PHEVs thus
improving wind power generation performance. Experimental evidence proves that electric vehicles linked to
photovoltaic power generation systems provide filtering capabilities.
Keywords: Wind power, V2G, PHEVs, active filters, and battery schemes
This is an open access article under the creative commons license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
_____________________________________________________________________________________
I. Introduction
Different forms of battery and hybrid electric power systems have experienced major developments during
the recent period. The evolution of vehicles has made plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs) an attractive
replacement for conventional automobiles while addressing energy security risks and financial costs and
environmental matters despite increasing fossil fuel costs. About 25% of future PHEV vehicles align with future
standards for battery plug-ins which will dominate auto construction by 2030 [3]. Studies evaluating solar energy
continue to take place for implementing PHEV recharging systems. These vehicles enable charging through three
possible methods which include charging stations and household electric connections and even parking lot power
utilization during daytime periods.
The research project enables building an active filter system for photovoltaic generation by utilizing smart
grid technology with the bidirectional charger. The photovoltaic energy system remains among the most
environmentally friendly power-production systems available since it generates minimal pollution. The process of PV
power generation depends on sunlight to create electricity without producing any waste matter and without generating
sound or emitting air pollutants. The rise of photovoltaic energy collection reduces both our dependence on petroleum
as well as our need for imported power generation.
Solar energy functions as an effective economic expansion engine. The global PV market reached its highest level at
7.3 GW because of a 20% growth compared to the previous year [4]. The generation of higher power losses in
communication systems and power distribution networks and occasional electronic equipment malfunctions stems
mainly from harmonics. Electric utility quality requires immediate attention due to harmonic phenomena generated
by equipment installations [5].
Recent market conditions encourage this research to explore PHEV active technologies as harmonic filters
linked with solar power while implementing PQ principles for control applications. The PHEV operates through its
connection with a solar power system as shown in Figure 1.
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 1: Infrastructure for integrating PHEVs with the electrical grid at an Australian home powered by solar
II. Model of PV Generator and Controller
An electrically equivalent circuit for a solar cell shows a current source connected in reverse with a diode
structure displayed in Figure 2.
Fig 2: PV equivalent circuit
Fig 3: PV equvalent circuit
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 4: PV converter controller System
Temperature and radiation levels determine how PV energy draws current and produces voltage through a
non-linear P-V characteristic. The energy output of PV cells depends heavily on MPP measurement because this
variable changes when the air conditions alter. The cell achieves maximum power generation when operating at the
knee point of its P-V curve according to Figures 3, 4, and 5.
Fig 5: P-V characteristic curve of PV cell with MMPT
The P&O method shown in Figure 6 was chosen for this work through implementation in PSCAD due to its
user-friendly operation and low computational need to find MPP [7]–[8].
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 6: Flowchart of P & O method
III. Network Interfacing and PHEV Battery Modelling
A PHEV requires a dedicated electronic interface that enables its connection to electric distribution systems
for battery recharging operations. The modeling process includes analysis of a charging system through electronic
devices while studying the SOC and electrolyte temperature dynamic patterns of the battery system. Individuals
operating vehicles in the United States use their cars to drive 25 miles per day in 50% of the vehicles on the road [9].
The evaluation of PHEV impacts includes a 40-mile daily driving range that determines a 12-kWh battery capacity
when considering that each mile needs 0.3 kWh of battery power [10], [11].
A dynamic model of lead acid batteries from [12] was selected to develop the proper PHEV model because
PHEV battery elements respond to state-of-charge (SOC) and electrolyte temperature. The battery equivalent network
in Figure 7 represents the battery state-of-charge denoted as SOC while the electrolyte temperature is labeled as ̟. The
entire current I depends essentially on the component Im
Fig 7: Battery equivalent network with parasitic branch
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 8: PHEVs connection with power system network
Fig 9: PHEVs battery scheme
IV. Controller Design
While designing the controller with P-Q theory this study excludes the neutral wire from calculations. The
P-Q theory uses Clarke transformation to perform an algebraic conversion of three-phase voltages and currents from
a-b-c coordinates to the α-β system. The dynamic equations which describe current behavior in α-β coordinates appear
as shown in Figures 10 and 11 according to [16] and [17].
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 10: PQ generation in the controller
Fig 11: Signal generation for inverter switching
V. Simulation Results
The simulation results indicate PHEV operation as an active filter reduces the system harmonics together
with load current harmonics (Figure 12 and Figure 13).
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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Fig 12: System and load current without filter
Fig 13: System and load current with filter
VI. Conclusion
The main topic of this work explores photovoltaic generator performance through active PHEV usage as a
power quality enhancer. Researchers ran tests on system current and load current along with voltage from the load
base conditions to when PHEVs operated as an active filter in the power system. Simulation outcomes revealed that
implementing PHEVs operation as an active filter produced enhanced power quality performance. Extensive studies
Design a Smart Active Filter for Solar Power System using V2G Technology
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need development to determine V2G technology implementation approaches in solar power systems. Multiple issues
affect the performance of the system including battery degradation alongside smart grid integration and grid-connected
solar generation systems and autonomous solar power operation dependent on PHEVs and devices acting as active
filters.
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